The aim of a structural designer, whether dealing with buildings, bridges, airplanes, or some other type of structure, is to design the most economical structure that will do the job required of it with safety. In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, many designers went to great lengths to make their structures statically determinate and often inserted pins and.hinges in the structure in order to achieve this end. With the advent of reinforced concrete and welded steel structures, however, it became evident that continuous, hence statically indeterminate structures were easier and cheaper to build and methods for designing them were devised. One of the methods of analysis used extensively since its introduction to this country in 1915 by George A. Maney is the slope-deflection method, in which the rotations and translations of the joints are redundants and must be determined before the bending moments can be calculated. This method, as well as the other classical methods, involves the solving of simultaneous linear equations18 - a procedure which can become very tedious in a structure of any size. Another method, perhaps typical of newer methods of analysis, which has won wide acceptance and a great deal of popularity in its relatively short existence is Hardy Cross's moment distribution. The use of this method gives the analyst a physical picture of joint movements and at the same time saves a great deal of time in the analysis of many structures. The usual procedure when analysing a building frame or other three-dimensional structure is to consider it as a series of planar structures and ignore the effects of torsion in the members. The use of an appropriate factor of safety, or factor of ignorance, as many insist, makes this an acceptably safe procedure, but can also cause quite a waste of materials. The effect of torsion upon concrete has been found worthy of notice and several papers have been written on analysis of three-dimensional rigid frames, but as yet nothing has been developed that would interest very many practicing design engineers. If rigid frames are to be analyzed in their true three-dimensional form, a convenient method of analysis must be devised. The classical methods of analysis are much too tedious, and even the most elementary type of three-dimensional frame analyzed using moment distribution is rather a tremendous undertaking, in spite of the saving of time gained by the use of this method. / Master of Science

This thesis evaluates the ways media frames influence attitude towards brands when the brand endorses a controversial celebrity spokesperson. This research was created with the intent to fill a current gap in communication research, providing original data and addressing the influence that external factors, specifically media frames and political orientations, hold over an audience's perception of spokespeople and the brands they later endorse. This was accomplished through an original, cross-sectional experiment that measured how celebrity athletes, who speak out about partisan issues, function as agents for messaging in brand advertisements. This thesis draws upon the communication theories of agenda setting, and primarily framing, in order to evaluate how impactful media frames of an athlete can become to consumers once the media highlights the spokesperson through a polarizing frame. This experiment attempts to replicate 'the Kaepernick effect,' inspired by the polarizing media coverage of Colin Kaepernick over his 2016-NFL season with the 49-ers, leading up to his partnership with Nike for its 2018 "Dream Crazy" advertisement. The findings from this study reveal that media frames, though carrying some impact, are not the most influential factor in shaping audiences' attitudes towards spokespeople or the brands they advertised. This study contributes new data to the discipline of media effects research, extending the conversation about celebrity athlete endorsers, the influence of media frames on consumer response, and implications for future studies. / Master of Arts / This thesis looks at the effects that media frames, within news stories, have on audiences' attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, this thesis examines audiences' developed attitudes towards controversial celebrity spokespeople, who speak out about partisan issues, and later endorse or align themselves with a brand. This thesis utilizes an original experiment that measures how controversial celebrity figures, athletes specifically, function as agents for messaging in brand advertisements. This thesis draws upon the communication theories of agenda setting, and primarily framing, in order to evaluate how impactful media frames of an athlete can become to consumers once the media highlights the spokesperson through a polarizing frame. This experiment attempts to replicate 'the Kaepernick effect,' inspired by the polarizing media coverage of Colin Kaepernick over his 2016-NFL season with the 49-ers, leading up to his partnership with Nike for its 2018 "Dream Crazy" advertisement. The findings from this study reveal that media frames, though carrying some impact, are not the most influential factor in shaping audiences' attitudes towards spokespeople or the brands they advertised. This study contributes new data to the discipline of media effects research, extending the conversation about celebrity athlete endorsers, the influence of media frames on consumer response, and implications for future studies.

Vertical drop testing of transport aircraft fuselage sections indicates that the frames play a major role in the process of absorbing the impact energy in the crushing of the substructure below the main passenger deck. Hence, static tests are performed on individual circumferential frames under a radially inward load to assess their progressive failure response and energy absorption characteristics. The test articles in the first series of tests are six-foot diameter, semicircular, I-section frames fabricated from graphite-epoxy unidirectional tape. The test articles in the second series of tests are J-section frames subtending a forty-eight degree circular arc, having an inside radius of 118 inches, a depth of 4.8 inches, and manufactured by resin transfer molding into a 2x2 2D triaxial braided composite preform made of AS4 graphite yarns. Frames of both materials exhibit fractures at the pint of load application and at selected locations around the circumference, but the delamination prevalent in the tape layup frames is not evident in the textile frames. A mathematical model developed to optimize open section curved composite frames for improved energy absorption is used to redesign the I-section frames by resizing the flanges. The test results of the redesigned frames show that the mathematical model predicted the correct sequence and locations of the failure events. However, the mathematical model does not predict the magnitude of the force and displacement at the first major failure event, which maybe due to the fact that delamination is not included in the progressive failure model Tests results from two of the J-section frames are compared with a beam finite element analysis using the computer code ABAQUS. Effective elastic moduli for the textile material are obtained from the computer code TEXCAD. The ABAQUS results correlate reasonably well with the experimental results prior to the first major failure event. / Master of Science

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Kimberly W. Kramer / In 2006, a research project was being carried out by architects at architecture/engineering firm Cannon Design involving an optimum bay size for a hospital. RISA computer modeling was used to explore a set of lateral force resisting system (LFRS) options for a building based on this optimum bay size and importance category. The structural material was first narrowed down to steel, and then moment frames and braced frames are examined. The LFRS was narrowed down to braced frames, discarding moment frames due to their inordinate story drift. Of the different types of braced frames, the study further narrowed the LFRS system to chevron braced frames. Then the precise arrangement of braces for a particular building size using this bay system was examined. The steel material cost of the final system was compared to a system that only included members sized for gravity loads to demonstrate the rough amount of cost that a lateral system can add to a building.

The Linked Column Frame (LCF) is a new brace-free lateral structural steel system intended for rapid return to occupancy performance level. LCF is more resilient under a design level earthquake than the conventional approaches. The structural system consists of moment frames for gravity that combines with closely spaced dual columns (LC) interconnected with bolted links for the lateral system. The LC links are sacrificial and intended to be replaced following a design level earthquake. The centerpiece of this work was a unique full-scale experiment using hybrid simulation testing; a combination of physical test of a critical sub-system tied to a numerical model of the building frame. Hybrid simulation testing allows for full scale study at the system level accounting for the uncertainties via experimental component and having the ability to model more conventional behavior through numerical simulation. The experimental subsystem consisted of a two story LCF frame with a single bay while the remainder of the building was numerically modeled. Two actuators per story were connected to the specimen. The LC links have been designed to be short and plastically shear dominated and the LCF met the design intent of 2.5% inter-story drift limits. For evaluating the LCF response, hybrid testing was performed for ground motion at three different intensities; 50%, 10% and 2% probability of exceedence in 50 years for Seattle, Washington ground motions. The system overall had exhibited three distinct performance levels; linearly elastic, rapid return to occupancy where only the replaceable links would yield, and collapse prevention where the gravity beam components also became damaged. Results demonstrated a viable lateral system under cyclic and seismic loading, offering a ductile structural system with the ability to rapidly return to occupancy.

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar, sob o viés dos estudos do discurso e da linguagem, como se edificam discursivamente identidades para o povo leste-timorense. Para tanto, a partir do tratamento qualitativo dos elementos dos corpora, observamos os procedimentos linguístico-discursivos relacionados à ativação/construção/mobilização de frames, à construção de objetos de discurso e à patemização. Nossos corpora são compostos por dez discursos pronunciados por Xanana Gusmão em dois momentos distintos da história de Timor-Leste: no período em que atuou como guerrilheiro durante a ocupação indonésia (entre 1982 e 1993) e, posteriormente, quando ocupou o cargo de Presidente da República (entre 2001 e 2006). O desenvolvimento do trabalho está articulado em torno de cinco eixos de estudo: História, Identidade, Cognição, Análise Crítica do Discurso e Argumentação. Quanto ao aporte teórico, recorremos às pesquisas de Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 e 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), SantAnna (1997) e Thomaz (2008 e 2002), para tratar das questões de cunho histórico; no âmbito da identidade, buscamos subsídio, fundamentalmente, nos trabalhos de Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) e Moscovici (2006); no que concerne aos estudos do discurso, relativamente à construção de objetos de discurso e aos frames, como elementos de natureza cognitiva, serviram-nos como fundamento as obras de Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 e 2002), Aquino (2016 e 1991), Aquino e Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 e 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) e Mondada e Dubois (2003 [1995]); por fim, no que concerne à argumentação e à análise crítica do discurso, recorremos aos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 e 1983), Fairclough (2009) e Aquino (1997), respectivamente. As análises permitiram-nos identificar que os distintos projetos de construção de identidades leste-timorenses representados pelos discursos de Xanana Gusmão nos períodos analisados fundam-se em pelo menos dois frames proeminentes: o de Guerra e o de Família, durante o Período Indonésio, e o de Guerra e o de Povo Genérico, no momento Pós-Indonésio. Desse modo, observamos que a complexidade de que se reveste o conceito de identidade, para além das questões de ordem social e que se refletem nas discursivas, também se deve aos procedimentos discursivos e sociocognitivos que lhe dão forma. Os discursos de Xanana Gusmão, portanto, não apenas discorrem sobre a realidade e os anseios de transformá-la, mas atuam na construção dela, bem como na de seus personagens, atribuindo-lhes identidades que estejam em conformidade com seus projetos de dizer. / This work aims to analyze, as part of the study of discourse and language, how identities are discursively built for East Timorese people. Therefore, from the qualitative treatment of the elements of corpora, the linguistic-discursive procedures are observed related to the activation/construction/mobilization of frames, to the construction of speech objects and to pathemization. Our corpora are composed by ten speeches delivered by Xanana Gusmão in two different moments in the history of East Timor: during his period as a guerrilla during the Indonesian occupation (between 1982 and 1993) and later when he was the President (between 2001 and 2006). The development of this work is articulated around five pillars of research: History, Identity, Cognition, Critical Discourse Analysis and Argumentation. As for the theoretical contribution, we used the research of Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 and 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), Sant\'Anna (1997) and Thomaz (2008 and 2002), to deal with historical issues; in the scope of identity, we sought support, fundamentally, in the works of Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) and Moscovici (2006); what concerns discourse studies, regarding the construction of discourse objects and frames, as elements of a cognitive nature, we made use of the works of Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 and 2002), Aquino (2016 and 1991), Aquino and Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 and 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) and Mondada and Dubois (2003 [1995]); finally, with regard to the argumentation and critical analysis of the discourse, we resorted to the works of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 and 1983), Fairclough (2009) and Aquino (1997). The analyzes allowed us to identify that the distinct projects of construction of the East Timorese identities represented by Xanana Gusmão\'s discourses in the analyzed periods are based on at least two prominent frames: War and Family, during the \"Indonesian Period\" , and War and Generic People, in the \"Post-Indonesian\" period. Thus, we observe that the complexity of the concept of identity, beyond social issues and reflected in the discourses, is also due to the discursive and socio-cognitive procedures that shape them. The discourses of Xanana Gusmão, therefore, not only discuss the reality and the yearnings to transform it, but act in the construction of it, as well as of its characters, attributing to them identities that are in conformity with his speech project.

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar, sob o viés dos estudos do discurso e da linguagem, como se edificam discursivamente identidades para o povo leste-timorense. Para tanto, a partir do tratamento qualitativo dos elementos dos corpora, observamos os procedimentos linguístico-discursivos relacionados à ativação/construção/mobilização de frames, à construção de objetos de discurso e à patemização. Nossos corpora são compostos por dez discursos pronunciados por Xanana Gusmão em dois momentos distintos da história de Timor-Leste: no período em que atuou como guerrilheiro durante a ocupação indonésia (entre 1982 e 1993) e, posteriormente, quando ocupou o cargo de Presidente da República (entre 2001 e 2006). O desenvolvimento do trabalho está articulado em torno de cinco eixos de estudo: História, Identidade, Cognição, Análise Crítica do Discurso e Argumentação. Quanto ao aporte teórico, recorremos às pesquisas de Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 e 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), SantAnna (1997) e Thomaz (2008 e 2002), para tratar das questões de cunho histórico; no âmbito da identidade, buscamos subsídio, fundamentalmente, nos trabalhos de Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) e Moscovici (2006); no que concerne aos estudos do discurso, relativamente à construção de objetos de discurso e aos frames, como elementos de natureza cognitiva, serviram-nos como fundamento as obras de Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 e 2002), Aquino (2016 e 1991), Aquino e Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 e 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) e Mondada e Dubois (2003 [1995]); por fim, no que concerne à argumentação e à análise crítica do discurso, recorremos aos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 e 1983), Fairclough (2009) e Aquino (1997), respectivamente. As análises permitiram-nos identificar que os distintos projetos de construção de identidades leste-timorenses representados pelos discursos de Xanana Gusmão nos períodos analisados fundam-se em pelo menos dois frames proeminentes: o de Guerra e o de Família, durante o Período Indonésio, e o de Guerra e o de Povo Genérico, no momento Pós-Indonésio. Desse modo, observamos que a complexidade de que se reveste o conceito de identidade, para além das questões de ordem social e que se refletem nas discursivas, também se deve aos procedimentos discursivos e sociocognitivos que lhe dão forma. Os discursos de Xanana Gusmão, portanto, não apenas discorrem sobre a realidade e os anseios de transformá-la, mas atuam na construção dela, bem como na de seus personagens, atribuindo-lhes identidades que estejam em conformidade com seus projetos de dizer. / This work aims to analyze, as part of the study of discourse and language, how identities are discursively built for East Timorese people. Therefore, from the qualitative treatment of the elements of corpora, the linguistic-discursive procedures are observed related to the activation/construction/mobilization of frames, to the construction of speech objects and to pathemization. Our corpora are composed by ten speeches delivered by Xanana Gusmão in two different moments in the history of East Timor: during his period as a guerrilla during the Indonesian occupation (between 1982 and 1993) and later when he was the President (between 2001 and 2006). The development of this work is articulated around five pillars of research: History, Identity, Cognition, Critical Discourse Analysis and Argumentation. As for the theoretical contribution, we used the research of Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 and 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), Sant\'Anna (1997) and Thomaz (2008 and 2002), to deal with historical issues; in the scope of identity, we sought support, fundamentally, in the works of Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) and Moscovici (2006); what concerns discourse studies, regarding the construction of discourse objects and frames, as elements of a cognitive nature, we made use of the works of Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 and 2002), Aquino (2016 and 1991), Aquino and Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 and 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) and Mondada and Dubois (2003 [1995]); finally, with regard to the argumentation and critical analysis of the discourse, we resorted to the works of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 and 1983), Fairclough (2009) and Aquino (1997). The analyzes allowed us to identify that the distinct projects of construction of the East Timorese identities represented by Xanana Gusmão\'s discourses in the analyzed periods are based on at least two prominent frames: War and Family, during the \"Indonesian Period\" , and War and Generic People, in the \"Post-Indonesian\" period. Thus, we observe that the complexity of the concept of identity, beyond social issues and reflected in the discourses, is also due to the discursive and socio-cognitive procedures that shape them. The discourses of Xanana Gusmão, therefore, not only discuss the reality and the yearnings to transform it, but act in the construction of it, as well as of its characters, attributing to them identities that are in conformity with his speech project.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Alves Costa - 2018.pdf: 3025718 bytes, checksum: 528397a4e8ef0d19381ad1d109155d9a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is a study about existential constructions in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. The works of Viotti (1999), Avelar (2006a), Pezatti (2014), Vitório (2008), Franchi, Negrão and Viotti (1998) found that there is a type of construction in which the verbs Ter, Haver and Existir are used as introducers of speech object in enunciative sequence in Brazilian Portuguese. From this, we aim to describe and analyze the form / function pairing of existential constructs, from the semantic / cognitive, morphosyntactic and pragmatic properties. In addition, verify their specificity of performance at the level of the text. In order to do so, the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the constructional approach, more specifically of Frame Semantics, in terms of Fillmore (1982) and the Construction Grammar, in the Goldberg (1995, 2006) and Croft (2001) . The central hypothesis is that the morphosyntactic design of this construction is evoked by a conceptual / perceptual frame scene, and thus there are levels of instantiated instantiations in linguistic expressions. This semantic / syntactic / pragmatic configuration acts at the textual level, specifically in the process of reference, aiding in the degree of informativeness of varied texts. The constructional approach considers language integrated with cognitive, sociointerational and cultural capacities, and language as a complex adaptive system with a fluid, that is, procedural structure. Precisely, Frames Semantics analyzes linguistic phenomena based on the recognition that meaning involves a web of cultural knowledge of the world, sensory-motor experiences being primary sources of this knowledge and thus the senses are relativized to the scenes. The Grammatical of Constructions defines the grammar of a language as a conceptual network, a system of cognitively interconnected entities, that constructional meaning designates a conceptual-perceptive scene based on human experience (GOLDBERG, 1995, FILLMORE, 1985, LAKOFF, 1987). With this theoretical conception, we present the results of the research that involves the uses of the existential construction in the variant of Goian Portuguese. The corpora chosen for the study are the Corpus Fala Goiana and a copy of written texts from the newspapers of Goiás. The analyzes confirmed the hypothesis that this construction presents degrees of abstraction, acting at the textual level, helping the process of reference and the degree of information. / Esta pesquisa é um estudo sobre construções existenciais no português brasileiro contemporâneo. Os trabalhos de Viotti (1999), Avelar (2006a), Pezatti (2014), Vitório (2008), Franchi, Negrão e Viotti (1998) constataram que há um tipo de construção na qual os verbos Ter, Haver e Existir são utilizados como introdutores de objeto de discurso na sequência enunciativa no português brasileiro. A partir disso, objetiva-se descrever e analisar o pareamento forma/função de construções existenciais, a partir das propriedades semântico/cognitivas, morfossintáticas e pragmáticas. Além disso, verificar sua especificidade de atuação no nível do texto. Para tanto, mobiliza-se os pressupostos teóricos-metodológicos da abordagem construcional, mais especificamente da Semântica de Frames, nos termos de Fillmore (1982), e da Gramática de Construções, na vertente de Goldberg (1995, 2006) e Croft (2001). A hipótese central é que o design morfossintático dessa construção é evocado por uma cena conceptual/perceptiva, frame, e, com isso, há níveis de existências instanciados nas expressões linguísticas. Essa configuração semântica/sintática/pragmática atua no nível textual, especificamente no processo de referenciação, auxiliando no grau de informatividade de textos variados. A abordagem construcional considera a linguagem integrada às capacidades cognitivas, sociointeracionais e culturais, e a língua como um sistema adaptativo complexo, com uma estrutura fluída, ou seja, procedural. Precisamente, a Semântica de Frames analisa os fenômenos linguísticos partindo do reconhecimento de que o sentido envolve uma teia de conhecimentos culturais do mundo, sendo as experiências sensório-motoras fontes primárias desses conhecimentos e, assim, os sentidos são relativizados às cenas. Já a Gramática de Construções define a gramática de uma língua como uma rede conceitual, um sistema de entidades interconectadas cognitivamente, que o sentido construcional designa uma cena conceptual-perceptiva baseada na experiência humana (GOLDBERG, 1995, FILLMORE, 1985, LAKOFF, 1987). Com essa concepção teórica, apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa que envolve os usos da construção existencial na variante do português goiano. Os corpora escolhido para o estudo são o corpus Fala Goiana e um exemplário de textos escritos depreendidos de jornais goianos. As análises confirmaram a hipótese de que essa construção apresenta graus de abstratização, atuando no nível textual, auxiliando o processo de referenciação e no grau de informatividade.

Chau, Cheuk Ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-275). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese. / List of Illustrations --- p.vi / Acknowledgements --- p.ix / Introduction： a Psychological Approach to the Art of Mounting --- p.1 / The Significance of Mounting --- p.3 / Classical Literature and Past Research on Chinese Mounting --- p.10 / a psychological approach --- p.18 / Dissertation Structure --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter One： --- Scrolling' through History --- p.33 / Desire to Display´ؤFrom the Warring States to the Tang Dynasty --- p.33 / Splendid Adornment - The Song Dynasty --- p.40 / Emergence of the Literati - The Ming Dynasty --- p.60 / Subtlest of Pastels - The Qing Dynasty --- p.74 / Virtual Invisibility - The Republican Period and After --- p.84 / A Thousand Years of Hanging Scroll Mounting --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter Two： --- Seeing through the Enchanting Borders --- p.97 / Palette and Induction --- p.99 / Depth and Window --- p.109 / Oversized Outfit and Illusionary Size --- p.120 / Stave Strips and Composition --- p.126 / psychology and chinese hanging scroll mounting --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter Three： --- Experiment on Aesthetic Quality of Mounting --- p.137 / Method --- p.141 / Results --- p.146 / Discussion --- p.149 / Limitations --- p.152 / Conclusion： Subordination of Mounting --- p.153 / Appendix A： Experiment Questions --- p.157 / Appendix b： List of Artworks Included in the Experiment --- p.159 / Appendix c: Artworks Presentation Sequence in Different Groups --- p.161 / Appendix d： Aesthetic Quality Rating Sections of Different Groups --- p.162 / Group k --- p.162 / Group L --- p.168 / Chapter 1.1 --- Group M --- p.174 / Group n --- p.180 / Appendix E： Means (Standard Deviations) for Aesthetic Quality Ratings --- p.186 / Plates --- p.187 / Bibliography --- p.265

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-272).