Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1986. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [195]-216).

Thesis--University of Iowa, 1934. / Reprint of 1936 edition. Includes bibliographical references (p. [275]-282).

This thesis uses critical discursive psychology to analyse anti-Semitic and Islamophobic discourse on the Facebook pages of two far-right organisations: Britain First and the English Defence League. Using the Charlie Hebdo attack as a time frame, I examine how the far-right manage their identity and maintain rationality online, as well as how users on Facebook respond to the far-right. This thesis demonstrates how Britain First and the English Defence League present themselves as reasonable in their anti-Semitic and anti-Islamic stance following the Charlie Hebdo shooting. Ultimately, I bring together the study of fascist discourse and political discourse on social media using critical discursive psychology, in a novel synthesis. The Charlie Hebdo shooting and the shooting at the kosher supermarket in Paris in January 2015 (as well as other attacks by members of the Islamic State) have led to Muslims being seen as a threat to Britain, and thus Muslims have been exposed to Islamophobic attacks and racial abuse. The current climate is a challenging situation for the far-right, as they are presented with the dilemma of appearing as rational and even mainstream, whilst nevertheless adopting an anti-Islamic stance. The analysis focuses on how Britain First and the English Defence League used the shooting at the Kosher supermarket to align with Jews in order to construct them as under threat from Islam, and promote its anti-Islamic stance. I also analyse visual communication used by Britain First to provide evidence that Britain First supported Jewish communities. Discourse from Facebook users transitioned from supportive towards Jews, to questioning the benefits that Jews brought to Britain, and expressing Holocaust denial. Furthermore, I discuss how other far-right politicians in Europe such as Geert Wilders from the Dutch Party for Freedom, portrayed himself as a reasonable politician in the anti-Islamic stance he has taken in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo attack. Findings are discussed in light of how the far-right communicate about the Charlie Hebdo shooting whilst maintaining a reasonable stance when projecting anti-Semitic and Islamophobic ideology, and how such discourse can encompass hate speech. I demonstrate how critical discursive psychology can be used to show how various conflicting social identities are constructed and interact with each other online. This thesis shows how the far-right use aligning with Jews as means to present Muslims as problematic, and how such alignment has resulted in the marginalisation of both Jews and Muslims.

Bakgrund: Alla barn har rätt till ett liv med utveckling samt att skyddas mot alla typer av våld, försummelse, övergrepp och utnyttjande av vårdnadshavare. Utsatthet i barn och ungdomsåren har visat sig påverka individens utveckling negativt. Barnets vårdnadshavare har det primära ansvaret att tillgodose barnets behov, brister detta är det samhällets ansvar att se till att barnet får den trygghet och omvårdnad som denne behöver. Där har hälso- och sjukvården samt socialtjänsten en viktig uppgift.  Syftet: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med och möta barn som far illa.  Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats.  Resultat: Arbetslivserfarenhet och kunskap stärkte sjuksköterskorna i arbetet med barn som for illa. God relation och kommunikation ansågs viktigt i mötet med barnen och deras familjer. Majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna vittnade om brister i utbildning, riktlinjer, stöd från ledning och samarbete med socialtjänsten. Dessa aspekter i kombination med hög arbetsbelastning ledde till att sjuksköterskorna kände osäkerhet i arbetet med barn som for illa. Sjuksköterskorna berördes emotionellt i mötet med barn som for illa.   Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor behöver stöd från ledning och utbildningsansvariga genom att erbjudas adekvat utbildning och tydliga riktlinjer i arbetet och mötet med barn som far illa, för att stärka och öka tryggheten i yrkesrollen.

The purpose of this study was to examine adults’ perceptions of how extramusical knowledge and skills they learned in high school orchestra have transferred to their adult lives. Barnett and Ceci’s (2002) taxonomy served as a model for studying the perceived impact of orchestral participation on life skill development and transfer to adulthood. Eight former high school orchestra students participated in an in-depth, standardized, open-ended interview of approximately 90 minutes in length. Each participant reflected on their orchestral experience and responded to specific questions pertaining to what extramusical skills they might have developed and what knowledge and skills they perceived to have used as adults. Data analysis revealed that participants perceived participation in orchestra as valuable. In particular, participants’ perceptions suggested that involvement in high school orchestra helped them develop life skills that they employed as adults. Results were organized according to a life skills framework established by the World Health Organization (1994). The participants perceived that effective communication, interpersonal skills, coping with stress, and teamwork were skills that were developed through participation in orchestra. Several other skills, including leadership, multitasking abilities, and taking responsibility, found moderate support among the participants. The participants did not regard the skills of critical and creative thinking as being developed through participation. The majority of participants cited effective communication, interpersonal skills, teamwork, and coping with stress as the chief skills that transferred from participating in high school orchestra. These findings are discussed in light of the current literature and suggestions for further research are presented.

This thesis provides an ethnographic investigation into the ways in which the ideology of native-speakerism operated unrecognized under the surface of a Japanese university EFL program. While the program appeared to be free of explicit expressions of native-speakerism, such as discrimination against teachers, the study found that the claims which were used to justify the practices of the program were underlain by implicitly native-speakerist assumptions based on the stereotyping and Othering of Japanese students and the Japanese education system. The study develops the concept of “the ‘native speaker’ frame” as a way of explaining how, even in cases where native-speakerist ideology appears to be absent, the dominant framing of a program may still be influenced by, and in turn may serve to propagate, native-speakerist ideology. The study further shows how the program utilized a particularly strict teaching methodology, which, along with a specific discourse of ‘professionalism’ and a covert program of reinforcement, resulted in the instructors on the program aligning their own psychological frames almost completely with the program. Finally, it highlights how instructors were able to enact ‘frame transformations’ through acts of cultural resistance which led, in some cases, to a challenging of the ‘native speaker’ framing of the program and changes in the practices of the program itself. This study provides a new perspective on debates around native-speakerism, which have recently tended to focus on explicitly discriminatory beliefs and actions. In contrast, this study shows how the ideology of native-speakerism can exist undetected and unrecognized in the framing and structures of ELT programs and professional practice, and suggests that ‘native speaker’ framing may lie at the heart of much, if not all, of the English language teaching profession.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the stand microclimate within fir-beech stand planted in the gap under the adult spruce stand canopy protection at the ecosystem station of Rájec (Drahanská vrchovina Highlands, the Czech Republic) during the growing season (May -- October) in 2014. On the fir-beech stand incident on average for the whole growing season only 11 % of photosynthetically active radiation incident on the adult spruce stand. Values of air temperature were decreasing in the vertical profile of fir-beech stand under the adult spruce stand canopy protection toward to the ground. Air temperature in the height of 2 meters above the ground was lower in the fir-beech stand in the gap compared with the adult spruce stands. The relative air humidity in the height of 2 meters above the ground was higher in the fir-beech stand compared with the adult spruce stands. Total precipitation sum was 447 mm at the ecosystem station of Rájec after the growing season (May -- October) in 2014, which corresponds to the long-term averages for this locality. Different distribution of rainfall during the growing season were found out. Total throughfall sum was higher in fir-beech stand in the gap compared with the throughfall sum in the adult spruce stand -- the difference was almost 17 %. Analysis of the stand microclimate within the fir-beech stand under the adult spruce stand canopy protection showed that conversion of forest monoculture on the forest close to the nature by the trees planting in forest gaps is useful due to appropriate light and moisture conditions in the gap.

La spectroscopie Raman est une technique non-invasive, non-destructrice, permettant l’identificationdes molécules contenues dans un échantillon solide, liquide ou gazeux. Toutefois elle souffre d’un inconvénient majeur : une faible sensibilité. Cette limite est maintenant sur le point d’être repoussée grâce à l’essor du SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, acronyme anglais de diffusion Raman exaltée de surface). Ce phénomène a été déjà mis en œuvre avec succès dans diverses applications : biomédicale, biologie, chimie analytique, science environnementale... Toutefois, malgré un nombre croissant de travaux scientifiques, certains aspects des capteurs SERS restent à étudier. Ce travail s’est focalisé sur l’étude des propriétés optiques en champs proche et lointain de réseaux de nanocylindres pour la détection de composés organiques. Les paramètres étudiés sont la période du réseau, le diamètre des cylindres, mais également le matériau constituant la nanoparticule tout comme la couche d’accroche. L’´étude des propriétés optiques nous a naturellement amené à investiguer le phénomène d’absorption. L’´énergie lumineuse incidente est convertie en chaleur. Les nanocylindres se comportent alors comme des nanosources de chaleur. Ainsi, une partie de ce travail a porté sur les effets dits de thermoplasmoniques. Une des applications que nous avons démontrée est la capacité à manipuler des micro-objets, grâce au contrôle des phénomènes d’advections. / Raman spectroscopy is a technique that is non-invasive, non-destructive, allowing the identification of the molecules contained in a solid, liquid or gaseous sample. However it suffers from one major drawback : low sensitivity. This limit is now about to be pushed through the fast growth of SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering). This phenomenon has been already implemented successfully in various applications : biomedical, biology, analytical chemistry,environmental science... However, despite a growing number of scientific works, some aspects of the SERS sensors still need to be studied. This work focused on the study of the near-field and the far-field properties of arrays of nanocylinders for the detection of organic compounds. The studied parameters are the period of the array, the diameter of the cylinders, but also the material constituting the nanoparticle as the adhesion layer. The study of optical properties naturally led us to investigate the phenomenon of absorption. The incident light energy is converted into heat. The nanocylindres then behave like nanosources of heat. Thus, part of this work focused on the effects of thermoplasmonics. One of the applications that we demonstrated is the ability to manipulate the micro-objets, thanks to the control of the phenomena of advections.

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