This study examined differences of how females and males were represented in three top teen magazines. Depiction of female and male bodies in the magazines was explored by the cropping of the photographs. The images were examined to determine if emphasis was placed on the face or the body. The researcher used the Body Index Scale coding instrument. A simple random sample of 1200 images in the three top teen magazines was analyzed. The study did not show any statistical significance on hypotheses one, which stated that photographic images of females will be cropped lower on the body than images of males. However, there were significant findings on how images were cropped in relation to story type. The significance of this study was showing how images of females and males are cropped differently in teen magazines. This finding could affect the way adolescent girls think and feel about their appearance.

Websites are being used by increasing numbers to target a market with a message unfiltered by the media. This content analysis examined the website front-screens for the members of the 108th United States Congress to determine if the photographic images displayed reinforced the media's stereotypical frame of female politicians. A total of 3,892 photographic images were captured from 540 websites and coded using the face-ism index. Overall, the results supported the face-ism theory. Images of females were cropped lower on their bodies than images of males. The face-ism effect was not supported until the number of people in the photograph numbered six or more. Results revealed that photographic images of female representatives and senators were cropped no differently than their male peers. The research indicated females in Congress are successful in framing their own image but future website designs can portray a positive frame for all females presented on Congressional websites.

This study examined how women and men and people of different ethnicity are represented in the photographs found on the front screens of websites of colleges and universities offering four-year degrees and above in the United States. A content analysis analyzed 1,677 images of men and women found on the front pages of 412 colleges and university websites. A six-point Body Index Scale coding instrument was used to determine if emphasis was placed on the face or the body of the human image, determined through an analysis of where the images were cropped. Frequencies of men and women were moderately split, with images of women representing 53.2 percent of the images and images of men accounting for 46.8 percent. Caucasians were more frequently depicted than people of other ethnicities. The face-ism theory, which asserts that images of women in photographs are cropped to emphasize their sensuality rather than their intellect, was not supported in this study.

This study examined how images of people of different genders and ethnicities were represented on Fortune Global 500 website front-screens. The front-screens produced 975 images of men and women. The images were analyzed using frequency counts and a six-point Body Index Scale. A major finding was that images of Caucasians dominated Fortune Global 500 front-screens. Caucasians represented 66.3 percent of the total images. Another major finding was that images of men were depicted more frequently than images of women on Fortune Global 500 website front-screens. Images of men comprised 51.9 percent of the total iamges, whereas images of women accounted for 48.1 percent of the images. The face-ism theory, which asserts that images of men and Caucasians are cropped to emphasize their intellect and dominance and images of women and people of minority ethnicities are cropped placing emphasis on their bodies, was not supported in this study.