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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Numerical investigation of caisson foundations in sand under combined monotonic loadings for offshore wind turbines / Étude numérique des fondations caisson dans du sable sous chargements monotones combinés pour des éoliennes en mer

Jin, Zhuang 14 January 2019 (has links)
Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la réponse des fondations caisson dans du sable pour les éoliennes en mer soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques combinés. Le processus de défaillance et l’enveloppe de rupture (diagramme de capacité portante) d’une fondation en caisson dans du sable soumise à des chargements monotones combinés sont premièrement étudiés à l’aide du modèle constitutif de Mohr-Coulomb. La méthode Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Combinée (CLSPH) est adoptée pour prendre en compte les grandes déformations et les limites de l'approche sont mises en évidence. Une loi constitutive basée sur la notion de l’état critique pour le sable récemment mis au point (SIMSAND) est ensuite introduite et utilisée avec la méthode CLSPH. Des tests d’effondrement du sol dans un canal rectangulaire et d’une colonne granulaire en prenant en compte différentes géométries sont simulés afin de valider l’approche en termes de morphologie de dépôt final, des profils d’écoulement et de zones non perturbées. La méthode CLSPH et le modèle SIMSAND sont ensuite utilisés pour étudier le diagramme de capacité portante des fondations caisson dans du sable. Différents paramètres ayant une incidence sur la forme et la taille de l'enveloppe de rupture sont pris en compte, tels que la densité et la rigidité du sol, la résistance au frottement, la rupture des grains, la géométrie et les dimensions de la fondation. Une formule analytique est introduite pour décrire la surface de rupture 3D capable à reproduire les résultats numériques. Sur la base de la formule analytique proposée, un macro-élément pour des fondations caisson dans du sable soumises à des chargements monotones et cycliques est finalement développé dans le cadre de l'hypoplasticité. L’outil numérique proposé est validé avec des résultats expérimentaux. / This PhD thesis deals with the response of caisson foundations in sand for offshore wind turbines submitted to combined monotonic and cyclic loadings. First, the failure process and failure envelope (or bearing capacity diagram) of a caisson foundation in sand under combined monotonic loadings is investigated using the conventional Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. A Combined Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(CLSPH) method is adopted to consider large deformations and the limitations of the approach are highlighted. A recently developed critical state model for sand (SIMSAND) is then introduced and combined with the CLSPH method. Rectangular channel soil collapse tests and granular column collapse tests considering different aspect ratios are simulated to validate the approach in terms of final deposit morphologies, flow profiles and undisturbed areas.The CLSPH method and the SIMSAND model are then used to investigate the bearing capacity diagram of the caisson foundation in sand. Different parameters affecting the shape and size of the failure envelope are considered, as soil density and stiffness, friction strength, grain breakage, geometry and aspect ratio of the foundation. An analytical formula is introduced to describe the 3D failure surface reproducing the numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical formula, a macro-element for the caisson foundation in sand submitted to monotonic and cyclic loadings is finally developed within the framework of hypoplasticity. Validation is provided through comparison with experimental results.
12

Capacity assessment of a single span arch bridge with backfill : A case study of the Glomman Bridge

Bjurström, Henrik, Lasell, Johan January 2009 (has links)
The aim of this Master Thesis is to assess the load carrying capacity of the Glomman Bridge outside of the Swedish city Örebro. The Glomman Bridge is an unreinforced concrete single span arch bridge with backfill. The bridge was constructed in 1923 on assignment from the Swedish National Railways (SJ). The failure criteria used in this thesis is that the bridge collapses when any cross section in the concrete arch reaches its ultimate capacity. In reality, the bridge may manage heavier loads than this. When the capacity is reached in a cross section, a hinge is formed and the arch relocates the forces to other parts of the arch that can carry higher stresses. The real bridge will not collapse until a fourth hinge is formed, and by that a mechanism. To be able to calculate the cross section forces in the arch, it was necessary to know the influences of the loads on the arch when they were run along the bridge. For this purpose, influence lines were obtained from a 2D finite element model created in ABAQUS, a general FE-analyses software. A calculation routine to find the least favourable load combination was then created in Matlab, a numerical calculation software. The routine was made to find the worst case among different load cases and to combine the standardized axle pressures with the present number of axles. A parametric survey was also performed because the material properties for the different parts of the bridge are very uncertain. In the survey, the initial values were changed one at a time to study the outcome on the load factor. The load factor is the ratio between the ultimate limit load and the actual load. The studied parameters are the compressive strength, the Young's modulus, the density and the Poisson's ratio of the different parts of the bridge. The parameters are studied individually irrespective of possible correlation. The studied parts of the bridge are the backfill, the arch, the abutments and the asphalt. The clearly most important component is found to be the backfill. With increased stiffness or increased Poisson's ratio in the backfill follows increased load factor. The equations behind the failure envelope can be derived from equilibrium equations for the unreinforced cross section. The influence lines are normalised with respect to the capacity of the cross section to get the degree of efficiency along the whole length of the arch, instead of the common influence lines that give the cross section forces. This is done because the failure is not caused by large cross section forces but by an exceeded ultimate stress. As the different loads are run along the bridge, the largest positive and negative efficiency for bending moment and normal force are localised. The normalised cross section forces are plotted together with the failure envelope and the load factor is then calculated. Several masonry arch bridges were loaded until collapse in a study performed by the British Transport and Road Research Laboratory. One of the bridges in the study, the Prestwood Bridge, has been used in this thesis as a comparison to the Glomman Bridge. The load carrying capacity of the Prestwood Bridge is known, and is used to verify that the method using the failure envelope is applicable. To compare the results from the cross section analysis from the failure envelope model to another method, the Glomman Bridge and the Prestwood Bridge were also tested in the commercial software RING 2.0. The method used in RING 2.0 differs from the failure mode in this thesis by calculating the load factor when four different cross sections reach their capacity and the bridge collapses. The failure envelope method allows an A/B-value (Axle- and Bogie load) of 102 kN/147 kN when using very poor values of the parameters and 181 kN/226 kN when using a reference case with normal parameters. Although the load capacity is found to be acceptable, the uncertainties are still large. To get a more accurate apprehension of the condition of the actual bridge, further research should be carried out, such as e.g. a non-linear model. / Syftet med föreliggande examensarbete är att uppskatta bärförmågan hos bron Glomman utanför Örebro. Glomman är en oarmerad betongvalvbro i ett spann med ovanliggande jordfyllning. Bron byggdes 1926 på uppdrag av Statens Järnvägar (SJ). Brottkriteriet i detta examensarbete är att bron går till brott när något tvärsnitt i betongbågen uppnår sin kapacitet. I själva verket är det möjligt att bron kan klara tyngre last än detta. När kapaciteten nås i ett tvärsnitt uppstår en led och bågen omlagrar krafterna till andra bågdelar som klarar större spänningar. Den verkliga bron rasar inte förrän en fjärde led har utvecklats, och därmed en mekanism. För att kunna beräkna tvärsnittskrafterna i bågen, var det nödvändigt att känna till trafiklasternas påverkan på bågen när de kördes över bron. För detta ändamål erhölls influenslinjer från en tvådimensionell finita elementmodell skapad i ABAQUS, ett generellt FE-program. En beräkningsrutin för att finna värsta tänkbara lastkombinering skapades i Matlab, ett numeriskt beräkningsprogram. Rutinen utformades för att hitta värsta fallet bland olika lastfall samt för att kombinera standardiserade axeltryck med det aktuella antalet axlar. En parameterstudie utfördes också då materialegenskaperna för de olika delarna i bron är mycket osäkra. I parameterstudien ändrades ingångsvärdena ett åt gången för att studera utslaget på lastfaktorn. Lastfaktorn är förhållandet mellan brottgränslasten och den verkliga lasten. De parametrar som studeras är tryckhållfastheten, E-modulen, densiteten och tvärkontraktionen för de olika brodelarna. Parametrarna studeras enskilt utan hänsyn till eventuell korrelation. De brodelar som studeras är fyllningen, bågen, fundamenten och asfalten. Den klart viktigaste komponenten visar sig vara fyllningen. Med ökad styvhet eller ökad tvärkontraktion i fyllningen följer ökad last­faktor. Ekvationerna bakom brottenveloppet kan härledas ur jämviktsekvationer för det oarmerade tvärsnittet. Influenslinjerna normeras med avseende på tvärsnittets kapa­citet för att få ut utnyttjandegraden längs hela bågen. Detta görs då det egentligen inte är för stor tvärsnittskraft som orsakar brott utan för stor spänning. Högsta och lägsta utnyttjandegrad för böjande moment och normalkraft lokaliseras när de olika typlasterna körs över bron. Utnyttjandegraderna placeras i brottenveloppet för att sedan räkna fram en lastfaktor. Ett flertal liknande broar har lastats till brott i en studie genomförd av British Transport and Road Research Laboratory. En av broarna i studien, Prestwood Bridge, har använts i denna rapport som jämförelse med Glomman. Då bärförmågan hos Prestwood Bridge är känd används den till att bekräfta att metoden med brott­enveloppet är tillämpbar. För att jämföra resultaten från tvärsnittsanalysen i brottenveloppmetoden med en annan metod, testades även Glomman och Prestwood Bridge i det kommersiella programmet RING 2.0. Metoden som används i RING 2.0 skiljer sig från brottmoden i denna rapport genom att istället beräkna lastfaktorn när fyra olika tvärsnitt har uppnått sina kapaciteter och bron kollapsar. Metoden med brottenvelopp tillåter ett A/B-värde (Axel- och Boggitryck) på 102 kN/147 kN när mycket dåliga parametervärden används och 181 kN/226 kN när referensfallet med normala parametervärden används. Även om bärförmågan kan anses vara acceptabel är osäkerheterna stora. För att få en nogrannare uppfattning om brons faktiska tillstånd bör fortsatta studier utföras, som t.ex. en icke-linjär modell.
13

Influence de l'endommagement plan sur le comportement hors-plan des composites stratifiés et des assemblages collés / Influence of in-plane damage on out-of-plane behavior of laminated composites and bonded assemblies

Uguen, Alexandre 16 January 2017 (has links)
Les matériaux composites sont utilisés dans le domaine maritime depuis des dizaines d’années que ce soit par exemple pour les éoliennes offshore ou encore les navires militaires étant donné leurs propriétés intrinsèques avantageuses pour de telles applications (faible masse, faible signature magnétique ...). Jusqu’ici les composites employés sont surtout composés de fibres de verre et de matrice polyester. Cependant, les demandes croissantes de navires toujours plus légers et rapides conduisent peu à peu les industriels à se tourner vers les composites à haute performance composés de fibres de carbone et de matrice époxyde. L’utilisation de cette nouvelle génération de matériau nécessite de connaître l’influence de l’endommagement plan, qui peut être d’origine hydrique ou mécanique, sur leur tenue hors-plan. Cette étude a montré une diminution importante de l’enveloppe de rupture du matériau étudié lorsqu’il a séjourné en eau de mer jusqu’à saturation. La résistance en traction hors-plan du composite n’est quant à elle que très peu affectée par la présence de fissures transverses dans le matériau, quel que soit son état de vieillissement. Des travaux ont également été menés sur des assemblages composites collés et mis en avant à la fois la chute de la tenue de l’assemblage due à la présence d’eau de mer dans la matrice époxyde, mais également la nécessité de la prise en compte du couplage endommagement plan/endommagement hors-plan pour la prédiction de la tenue hors-plan de tels assemblages. Enfin, différentes méthodes de prédiction ont été utilisées pour valider les résultats expérimentaux confirmant ainsi l’importance de la prise en compte de l’endommagement plan sur la tenue hors-plan des composites et des assemblages composites collés. / Composite materials have been used in marine applications for decades for offshore windmills or even battleships because of its intrinsic properties which are assets for such applications (low weight, low magnetic signature...). Until now the composites used are almost made of glass fibers and polyester matrix. However the increasing demand for faster and lighter ships gradually leads manufacturers to turn to high performance composites made of carbon fibers and epoxy matrix. Using this new generation of material requires knowing the influence of the in-plane damage which can be due to water or mechanical damage on its out-of-plane strength. This study has shown a significant reduction of the out-of-plane failure envelope of the studied material after an extended stay in seawater until the saturation point.The out-of-plane tensile strength of the composite is very little affected by transverse cracking in the material whatever the aging state. Work has also been carried out on composite bonded assemblies and pointed out, on the one hand, the drop of the assembly strength because of the water aging and, on the other hand, the necessity to take into account the coupling between in-plane and out-of-plane damage for the prediction of the out-of-plane strength of such assemblies. Finally, different methods of prediction have been used to validate the experimental results confirming the importance to take into account the in-plane damage to predict the out-of-plane strength of composites and composite bonded assemblies.

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