Univ., Diss.--Paris., 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2857162 bytes, checksum: 305852c6ecfc26671885779cb85a0d07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The thesis of the impossibility of falsehood becomes from the interpretation of negation as contrarierity. Being false what is not true, then falsehood is impossible. Plato diagnoses this problem as a derivative of sophistic reading of Parmenides' Poem. The Eleatic argument advocates the interdicto of the route that "is not" as a result of the unknowability of what is not. Plato receives in many ways throughout the corpus the problems about the sophistic readings and denounces in the heart of the Sophist the misconception that consists of taking the contrarierity as the sole meaning of the negative. It follows, for example, the theory of the infallibility of opinion found in the Theaetetus. For if it is impossible to give an opinion about "what is not" every judgment will be free from falsehood. The caveat made "Protagoras" is that the truth of doxa is for appearance and how something appears to whom it seems. The answer to theses expounded by Gorgias in the treatise On Nature or What is Not, in turn, is synthesized by Plato in the Sophist theses about: being, "what-is-not" as a genre of the other and the predicative nature of logos. This new understanding that affects the meaning of negative become feasible beyond the aporias, the relationship between beings who agree or disagree with each other, is reflected in the true or false statements. For the philosopher truth is not a property of things, but a predicate of speech. / A tese da impossibilidade da falsidade decorre da interpretação da negação como contrariedade. Sendo o não ser o contrário do ser e o falso o que não é verdadeiro, então, a falsidade é impossível. Platão diagnostica este problema como derivado das leituras sofísticas do Poema de Parmênides. O argumento do eleata defende a interdição da via que "não é" como resultado da incognoscibilidade do não ser. O ateniense recepciona de muitos modos, ao longo do corpus as consequências das leituras sofísticas e denuncia no Sofista o cerne do equívoco que consiste em tomar a contrariedade como o único sentido da negativa. Resultado disto, p. ex: a tese da infalibilidade da opinião constatada no Teeteto. Pois, se é impossível opinar sobre "o que não é", todo juízo será isento de falsidade. A ressalva feita a "Protágoras" é que a verdade da dóxa está para a aparência e o modo como algo aparece para aquele a quem assim parece. A resposta às teses defendidas por Górgias no tratado Da Natureza ou do Não Ser, por sua vez, consuma-se no Sofista nas teses sobre o ser, o não ser como gênero do outro e a natureza predicativa do lógos. Esta nova compreensão que afeta o sentido da negativa tornar viável, para lá das aporias, a relação entre seres, que em acordo ou desacordo uns com os outros, encontra-se refletida nos enunciados verdadeiros ou falsos. Para o filósofo a verdade não é uma propriedade das coisas, mas um predicado do discurso.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 346383 bytes, checksum: aa761af44228a47c51ad63fad4b8984f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The work that follow directly inquire three issues selected by this analysis as the main problems in the dialogue Sofist of Plato. They are: the problem of being, the problem of non-be and the problem of negative. The problem of being in this dialogue is also the truth. This occurs from the fallacy identified with the "ontological concept of truth." This conception of truth is based on the following formulation: if we can only say "what is" as soon as someone speaks says what is and, therefore, says the real. The problem of non-being is the problem of falsehood. The problem of not-being directly connects to the problem of negative and is identified with a second fallacy in this Sofist: the fallacy that the negative should always be read as a contradiction. This conception of negative as contradiction raises a number of aporias. The negative should be read as a contradiction, only if each and every third term is excluded, as we see in the poem On Nature (Peri Physeos) of Parmenides, where there are only two terms, being, and this denial, the not-being. However, this is not the context in which either make Plato´s Sofist. The difficulty can be circumvented when we meet the second negative sense, id est, for all cases where there is a "third included," the third term in any relationship, identified in the text by "something" (ti) is to reformulate the "no" of negative. Thus the "no" should now be read as otherness rather than as opposition read as contrariety. The "ontological concept of truth" is linked directly to the ambiguity of the Greek verb "to be" (einai). To solve the problem Plato proposes a new conception of truth. Design that directly linked to the nature of speech and is seen as characteristic of what is said. Thus, truth and falsehood are to be regarded as property of the views expressed in a statement. They are presented here the three problems that our analysis attention, as well as those fallacies that motivate Plato´s solutions to the problems of being/truth, not-being/falsehood and the problem of negative. / O presente trabalho aborda diretamente três problemas elegidos por esta análise como os principais problemas contidos no diálogo Sofista de Platão. São eles: o problema do ser, o problema do não-ser e o problema da negativa. O problema do ser, no presente diálogo é também o da verdade. Isto ocorre a partir da falácia identificada com o conceito ontológico de verdade . A presente concepção de verdade está assentada na seguinte formulação: se só podemos dizer o que é , logo assim que alguém fala diz o que é, e, por conseguinte, diz o verdadeiro. O problema do não-ser é o problema da falsidade. O problema do não-ser liga-se diretamente ao problema da negativa e está identificado com uma segunda falácia presente no Sofista: a falácia de que a negativa deva ser lida sempre como contradição. Essa concepção de negativa como contradição origina uma série de aporias. A negativa deve ser lida como contradição, somente se todo e qualquer terceiro termo é excluído, assim como vemos no poema de Parmênides, onde só há dois termos, o ser, e a negação do ser, o não-ser. No entanto, não é este o contexto que quer apresentar Platão no Sofista. A dificuldade só pode ser contornada no momento em que encontramos para a negativa um segundo sentido, isto é, para todos os casos onde haja um terceiro incluído , esse terceiro termo em qualquer relação, identificado no texto pelo termo algo , deve reformular o não da negativa. Assim, o não deve passar a ser lido como alteridade e não mais como contrariedade. O conceito ontológico de verdade está ligado diretamente à ambigüidade do verbo ser grego. Para contornar o problema Platão propõe uma nova concepção de verdade. Concepção essa diretamente vinculada à natureza do discurso, sendo vista como uma característica dos enunciados. Assim, verdade e falsidade passam a ser encaradas como propriedades das opiniões expressas por um enunciado. Estão aqui apresentados os três problemas a que nossa análise presta atenção, assim como as ditas falácias que motivam Platão a propor soluções para os problemas do ser/verdade, não-ser/falsidade e o problema da negativa.

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This thesis explores the use of unstructured data, and specifically textual data, in providing consumer insights and improving business decisions. The thesis consists of two essays. In essay I, I examine how the linguistic similarity between the language used by reviewers of a product and a prospective customer’s own writing style can be leveraged to assess the match between customers and products. Applying tools from machine learning, Bayesian statistics, and computational linguistics to a large-scale dataset from Yelp, I find that the closer the writing style of a restaurant’s past reviews are to a prospective customer’s writing style, the more likely that customer is to write a review for that restaurant. This effect holds across restaurant types and is driven by the linguistic similarity between the customer’s own reviews and positive past reviews for the restaurant. Further, I find that similarity with respect to words related to leisure (e.g., family, wine, beer, weekend), biology (e.g., eat, life, love), as well as swear words are most influential in creating a match between customers and restaurants. In essay II, I examine whether borrowers consciously or not, leave traces of their intentions, circumstances, and personality traits in the text they write when applying for a loan. I find that this textual information has a substantial and significant ability to predict whether borrowers will pay back the loan above and beyond the financial and demographic variables commonly used in models predicting default. Using text-mining and machine-learning tools to automatically process and analyze the raw text in over 120 thousand loan requests from Prosper.com, an online crowdfunding platform, I find that including the textual information in the loan significantly helps predict loan default and can have substantial financial implications. I find that loan requests written by defaulting borrowers are more likely to include words related to their family, mentions of God, the borrower’s financial and general hardship, pleading lenders for help, and short-term focused words. I further observe that defaulting loan requests are written in a manner consistent with the writing style of extroverts and liars.

Personality assessments have a long history in psychology and have become the backbone of the human capital management industry, with the Big-Five model being the most prevalent. The central criticism of personality assessments for employment decisions is validity of responses since applicants for employment often endorse items to make themselves more desirable for hire, referred to as faking behavior. The present study examined faking behavior using the Assess Personality Survey (APS). Using a sample of applicant and incumbent data (N = 8,020), the objective was to identify response difference between applicant and incumbents, and the prevalence of faking behavior in applicants. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to compare groups. Results indicate a clear distinction between applicant and incumbent response patterns. Additional analyses suggest 6 classes of testing patterns among applicants, and results are compared with previous faking identification procedures to improve criteria used to establish faking behavior in respondents.

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Celui du faux est un problème auquel les spécialistes de chaque période historique ont dû se confronter, mais qui a subi une accélération et une exaspération avec l’histoire du temps présent, aussi à cause de la présence simultanée des protagonistes qui ont rendu plus complexe une scène historique et commémorative profondément marquée par le rapport entre historiens et témoins, et par la particulière articulation de la mémoire publique et de la mémoire privée. L’événement qui a souffert avec le plus d’acuité du problème du faux à l’époque contemporaine est certainement le génocide des Juifs commis par les nazis pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, car c’est justement au cœur de l’entreprise génocidaire qui a eu lieu la plus grande falsification qui a alimenté tout discours révisionniste ultérieur. La négation de l’extermination, avec le tentative des nazis de dissimuler et détruire les preuves de leur culpabilité, est en effet consubstantiel au déroulement des faits, œuvrant ainsi sur deux niveaux: à l’origine, sur la suppression systématique des traces et des témoins éventuels; plus tard, sur les différentes étapes de l’opération historiographique. Le sophisme négationniste par lequel la réalité meurtrière des chambres à gaz ne peut être prouvée que par ceux qui les ont vus en fonction de leurs propres yeux, c’est à dire par ceux qui y ont perdu la vie, remet en question non seulement la réalité historique de l’événement mais aussi, par conséquent, la mémoire des survivants qui, avec la falsification de leur expérience, sont obligés de faire face depuis l’époque de la persécution nazie. L’historien est devenu donc le protagoniste d’une contemporanéité dans laquelle histoire et mémoire ont fini par se retrouver souvent inextricablement liées. / The problem of false is a problem that specialists of different historical period had to confront, but it has been accelerated and exasperated with the history of the present time, also because of the simultaneous presence of the protagonists who made more complex the historic and commemorative scene deeply influenced by the relationship between historians and witnesses, and the specific articulation of public memory and private memory. The event, which has most deeply suffered the problem of false in the modern era is certainly the Jewish genocide perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II, because it is precisely at the heart of genocide that the greatest falsification, that has fueled all subsequent revisionist discourse, began. The denial of the extermination, the Nazis attempt to conceal and destroy evidence of their guilt is indeed consubstantial with the sequence of events and works on two levels: during the Holocaust, by the systematic removal of traces and potential witnesses, and later on the different stages of the historiographical operation. Revisionist sophistry by which the murderous reality of the gas chambers can be proven only by those who saw it with their own eyes, for example by those who have lost their lives, questions not only the historical reality of the event but also, therefore, the memory of the survivors, who with the falsification of their experience, are forced to face since the days of Nazi persecution. The historian thus became the protagonist of a contemporaneity in which history and memory have ended up often inextricably linked.

The following dissertation examines Sartre’s notion of bad faith before identifying parallels found in Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals. Bad faith is often construed as lying to oneself; however, this entails an individual being both the deceiver and deceived which presents a number of paradoxes. By reconceptualising bad faith as self-deception rather than lying to oneself these paradoxes are avoided. Nietzsche’s Genealogy examines the development of modern morality and explains its genesis through identifying a specific psychological tendency, namely, ressentiment. Ressentiment is central to the Genealogy as it results in the idealisation of asceticism and the development of the bad conscience into guilt. These are core elements of what Nietzsche terms slave morality. By exposing ressentiment as a manifestation of bad faith this dissertation highlights the self-deception lying at the foundation of slave morality. Nietzsche believes that it is slave morality which predominantly constitutes modern morality, and manifestations of bad faith in Nietzsche’s account of modern morality therefore give credence to Nietzsche’s call to revalue our values. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.