Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003.

A realidade agrária da Bocacosta na Guatemala, área tradicionalmente cafeeira, sofreu modificações importantes nos últimos anos. As crise do café em princípios de 1990 e 2000, concomitantemente com a firmação dos Acordos de Paz em 1996, foram decisivos para a transformação produtiva e social da região. Atualmente, podemos encontrar, integrados aos latifúndios de café tradicionais do modelo agroexportador e às grandes fazendas de gado, associações compostas por pequenos produtores de café, assentamentos de ex-guerrilheiros do conflito armado, comunidades de camponeses que regularizaram as terras, entre outros. São estes grupos que, conscientes do perigo do monocultivo de café, estão diversificando a produção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as dinâmicas sociais e produtivas da Bocacosta, proporcionando um melhor entendimento do panorama agrário atual. A partir de uma metodologia fundamentada em um instrumental de cunho sistêmico, a pesquisa busca analisar e diagnosticar os sistemas de produção implementados pelos agricultores da Bocacosta. Este estudo permitiu identificar cinco (5) sistemas agrários, que evoluiram e diferenciaram-se ao longo do tempo, e sete (7) sistemas de produção predominantes, praticados atualmente na região. A análise aprofundada de cada sistema de produção foi operacionalizada por meio de estudos de caso, escolhidos intencionalmente, a partir da pesquisa de campo e das entrevistas com os informante-chave. Constatou-se que o café, apesar de ainda ser predominante na realidade agrária da região, encontra-se em regressão na maioria dos estabelecimentos rurais, em razão da baixa rentabilidade. Igualmente, destaca-se a heterogeneidade nas estratégias adotadas pelas novas formas sociais, responsáveis pelas novas dinâmicas produtivas. A análise das informações evidencia a necessidade de elaborar políticas públicas de caráter social que elevem as condições de vida da população rural, bem como medidas que permitam efetivar a transição produtiva para outros cultivos e criações ou a diferenciação do produto no mercado. / The agrarian reality at Bocacosta in Guatemala, a traditionally coffee area, underwent significant changes in recent years. The coffee crisis of early 1990 and 2000, concurrently with the Peace Accords signing in 1996, were crucial for the productive and social transformation in the region. Currently, we can find, integrated with traditional agro-export model coffee lands and large livestock farms, associations composed of small coffee producers, ex-guerrillas settlements of armed conflict, peasant communities that regularized the land, among others. Are these groups that, aware of the danger of coffee monoculture, are diversifying the production. In this context, the present study aims to examine the social and productive dynamics at Bocacosta, providing a better understanding of the current agricultural background. From a methodology based on a systemic instrument, the research seeks to analyze and diagnose the farming systems implemented by farmers of Bocacosta. This study allowed to identify five (5) agrarian systems, which evolved and differed over time, and seven (7) predominant farming systems, currently performed in the region. A detailed analysis of each farming system was carried out through case studies, intentionally chosen from the research field stage and interviews with key informers. We found out that coffee, despite still being dominant in the agricultural reality of the region, is declining in most of rural establishments, due to low profitability. Also, it can be highlight the heterogeneity of strategies adopted by the new social forms, responsible for new dynamic production. Analysis of the data illustrates the necessity to develop social-nature public policies that increase living conditions of rural population, as well as procedures to shift production to other crops and livestock or product differentiation on the marketplace.

A realidade agrária da Bocacosta na Guatemala, área tradicionalmente cafeeira, sofreu modificações importantes nos últimos anos. As crise do café em princípios de 1990 e 2000, concomitantemente com a firmação dos Acordos de Paz em 1996, foram decisivos para a transformação produtiva e social da região. Atualmente, podemos encontrar, integrados aos latifúndios de café tradicionais do modelo agroexportador e às grandes fazendas de gado, associações compostas por pequenos produtores de café, assentamentos de ex-guerrilheiros do conflito armado, comunidades de camponeses que regularizaram as terras, entre outros. São estes grupos que, conscientes do perigo do monocultivo de café, estão diversificando a produção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as dinâmicas sociais e produtivas da Bocacosta, proporcionando um melhor entendimento do panorama agrário atual. A partir de uma metodologia fundamentada em um instrumental de cunho sistêmico, a pesquisa busca analisar e diagnosticar os sistemas de produção implementados pelos agricultores da Bocacosta. Este estudo permitiu identificar cinco (5) sistemas agrários, que evoluiram e diferenciaram-se ao longo do tempo, e sete (7) sistemas de produção predominantes, praticados atualmente na região. A análise aprofundada de cada sistema de produção foi operacionalizada por meio de estudos de caso, escolhidos intencionalmente, a partir da pesquisa de campo e das entrevistas com os informante-chave. Constatou-se que o café, apesar de ainda ser predominante na realidade agrária da região, encontra-se em regressão na maioria dos estabelecimentos rurais, em razão da baixa rentabilidade. Igualmente, destaca-se a heterogeneidade nas estratégias adotadas pelas novas formas sociais, responsáveis pelas novas dinâmicas produtivas. A análise das informações evidencia a necessidade de elaborar políticas públicas de caráter social que elevem as condições de vida da população rural, bem como medidas que permitam efetivar a transição produtiva para outros cultivos e criações ou a diferenciação do produto no mercado. / The agrarian reality at Bocacosta in Guatemala, a traditionally coffee area, underwent significant changes in recent years. The coffee crisis of early 1990 and 2000, concurrently with the Peace Accords signing in 1996, were crucial for the productive and social transformation in the region. Currently, we can find, integrated with traditional agro-export model coffee lands and large livestock farms, associations composed of small coffee producers, ex-guerrillas settlements of armed conflict, peasant communities that regularized the land, among others. Are these groups that, aware of the danger of coffee monoculture, are diversifying the production. In this context, the present study aims to examine the social and productive dynamics at Bocacosta, providing a better understanding of the current agricultural background. From a methodology based on a systemic instrument, the research seeks to analyze and diagnose the farming systems implemented by farmers of Bocacosta. This study allowed to identify five (5) agrarian systems, which evolved and differed over time, and seven (7) predominant farming systems, currently performed in the region. A detailed analysis of each farming system was carried out through case studies, intentionally chosen from the research field stage and interviews with key informers. We found out that coffee, despite still being dominant in the agricultural reality of the region, is declining in most of rural establishments, due to low profitability. Also, it can be highlight the heterogeneity of strategies adopted by the new social forms, responsible for new dynamic production. Analysis of the data illustrates the necessity to develop social-nature public policies that increase living conditions of rural population, as well as procedures to shift production to other crops and livestock or product differentiation on the marketplace.

Le développement de l’agriculture en Tunisie Centrale a favorisé l’expansion des cultures au détriment des terres de parcours et du secteur de l’élevage. L’arboriculture surtout d’oliviers, s’est développée grâce à la privatisation des terres collectives. En conséquence, il y a une régression de la superficie des parcours steppiques qui a été amplifié par très forte augmentation démographique dans les années 1970-90. En revanche, le cheptel national a connu une importante croissance, bien que pour la majorité des troupeaux, la végétation pastorale couvre à peine 20 % des besoins alimentaire des animaux. Ce taux a chuté de façon très importante et de façon continue depuis 1995. Cette évolution induit une double problématique de vulnérabilité de la majorité des élevages : la dépendance à la disponibilité et prix des aliments concentrés ; les aléas météorologiques dont dépend les différentes sources de pâtures. Notre questionnement généralement porte sur la diversité des voies d’adaptations à ces facteurs de transition et les différences de vulnérabilité selon les choix d’adaptation des éleveurs. Nos travaux confirment que la chute de la couverture alimentaire par la végétation des parcours est de l’ordre de 80 % en 6 ans. Cette contribution des parcours à l’alimentation des parcours repose essentiellement sur les parcours améliorés, qui représentent 75 % de la superficie des parcours collectifs et domaniaux. La gestion par les services de l’Etat de l’accès à ces parcours permet une utilisation saisonnière, évitant des charges trop importantes. Cette régulation, imposée au travers du paiement d’un droit d’accès et d’un contrôle par des agents de l’Etat présents sur le terrain, semble plutôt bien fonctionner, d’un point de vue préservation de la ressource.Les parcours naturels (non gérés par les services de l’Etat) sont quant à eux très peu fréquentés. Cette très faible utilisation est le reflet de décisions individuelles des éleveurs face à l’état de ces parcours. Le passage d’un système pastoral à un système agropastoral, voir à territoire essentiellement de cultures s’avère une réalité, dans le cadre d’une transition de quelques décennies. Nos travaux permettent d’estimer que les concentrés constituent de 13 à 24 % de la matière sèche ingérée par les brebis, selon les 3 types d’élevage naisseurs. Le reste de l’ingéré correspond à des fourrages, distribués : foin, cactus… ; ou pâturés : chaumes de céréales, céréales sinistrées, déprimage, repousses ou végétation des parcours. Un système agriculture-élevage émerge nettement qui produit 3 agneaux par brebis en deux ans. Nos études sur l’identification des différentes formes d’adaptation, révèlent des pistes pour trouver des voies alternatives de gestion des parcours aptes à maintenir le renouvellement des ressources pastorales et de créer des nouvelles stratégies agropastorales. / The Tunisian agriculture development is supporting the expansion of cultivated area in favor to the grounds of rangeland relative to the breeding sector. The arboriculture especially olive-trees was developed thanks to the privatization of the collective grounds. In addition a significant demographic increase amplified strongly the regression surface regression of the steppe rangeland between 1970 and 1990. On the other hand, the national livestock showed a considerable growth, while the pastoral vegetation covers hardly 20% of the food needs of the animals for the majority of the herds. Since 1995, this rate is decreasing significantly and continuously, This evolution induces double problems vulnerability of the majority of the breeding. In fact is depending on the availability and the price of concentrated food and the weather risks which various sources on grazing are depending. Our questioning is related to the diversity of the adaptation ways to these heavy transition factors and the differences in vulnerability of the adaptation of the stock breeders. Our study confirms that the rangeland vegetation is covering about 80% of the food needs during six years. This contribution is primarily resulting to the improved rangeland, which are accounting for 75% of the surface of the collective and domanial rangeland. The state management of the rangeland access allows a seasonal use which is avoiding important loads. From a safe guarding point of view of the resource this law which is imposed through the payment of the right of the access and the control by the government officials, seems to be functional. The natural courses which are not managed by the services of the State, are very little attendedThis low use is the reflection of the individual decision of the stock breeders ending on the state of these courses. The transition from a pastoral system to an agropastoral system proves to be carried out appeared in very few decades. Our work showed that, for the three considered types of breeding naisseurs, 13 to 24% of the dry matter introduced by the ewes is provided by the concentrates. The rest of the introduced corresponds to fodder, distributed: hay, cactus…; or grazed: cereal thatches, cereals disaster victims, déprimage, push backor vegetation of the courses. A system of agriculture-breeding is clearly emerging is: producing three lambs per ewe in two years.

La thèse examine les relations entre l'activitéagricole et le milieu qu'elle transforme : l'intérêt estici porté aux vallées. Dans ces espaces spécifiquesen matière de sols, de topographie et de modesd'écoulement, l'activité agricole doit s'adapter,valoriser ou surmonter les spécificités naturelles,tout en répondant à des attentes sociales fortes(qualité de l'eau et des paysages, aménagementdes cours d'eau, biodiversité...). L'espaced’analyse est constitué des trois principales valléesdu bassin de la Maine (Loir, Mayenne et Sarthe).Ces vallées de l'Ouest concentrent des fonctions etusages variés, dont l'agriculture représente l'un desprincipaux éléments structurants.Il est d'abord montré en quoi l'agriculture desvallées considérées est spécifique des points devue environnemental et socio-économique, àl'échelle du bassin versant jusqu'à celle de zonesd'études de quelques communes en vallée, et defaçon diachronique (du XIXe siècle à l'époqueactuelle). Puis, des entretiens auprès d'agriculteursà l'échelle des exploitations agricoles permettentd'accéder à la diversité des prises en compte d'unmême milieu, caractérisé par des contraintesd'hydromorphie dans le fond de vallée et de pentesur les versants. Les usages spécifiques à la valléesont mis en évidence : types de cultures,accessibilité des parcelles, type d'usage dufourrage herbager, etc. Enfin, grâce à huit critèresd'ordres quantitatifs et qualitatifs, tels que ladispersion des parcellaires, les dynamiquesd'usages des terres de vallée ou la relation à l'eau,une typologie d'exploitations est construite sur troisniveaux d'appréciation de la vallée portée par lesagriculteurs. / This PhD thesis analyzes relationships betweenfarming activity and its local environment,precisely in the valleys. In these valleyenvironments that have specific features in termsof soils, topography and water flows modes,farming activities have to adapt, take advantage orcope with the natural features, as well as satisfyresource management requirements (such aswater and landscapes quality, riverbankmanagement, biodiversity...). The case study fieldis made of the three main valleys of a basin inwestern France, Maine river basin (Loir, Mayenneand Sarthe rivers). In these valleys areconcentrated several functions and social uses, inwhich agriculture represents one of the mostdominant elements. First, it is shown thatagriculture is specific in these valleys in terms ofenvironmental conditions and socio-economicalcontext, at different scales (from basin level tostudy areas level composed of a few municipalitiesin valleys), and throughout time (from 19th centuryuntil today). Then, interviews with farmers at thefarming system level give access to the variety ofassessments of a same local environment, namelythe bottom of the valley characterized by wet soilsand sloped sides. Specific land uses in the valleysare revealed from these investigations: kinds ofcrops, plots accessibility, grass forage types, etc.Finally, the selection of eight qualitative andquantitative criteria, such as distribution of plots,land use dynamics or nature of the relationship towater resources in the valley, has allowed us tobuild a typology of three types of farms, based onthe level of appreciation of the valley environmentby farmers.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture in Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / Butternut squash (Cucurbita pepo) is highly susceptible to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides were being researched and developed for use in various crop farming systems for managing nematode numbers. However, the two products when not properly quantified are highly phytotoxic to crops. The Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD) computer based model was adopted to compute the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP), which is a non-phytotoxic concentration. The objective of the study, therefore, was to determine whether the MCSP values of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on squash under greenhouse, microplot and field conditions exist. Seedling were raised in 25-cm plastic bags filled with loam, pasteurised sand and Hygromix 2:1:1 (v/v) in the greenhouse , raised in 25-cm pots with pasteurised sand and loam 3:1 (v/v) on the microplot, and raised under field with Hutton sandy loam (65% sand, 30% clay and 5% silt). After establishment each plant was inoculated with 5 000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. Treatments comprised 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32% concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides with ten replicates. For greenhouse, treatments comprised 0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8% concentration of both Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide with 10 replicates. For micro-plot and for field experiment treatments comprised 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 and 38.4% of both Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL with nine replicates. In all experiments, treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design with ten replicates. In the greenhouse, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had highly significant effects on dry fruit mass and significant on fruit number, but had no effect other plant variables recorded. xxii Treatments contributed 51 to 71% in total treatment variation (TTV) of dry fruit mass and fruit number, respectively. However, at higher concentrations the same phytonematicide decreased fruit number by 66 to 137% and dry fruit mass by 6 to 14%. In the greenhouse, MCSP value for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide was 2.83% of which the overall Σk was 3 units. Plant variables and increasing concentration of phytonematicide exhibited quadratic relations. In microplot, Nemarioc-AL was highly significant for dry shoot mass and dry fruit mass with treatment contribution of 15 to 63% in TTV. At lower concentrations Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide increased dry shoot mass by 5%. However, with increasing concentrations dry shoot mass decreased from 7 to 30%. Phytonematicide increased dry shoot mass from 41 to 81% and decreased root galls from 3 to 73%. In microplot, MCSP value was 11.85%, with the Σk zero. Plant variables and increasing concentration of phytonematicide exhibited quadratic relations. In field experiment, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide treatment effect were not significant on any plant variables. In conclusion, the MCSP and Σk values appear to be location-specific since they were not similar in various locations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the survivability of goat kids to weaning, in a small-scale communal grazing system. Goat kids are the most vulnerable component of communal goat flocks and increasing their survival could increase productivity. Some of the main factors which contributed towards kid survivability were evaluated and ranked and cost benefit analysis was done. Initially 20 farmers in Jericho District, North West Province, were subjected to a structured interview. The mean age of farmers was 68.9 years and the mean number of does was 11. Thirteen farmers remained in the trial throughout and were visited once a month. The average number of does for farmers remained in the trial was 13. Body condition scores of does were estimated, kids were weighed, faecal samples were collected and the veld evaluated. Management and socio-economic aspects were observed and informal discussions were conducted with farmers. Goat housing was evaluated using a housing checklist. Monthly precipitation and temperature data were recorded. Survivability to weaning of 63% of kids was recorded from the total number of kids born (131) from 170 does of the 13 farmers who remained in the trial. The flocks of goats examined were parasitised by Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris globulosa, Coccidia as well as Moniezia. Although faecal egg counts were relatively low, there was a significant correlation with kid mortalities. Three of the six goats submitted for necropsy also died of internal parasites. The species of ticks were Amblyoma, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus spp. Lice species found were identified as Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus and Linognathus africanus using scanning electron microscopy. Flea infestation was observed in three flocks, the flea species was identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis. Management was found to be suboptimal and in 92.31% of flocks, housing was inadequate. Build-up of faeces and poor drainage probably contributed to internal parasites. Other factors such as climate and feeding could not be correlated to kid mortalities. Cost benefit analysis suggested that strategic de-worming and improvement of hygiene and drainage in the housing would be the most affordable and effective way to reduce mortalities in kids. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Soil erosion is a major issue that threatens to undermine our current system of agriculture. Due to the fact that this system is in turn the number one cause of erosion, agricultural practices in the United States need to be rethought. This study explores how traditional ideas of erosion risks are related to observed erosion on organic strawberry farms along California’s Central Coast. In addition, diversified farming systems are addressed as a possible solution for the current unsustainability of our farming practices. The data from this research suggest that diversity of crops on farms could be linked to less soil erosion. These results are promising for the future of diversification as a new framework for agriculture.