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Introduction: Liposuction has undergone several improvements since its first description, including changes in the cannulas, variation in the concentration of the infiltrating solution, and the use of different devices and technologies. The use of laser technology devices for lipolysis and stimulation of skin retraction has contributed to the procedure. This article presents the authors’ experience with laser lipolysis in 400 patients, within a 5-year period, and discusses the principles of the technology and its effect on tissues. Methods: This is a study performed between July 2007 and July 2012 and included 400 patients who underwent laser lipolysis. All procedures were performed following the original protocol – infiltration of cold saline, passage of the cannula with an optic fiber for conducting the energy needed for laser lipolysis, skin retraction, and finally, conventional liposuction. Results: Hospitalization type ranged from outpatient to overnight surgery. Approximately 45% (180 of 400) of patients had minimal bruising, with involvement of 2% or more of the affected body surface. Hematoma, seroma, and dehiscence occurred in a total of 9% (36 of 400) of patients. We did not find any case of thermal burn of the skin. Conclusions: Laser lipolysis performed according to the described technique was safe and reproducible.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), an individual bird's minimum rate of energy expenditure, was followed in adult and juvenile captive Knot throughout their annual cycle, in conjunction with measurements of total body mass (BM) and body composition (lean mass and fat mass, as predicted using Total Body Electrical Conductivity). Adult captive Knot increased significantly in BM during spring, primarily due to fat deposition. Most juvenile Knot did not display fat deposition in their first spring in captivity. A seasonal peak in BMR, often double the seasonal minimum, occurred during spring but typically took place, on average, 5,11 and 4 days (respectively) after the seasonal peaks in BM, lean mass and fat mass. Little of the variation in BMR seen within or amongst captive Knot, irrespective of physiological state, was explained by variation in a single parameter (BM, lean mass or fat mass). As variation in BMR was not simply a consequence of variation in total lean mass, the average metabolic output per gram of the lean tissues must also have altered seasonally. During fat deposition in spring, Knot exhibited a significant increase in liver mass and a significant elevation (approximately 50% higher) in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, an indicator of metabolic activity) in the small intestine. Such adaptations may have assisted an increase in fat deposition rate. SDH activity decreased by approximately 60% in the pectoral muscle of Knot during this period. Such a reduction in SDH may also aid fat deposition as it lowered an individual’s overall BMR. As Knot BM decreased after the spring peak, then BMR decreased in parallel with a decrease in SDH activity in their pectoral muscles. The spring peak in overall BMR may indicate an increase in the maximal sustainable metabolic rate (MMR) of an individual during migratory flight. If a relationship exists between BMR and MMR, then variation in metabolic activity rather than variation in the mass of various lean tissues (e.g. pectoral muscle) will increase metabolic scope without increasing the energetic costs of flight.

Orientador: Débora Cristina Damasceno / Coorientador: Yuri Karen Sonzato / Banca: Marcela Marcondes Pinto Rodrigues / Banca: Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano / Banca: Mara Sandra Hoshida / Banca: Sara Maria Zago Nunes / Resumo: Durante a gravidez diabética, a hiperglicemia materna pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento embrionário por uma associação de hipóxia e estresse oxidativo. Deste modo, nossa hipótese é de que a combinação desses mecanismos esteja envolvida no desenvolvimento pancreático alterado. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do estresse oxidativo e hipóxia no organismo materno sobre o desenvolvimento pancreático fetal em condições hiperglicêmicas. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em: Controle (C); Diabete moderado (DM) e Diabete grave (DG). O diabete foi induzido em ratos pela administração de streptozotocin. As ratas foram acasaladas e, no 18º e 21º dias de prenhez, foram avaliados parâmetros como hiperglicemia e marcadores de hipóxia e de estresse oxidativo maternos. Nos mesmos momentos, os fetos foram coletados para análise das ilhotas pancreáticas. Foram encontradas alterações na tríade hormonal (insulina, glucagon e somatostatina) e marcadores de proliferação celular (PDX-1 e ki67) e morte celular (caspase-3). Essas alterações foram mais evidentes nos fetos advindos do grupo diabete grave. Além disso, a morfologia das ilhotas pancreáticas fetais e localização correta das células endócrinas foram claramente alteradas. Também houve correlação positiva entre glicemia, estresse oxidativo e hipóxia no organismo materno dos grupos diabéticos. Estes mecanismos também foram positivamente correlacionados com a redução no número de ilhotas e de células por ilhota nos descendentes. Portanto, a presença de estresse oxidativo e hipóxia, induzidos por alterações glicêmicas maternas, causou prejuízo no desenvolvimento pancreático fetal. Este fato demonstra que é necessário um rígido controle glicêmico materno para prevenir complicações embriofetais e perinatais / Abstract: In diabetic pregnancy, hyperglycemia may impair embryonic development by a combination of hypoxia and oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that a combination of these factors was involved in the impaired pancreatic development in the offspring. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal oxidative stress and hypoxia status on fetal pancreatic development in hyperglycemic conditions. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control (C); mild diabetes (MD) and severe diabetes (SD). Diabetes was induced by the beta-cytotoxic drug (streptozotocin) in rats. The female rats were mated and at days 18 (early period of maximum fetal development) and 21 (at term) of pregnancy the maternal hyperglycemia, hypoxia and oxidative stress markers were evaluated. In the fetus, the pancreatic islets were analyzed. The results showed alterations in pancreatic hormone triad (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin), beta cell marker (PDX-1), proliferation (ki67) and apoptosis (caspase-3), which were more pronounced in the SD group. Furthermore, the morphology of the fetal pancreatic islets was clearly changed. There was a positive correlation between blood glucose, oxidative stress and hypoxia of the mothers and the reduction in the number of islets and number of cells per islet in the fetuses from the diabetic groups. Therefore, oxidative stress and hypoxia induced by maternal hyperglycemia led to impairment of fetal pancreatic development. These observations indicate that a rigid glycemic control in diabetic pregnancy is required to prevent the embryofetal and perinatal complications / Doutor

A stable low-fat water-in-oil emulsion was satisfactorily prepared from milk-fat under laboratory condition. The best product contained 40 per cent fat, 56.8-57.3 per cent water, 0.8 per cent sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.7-1.2 per cent milk solids-non-fat, and 1.2 percent salt. The spread was prepared equally well from butter or high test cream. When the product was made from cream (containing 74 per cent milk-fat) it was necessary to convert most of the globular fat to free fat prior to forming an emulsion. Globular fat in cream was successfully changed to free fat by homogenization at 2500 pounds per square inch or by storing the cream at 5 centigrade for 24 hours. tHe free fat was shock cooled from 41 to 18 centigrade in a swept-surface heat exchanger to give a smooth velvety texture to the milk-fat. The solidified milk-fat was warmed to 22-24 centigrade and emulsified with water containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 7HF (manufactured by Hercules Incorporated) and salt. Color and flavoring were added during emulsification.

This thesis examines both contemporary and historical meanings surrounding human body FAT in order to illuminate, chiefly, the forces that have rendered it both an omnipresent and negative entity in Western societies. It explores the apparent contradiction that we must exist amidst hyper-consumptive capitalism yet display no bodily evidence of such consumption. Along with an investigation into alternative bodily conceptions to that of the hegemonic West, a discourse analysis is employed to challenge the key assumptions that underpin the current 'obesity epidemic' and its ensuing 'war on obesity' so that body FAT may be configured differently. It is shown that, because bodily conceptions and ideals are complex cultural constructions, body FAT, as a substance, is not the scourge it is presently portrayed, but rather a substance that signifies most of what consumer society despises and fears. It is argued that the 'war on obesity' has not been successful, and will continue to be ineffective, because the focus should not be on losing body FAT but rather on the conditions of poverty that generate overall ill-health. It is concluded that such a 'war', if sustained in its current fashion, will only serve to further malign the situations of those deemed 'overweight and obese'.

The market drive to develop lite foods in Australia. Extensive research has been conducted in the area of dairy products and processed meats. Some research has been carried out on cookies, crackers and cakes, whilst little has been done on plain sweet biscuits. As plain sweet biscuits have a considerable share of the Australian biscuit market, the potential for reducing sugar and fat in this variety was investigated. The functional properties of polydextrose as a sugar and a fat replacer were also determined. Replacements of up to 100% sugar and 50% fat were separately achieved using polydextrose without significantly affecting sensory acceptability. Up to 20% fat was successfully removed from the formulation containing 100% polydextrose in replacement for sugar. The total energy was reduced, with the energy contribution from fat being below, whilst sugar was slightly above the NH and MRC dietary targets / Master of Science (Hons)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most prevalent metabolic diseases affecting over 50% of people in the western world. Although the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is not fully understood, growing evidence links this disease to a state of chronic inflammation, which occurs in metabolically active tissue such as the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and results in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, of which interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one. It is generally accepted that elevations in the plasma and/or tissue of this family of cytokines have a negative effect on whole body glucose homeostasis. While there is compelling evidence for the negative effects of resistin and TNF-á on insulin sensitivity, the role of IL-6 in the etiology of insulin resistance is not fully understood. The notion of negative effects of IL-6 in metabolic processes is further confounded by the marked elevations of IL-6 which occur in conjunction with the beneficial activity of exercise. We firstly sought to examine the effect of the lipolytic hormone adrenaline on IL-6 expression and release in order to establish whether IL-6 acts independently of adrenaline in the regulation of fat metabolism. Reporting the absence of an effect of adrenaline on IL-6, we then investigated the role of IL-6 on metabolic processes in humans at rest and during exercise in circumstances where lipolysis was inhibited. Marked increases in IL-6 circulating protein and tissue gene expression were observed with exercise and further so with fatty acid suppression. In a mouse model of IL-6 depletion marked insulin sensitivity was observed, which was reversed with IL-6 treatment. In a mouse model with normal endogenous IL-6 levels IL-6 treatment also impaired glucose tolerance. Contrastingly, in a rat model both chronic and acute IL-6 treatment improved glucose tolerance In summary, studies from this thesis suggest that, rather than being causally related to insulin resistance, the cytokine IL-6 increases lipolysis, fat oxidation, and glucose metabolism in insulin sensitive tissues in humans. This does not appear to be the case in the mouse, where contrasting actions are observed, perhaps due to differences in the reliance of various parameters for metabolic processes between the species.

Graduation date: 1998

Graduation date: 1997