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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Charging behaviour of the amine moiety at the air-water interface. A vibrational sum frequency study / Amingruppens laddningsbeteende vid ytgränsskiktet mellan vatten och luft. En vibrationssumfrekvensstudie

Gullstrand, Mikael January 2021 (has links)
Laddningsbeteendet hos amingruppen vid ytgränsskiktet mellan vatten och luft har studerats under ändring av vattenfasens pH och NaCl-koncentration via den ickelinjära laserspektroskopiska tekniken, vibrationssumfrekvensspektroskopi (VSFS). Modellen som användes för ytan bestod av ett Langmuirmonolager av 1-docosanamin, en icke-löslig fettkedjeamin med NH2-gruppen riktad mot vattenfasen. En av de huvudsakliga syftena med projektet var att bestämma det skenbara samt yt-pKa:t för amingruppen, såväl som att testa gränserna för de klassiska Poisson-Boltzmann-formuleringarna av teorin för det elektriska dubbellagret. Molekylär information av laddningsbeteendet hos aminen erhölls från VSFS-spektra genom att följa NH-, OH- och CH-sträckningsvibrationsmoderna. Specifikt så identifierades de spektrala dragen från den neutrala formen (R-NH2) och den laddade formen (R-NH3+) av aminen, vilka direkt korrelerades med monolagrets ytladdning. Intensiteten hos OH-banden från vattenmolekylerna i det diffusa dubbellagret kunde länkas till ytpotentialen och CH-vibrationerna från alkylkedjan av amino-tensiden kopplades slutligen till packningstätheten hos monolagret. Ytterligare experiment utfördes med en deutererad vattenfas (D2O) för att bekräfta sträckningsvibrationsmoderna hos NH3+, vilka aldrig tidigare har rapporterats. Resultaten visar på att fettkedjeaminen får ett avsevärt lägre yt- och skenbart pKa jämfört med bulken (∼ 4 jämfört med 10,5). Detta är i enlighet med vad Gouy-Chapmann-modellen av det elektriska dubbellagret förutser. Dessutom så indikerar datat att det inneboende pKa:t hos aminen också blir lägre vid ytan än för bulken (9,7±0,7 jämfört med 10,5), vilket kan beskrivas som en effekt av begränsningen i frihetsgrader hos den ytbundna aminen. Dock, så hindrades en mer utförlig kvantitativ jämförelse mot teorin av ett sämre val av det experimentella referensvärdet som användes för att jämföra data mellan olika dagar. Dessutom så var anpassningsrutinen för datat begränsad på grund av spektrala vibrationsöverlapp mellan de relativt svaga aminbanden och de mycket starkare vatten- och alkylsträckningssignalerna. Intressant nog, för högre pH-värden, då aminen är helt oladdad, bevisade sumfrekvensspektra att hydroxidjonen föredrar att adsorbera till ytan genom att monolagret fick en negativ nettoladdning. Överlag så förbättrar studierna som presenteras i denna master-projektuppsats vår molekylära förståelse kring hur den biofysiskt betydande amingruppen beter sig vid ytgränsskikt. / The charging behaviour of the amine moiety at the water-air interface upon changes in the aqueous subphase pH and NaCl concentration has been studied using  the non-linear laser spectroscopy technique, Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy (VSFS).  The model surface consisted of a Langmuir monolayer of 1-docosaneamine, an insoluble fatty amine that exposes its NH2  group to solution. One of the main purposes of the project is to determine the surface, and the apparent pKa of the amine moiety, as well as testing the limits of validity of classical formulations of the electrical double layer theory within the Poisson-Boltzmann formalism. Molecular information of the charging behaviour was obtained from the VSFS spectra by targeting the NH, OH and CH stretching modes. Specifically, spectral features from the neutral amine (i.e. R-NH2) and charged (R-NH3+) groups could be identified and directly correlated to the surface charge of the monolayer. The intensity of the  OH bands from water molecules in the diffuse double layer, were linked to the surface potential, and finally, the CH modes from the surfactant alkyl chain gave information of the packing density in the monolayer. Additional experiments were also carried out in D2O to help confirm the assignment of the NH3+ stretching modes that had not been previously reported. The results show that as predicted from the Gouy-Chapman electric double layer model, the apparent pKa of the fatty amine monolayer is significantly lower than in the bulk  (∼ 4 compared with 10.5) . However, the data show indication that the intrinsic pKa at the surface is also lower than in the bulk (9.7+/- 0.7, compared to 10.5), an effect that is ascribed to the 2D molecular confinement in the monolayer. A more quantitative comparison with the theoretical predictions was nonetheless hampered by a poor selection of the experimental reference for comparing data collected in different days, and the limitations in the fitting routines due spectral overlap of the relatively weak amine bands with the OH and CH stretching modes. Interestingly, at high pH when the fatty amine is fully uncharged, the sum frequency spectra show evidence that OH- ion preferentially adsorbed to the surface, making it effectively net negatively charged. Overall, the studies presented in this master thesis, improve our molecular understanding of the behaviour of the biophysically relevant amine-functionality at interfaces.
2

Nouveaux hydrogels à base de polysaccharide obtenus par voie biomimétique ou par photoréticulation. / New hydrogels based on polysaccharide obtained by biomimetics or UV crosslinking

Hadrich, Ahdi 28 June 2019 (has links)
Dans un contexte de démarche écoresponsable et pour répondre aux exigences de biocompatibilité notamment dans les applications cosmétiques et biomédicales, nous avons développé de nouveaux hydrogels à base de polysaccharides neutres et anioniques en utilisant deux voies originales. La 1ère approche est biomimétique et a consisté à mimer un phénomène d’élaboration naturelle d’hydrogels que l’on retrouve chez certains végétaux pour lesquels une enzyme, la laccase, permet de créer des liens de réticulation par dimérisation des composés phénoliques (en l’occurrence de l’acide férulique FA) présents sur les arabinoxylanes des mucilages des graines de céréales par exemple. Notre travail a ainsi consisté à greffer de l’acide férulique via deux chimies différentes de type imidazole et carbodiimide respectivement pour des polysaccharides neutres ou anioniques. Nous avons ainsi fonctionnalisé trois polysaccharides : le pullulane ou PUL (neutre modèle), le carboxyméthylpullulane ou CMP (anionique modèle) et l’acide hyaluronique ou HA (anionique d’intérêt). Des taux de greffage compris entre 2 et 25% ont été obtenus. L’étude physicochimique en régimes dilué et semi-dilué a permis de mettre en évidence un comportement associatif lié au caractère amphiphile des polysaccharides fonctionnalisés. La réticulation en présence de laccase, suivie in situ en rhéologie, a été réalisée avec succès sur les différents systèmes envisagés avec des contrôles possibles de la cinétique, des propriétés mécaniques finales ou encore du gonflement des hydrogels en fonction du caractère neutre ou chargé des polysaccharides, du degré de substitution en acide férulique, de la concentration en polymère ou de l’activité enzymatique fixée. Les dérivés synthétisés ont globalement démontré des activités biologiques (antioxydante et cytocompatible) intéressantes. La deuxième approche repose sur la photoréticulation possible de polysaccharides (PUL, CMP et HA) fonctionnalisés par le greffage d’amine/acide gras mono ou polyinsaturé (oleylamine, acide oléique et linoléique) via la chimie des imidazoles. Si le pullulane modifié par l’acide linoléique à 2% s’est avéré non hydrosoluble en raison de son caractère neutre, tous les autres dérivés avec des taux de greffages de 3 et 10% ont démontré une bonne solubilité dans l’eau. Les études physicochimiques mettent en évidence un très fort caractère associatif de ces dérivés amphiphiles avec la formation de gels physiques en régime semi-dilué. La photoréticulation a été démontrée en rhéologie sous irradiation UV in situ en présence d’un photoamorceur de type Darocur 1173®. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus selon cette approche en photoréticulation ouvrent ainsi des perspectives intéressantes. / In the framework of an eco-responsible context and to take advantage of biocompatibility, notably in cosmetic and biomedical applications, we have developed new hydrogels based on neutral and anionic polysaccharides using two original routes. The first approach is biomimetic and consists of mimicking a natural development of hydrogels that is found in certain plants for which an enzyme, laccase, allows to create crosslinks by dimerization of phenolic compounds, in occurrence of ferulic acid (FA) present on arabinoxylans mucilage of cereal seeds for example. Thus, our work consisted in grafting ferulic acid via two different chemical ways that means imidazole and carbodiimide respectively for neutral or anionic polysaccharides. We functionalized three polysaccharides: pullulan or PUL (neutral model), carboxymethylpullulane or CMP (model anionic) and hyaluronic acid or HA (anionic of interest) with grafting rates of between 2 and 25%. The physicochemical study in diluted and semi-diluted regimes evidenced an associative behavior due to the amphiphilic character of the functionalized polysaccharides. The crosslinking in the presence of laccase, followed in situ thanks to rheology, has been successfully performed on the various envisaged systems with possible controls of kinetics, the final mechanical properties or the swelling of the hydrogels as a function of the neutral or charged nature of the polysaccharides, the degree of substitution in FA, the polymer concentration or the enzymatic activity. The synthesized derivatives have generally demonstrated interesting biological activities (antioxidant and cytocompatibility). The second approach is based on the possible photocrosslinking of polysaccharides (PUL, CMP and HA) functionalized by the grafting of mono or polyunsaturated fatty amine/acid (oleylamine, oleic acid and linoleic acid) via imidazole chemistry. If pullulan grafted with 2% of linoleic acid was found to be water-insoluble due to its neutral character, all other derivatives (i.e. anionic ones) with grafting rates of 3 and 10% showed good solubility in water. The physicochemical studies show a very strong associative character of these amphiphilic derivatives with the formation of physical gels in semi-diluted regime. Photocrosslinking has been demonstrated in situ thanks to rheology/UV irradiation in the presence of a Darocur 1173® photoinitiator. The preliminary results according to this photocrosslinking approach thus open interesting perspectives.

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