Σε αυτή την διπλωματική εργασία θα γίνει μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς γραμμών διανομής σε καταπονήσεις από κεραυνούς. Η πτώση ενός κεραυνού είτε απευθείας πάνω στο δίκτυο είτε κοντά σε αυτό προκαλεί βίαιες μετακινήσεις φορτίων μέσα στο δίκτυο υπό την μορφή ρεύματος Ι, πολλών (kA). Τα φορτία οδεύουν κατά μήκος των γραμμών και κατά τις δυο διευθύνσεις με τη μορφή οδεύοντων κυμάτων τάσεως και αντίστοιχου ρεύματος, μέχρις ότου εξαφανισθούν λόγω απόσβεσης ή διαρροής ή διάσπασης της μονωτικής ικανότητας των γραμμών. Η τάση που επάγεται (V=I*Z) συνήθως υπερβαίνει την κρουστική τάση αντοχής των μονώσεων του δικτύου και, αν δεν υπάρχει κατάλληλη προστασία της γραμμής προκαλεί διάσπαση της μόνωσης. Έτσι η στάθμη αντοχής της μόνωσης π.χ. των μετασχηματιστών, των διακοπτών κτλ. του δικτύου, πρέπει να είναι σημαντικά ανώτερη από την στάθμη της τάσεως, που μπορεί να εγγυηθεί η προστασία, που παρέχουν τα μέσα προστασίας. Η ηλεκτρική μόνωση στα περισσότερα συστήματα διανομής δεν είναι ομογενής. Η στάθμη μόνωσης (BIL) σε ένα δοσμένο τμήμα γραμμής μεταβάλλεται ευρέως. Επιπλέον οι γραμμές διανομής είναι σύνθετα ηλεκτρικά κυκλώματα τα οποία δεν είναι εύκολο να προσαρμοστούν σε κάποιο συγκεκριμένο μαθηματικό μοντέλο και να αναλυθούν για να προσδιορίσουμε τη στάθμη μόνωσης. Όμως οι μέθοδοι που προτείνονται σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία είναι μαθηματικά απλές και αποδεικνύουν μόνο κατάλληλες προσεγγίσεις για τον σχεδιασμό των πιο συνήθων γραμμών διανομής. Ο σχεδιασμός της προστασίας από κεραυνούς σε γραμμές διανομής γίνεται λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τα εξής αποτελέσματα. 1. Τον αριθμό των βραχυκυκλωμάτων που θα συμβούν σε μια γραμμή διανομής όταν αυτή πλήττεται άμεσα από κεραυνούς. 2. Τον αριθμό των βραχυκυκλωμάτων που θα συμβούν εξαιτίας των πληγμάτων κεραυνών σε γειτονικό έδαφος. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας αναφέρεται η ΙΕΕΕ οδηγία για τη συμπεριφορά έναντι κεραυνών των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Σκοπός της είναι να παρουσιάσει εναλλακτικές λύσεις για τη μείωση των βραχυκυκλωμάτων που προκαλούνται από κεραυνό στις εναέριες γραμμές. Συγκεκριμένα θα προσδιοριστεί η συμπεριφορά των εναέριων γραμμών διανομής σε περίπτωση πτώσης κεραυνού (πλήγματα κεραυνών και βραχυκυκλώματα από επαγόμενη τάση), το επίπεδο μόνωσης των γραμμών διανομής, η προστασία των γραμμών διανομής με προστατευτικό αγωγό καθώς επίσης και η προστασία των γραμμών με αλεξικέραυνα. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας, θα αναπτυχθεί η καταγραφή σφαλμάτων και βλαβών λόγω πτώσεως κεραυνών στο δίκτυο της Μ.Τ. σε μετασχηματιστές καθώς και στις γραμμές διανομής Μ.Τ. κατά το έτος 2008 στην περιοχή της Πάτρας και γίνεται η συσχέτισή τους με τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα. / In the present "Diploma thesis", the behavior of the electric distribution lines under lightning strikes will be studied. A lightning strike,directly on an electric distribution line or indirectly nearby the line, will cause a violent charge movement.Which is actually current (many kA) propagating on the distribution line.The charges are traveling along the distribution line on both directions as traveling waves of voltage and current, until they disappear because of dumping,leakage or breakdown of the insulation ability of the line. The induced voltage (V=I*Z) exceeds the maximum impulse voltage that an insulation can afford, and if a protection is not present an insulation breakdown could be caused. Thus, B.I.L of transformers, switchers e.t.c of a distribution system has to be greater than the voltage level, which the protection can warrantee,and the protection utilities can provide. In most electrical distribution systems the electrical insulation is not homogeneous. B.I.L differentiates for a specific electrical transmission line. Furthermore,distribution lines are complex electrical circuits for which is difficult to be described and analyzed by a mathematical model in order to determine the insulation level. But in this diploma thesis, the mathematical models which are used are simple and proofing only the proper approximations for the design of the most common transmission lines. The design of lightning protection for transmission lines take care the following results. 1.The number of short-circuits that will occur in a transmission line if stroked direct by lightning. 2.The number of short-circuits that will occur in a transmission line if stroked indirect (in the nearby ground) by lightning. In the first part of this thesis is dedicated to the IEEE standard for the behavior of the overheaded electrical transmission lines. The purpose is to present alternative solutions in order to reduce short-circuits caused by lightning strokes. Specifically, the behavior of the overheaded electrical distribution lines when a lighting stroke (lightning stroke and induced voltage),the insulation level of the lines, the protection of the distribution lines with an over-running earth wire and the protection of the lines with surge diverters will be specified. In the second part of this thesis ,the faults and breakdowns caused by lightning strikes on the middle voltage (M.V) transformers and distribution lines,in 2008,at the Patras area will be presented and associated with theoretical results.

The complexity of engineered systems has increased remarkably to meet customer needs. In the continuously growing global market, it is essential for engineered systems to keep their productivities which can be achieved by higher reliability and availability. Integrated health management based on diagnostics and prognostics provides significant benefits, which includes increasing system safety and operational reliability, with a significant impact on the life-cycle costs, reducing operating costs and increasing revenues. Characteristics of complex systems such as nonlinearity, dynamicity, non-stationarity, and non-Gaussianity make diagnostics and prognostics more challenging tasks and decrease the application of classic reliability methods remarkably – as they cannot address the dynamic behaviour of these systems. This research has focused on detecting, predicting and isolating faults in engineered systems, using operational data with multifarious data characteristics. Complexities in the data, including non-Gaussianity and high nonlinearity, impose stringent challenges on fault analysis. To deal with these challenges, this research proposed an integrated data-driven methodology in which hidden Markov modelling (HMM) and Bayesian network (BN) were employed to detect, predict and isolate faults in a system. The fault detection and prediction were based on comparing and exploiting pattern similarity in the data via the loglikelihood values generated through HMM training. To identify the root cause of the faults, the probability values obtained from updating the BN were used which were based on the virtual evidence provided by HMM training and log-likelihood values. To set up a more accurate data-driven model – particularly BN structure – engineering analyses were employed in a structured way to explore the causal relationships in the system which is essential for reliability analysis of complex engineered systems. The automotive exhaust gas Aftertreatment system is a complex engineered system consisting of several subsystems working interdependently to meet emission legislations. The Aftertreatment system is a highly nonlinear, dynamic and non-stationary system. Consequently, it has multifarious data characteristics, where these characteristics raise the challenges of diagnostics and prognostics for this system, compared to some of the references systems, such as the Tennessee Eastman process or rolling bearings. The feasibility and effectiveness of the presented framework were discussed in conjunction with the application to a real-world case study of an exhaust gas Aftertreatment system which provided good validation of the methodology, proving feasibility to detect, predict, and isolate unidentified faults in dynamic processes.

O estudo das condições de operação de um motor de indução em um ambiente industrial é indispensável, tendo em vista que eventuais problemas podem contribuir para um prejuízo na produção, ou ainda para custos adicionais relacionados à falta de manutenção dos equipamentos. Uma das principais falhas que podem ocorrer em um motor de indução do tipo gaiola de esquilo durante sua operação é o rompimento de uma ou mais barras que compõem o seu rotor. Apresenta-se neste trabalho um novo método para auxiliar na detecção de barras quebradas em um rotor tipo gaiola de esquilo, para um motor de grande porte, durante sua operação em regime permanente. A partir de um modelo matemático foi possível avaliar o rompimento de barras do rotor, detectando em uma posição específica, a variação da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante, produzida pela contribuição do fluxo de dispersão de cada barra do rotor, bem como pelo fluxo criado pelas correntes do estator. Um sensor de efeito Hall é instalado entre duas bobinas do estator, a fim de representar a posição onde é realizado o cálculo da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante pela modelagem matemática proposta. O sinal gerado pelo sensor a partir de uma falha é comparado com aquele obtido a partir do rotor saudável, para posterior análise. O trabalho sugere ainda a aplicação do método de detecção da falha em conjunto com uma técnica de inteligência artificial baseada nas redes neurais artificiais, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico da falha e estimativa do número de barras rompidas. Os resultados obtidos da simulação, bem como os dados obtidos durante o ensaio são apresentados e usados na validação do modelo matemático desenvolvido. / The study of operational conditions of an induction motor in an industrial environment is indispensable, once eventual problems can contribute for production losses, or still for additional costs related to the lack of equipments maintenance. Among the principal faults, in a squirrel cage induction motor can occur the breaking of one or more rotor bars. This work presents a new method in aid of detection of broken bars in a large squirrel cage induction motor during its operation in steady-state. A mathematical model is used to evaluate the broken rotor bars, detecting in a specific point, the resulting magnetic flux density produced by the leakage flux created by the rotor and stator currents. The Hall effect sensor is installed between two stator coils, in order to represent the position where the resulting magnetic flux density is calculated by the proposed mathematical model. The signal detected in the sensor during a fault, is compared to the obtained result of the magnetic flux density from a healthy rotor for analysis. The work still suggests the application of the artificial intelligence technique, based on artificial neural networks in the mathematical model, in order to aid on the fault detection and estimate of the number of broken bars. The simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the developed mathematical model.

O estudo das condições de operação de um motor de indução em um ambiente industrial é indispensável, tendo em vista que eventuais problemas podem contribuir para um prejuízo na produção, ou ainda para custos adicionais relacionados à falta de manutenção dos equipamentos. Uma das principais falhas que podem ocorrer em um motor de indução do tipo gaiola de esquilo durante sua operação é o rompimento de uma ou mais barras que compõem o seu rotor. Apresenta-se neste trabalho um novo método para auxiliar na detecção de barras quebradas em um rotor tipo gaiola de esquilo, para um motor de grande porte, durante sua operação em regime permanente. A partir de um modelo matemático foi possível avaliar o rompimento de barras do rotor, detectando em uma posição específica, a variação da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante, produzida pela contribuição do fluxo de dispersão de cada barra do rotor, bem como pelo fluxo criado pelas correntes do estator. Um sensor de efeito Hall é instalado entre duas bobinas do estator, a fim de representar a posição onde é realizado o cálculo da densidade de fluxo magnético resultante pela modelagem matemática proposta. O sinal gerado pelo sensor a partir de uma falha é comparado com aquele obtido a partir do rotor saudável, para posterior análise. O trabalho sugere ainda a aplicação do método de detecção da falha em conjunto com uma técnica de inteligência artificial baseada nas redes neurais artificiais, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico da falha e estimativa do número de barras rompidas. Os resultados obtidos da simulação, bem como os dados obtidos durante o ensaio são apresentados e usados na validação do modelo matemático desenvolvido. / The study of operational conditions of an induction motor in an industrial environment is indispensable, once eventual problems can contribute for production losses, or still for additional costs related to the lack of equipments maintenance. Among the principal faults, in a squirrel cage induction motor can occur the breaking of one or more rotor bars. This work presents a new method in aid of detection of broken bars in a large squirrel cage induction motor during its operation in steady-state. A mathematical model is used to evaluate the broken rotor bars, detecting in a specific point, the resulting magnetic flux density produced by the leakage flux created by the rotor and stator currents. The Hall effect sensor is installed between two stator coils, in order to represent the position where the resulting magnetic flux density is calculated by the proposed mathematical model. The signal detected in the sensor during a fault, is compared to the obtained result of the magnetic flux density from a healthy rotor for analysis. The work still suggests the application of the artificial intelligence technique, based on artificial neural networks in the mathematical model, in order to aid on the fault detection and estimate of the number of broken bars. The simulation and experimental results are presented in order to validate the developed mathematical model.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T10:15:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodecarvalhofilho.pdf: 1308253 bytes, checksum: ce4bec8646b462983e485a5bcad4f5c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T11:53:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodecarvalhofilho.pdf: 1308253 bytes, checksum: ce4bec8646b462983e485a5bcad4f5c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T11:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodecarvalhofilho.pdf: 1308253 bytes, checksum: ce4bec8646b462983e485a5bcad4f5c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta para análise de falhas, sendo os modelos de diversos equipamentos do sistema elétrico considerados de forma detalhada, permitindo a análise multifásica do sistema, representando-o da maneira mais generalizada e realista possível. A metodologia desenvolvida para análise de falhas baseia-se no método de injeção de correntes a n condutores em coordenadas retangulares, onde utiliza-se o método de Newton-Raphson no processo de solução e todas as grandezas são definidas diretamente em coordenadas de fase. A modelagem de todo o sistema elétrico é realizada baseando-se em elementos que compõem as estruturas dos equipamentos em seus modelos, sendo que estes elementos podem estar conectados das mais diversas maneiras. As próprias condições de curto-circuito são modeladas por meio de elementos, conectados em diferentes configurações. Também a inclusão dos controles é feita de forma otimizada. Com a modelagem considerada, o sistema a ser solucionado é o estritamente necessário, e, portanto, a metodologia apresenta-se bastante eficiente. A metodologia também se mostra bastante flexível, pois é capaz de representar equipamentos com qualquer número de condutores nas mais diversas configurações, permitindo representar desequilíbrios, acoplamentos mútuos, sistemas de aterramento e cabos neutros explicitamente, e permitindo modelar diversos tipos de falhas, dentre outras características. Desta forma, a metodologia possibilita análises bastante completas, sendo que a representação do sistema pode ser feita com o nível de detalhe que for possível e desejável em cada situação. A ferramenta desenvolvida é bastante abrangente sendo capaz de simular sistemas equilibrados ou desequilibrados, radiais ou reticulados, diversos tipos de falhas (como curtos-circuitos em derivação, interno e simultâneo, ou abertura série), podendo ser aplicada em sistemas de transmissão, subtransmissão, distribuição, e industriais, inclusive de grande porte. / In this work a tool for fault analysis was developed, and models of many electrical systems equipment were considered in detail, allowing the analysis of multiphase systems by representing it in a more general and realistic way possible. The methodology developed for fault analysis is based on the current injection method in rectangular coordinates, where the Newton-Raphson method is used in the solution process and all quantities are defined directly in phase coordinates. The modeling of the entire electrical system is made based on elements which assemble the structures of equipment in their models, and these elements can be connected in various ways. Even the short circuit conditions are modeled by elements connected in different configurations. Also the inclusion of controls is done optimally. With the considered modeling the system to be solved is the strictly necessary, and therefore, the method shows to be efficient. The methodology is also very flexible because it is able to represent equipments with any number of conductors in many different configurations, allowing the representation of imbalances, mutual couplings, groundings and neutral cables explicitly, and allowing to model various types of faults, among other features. Therefore, the methodology allows fairly complete analysis, and the representation of the system can be made with the level of detail that is possible and desirable in every situation. The tool developed is quite ample being able to simulate balanced or unbalanced, radial or meshed systems, various types of failures (such as shunt short circuits, internal faults, simultaneous fault, and series opening), it can be applied to the transmission, subtransmission, distribution and industrial systems, including large scale systems.

In this thesis first the behavior of induction generators under unbalanced voltage conditions is studied. In this context, first the existing schemes for characterizing the unbalance in simple ways have been studied. The two schemes IEC, NEMA which are in use to quantify the unbalance, as an unbalance factor require the use of complex algebra. A new scheme to characterize voltage unbalance, without using any complex algebra has been proposed and its effectiveness is compared with the NEMA scheme. The performance of the induction generators under unbalanced voltage conditions is first studied using the symmetrical component approach and a detailed simulation. The machine currents for the same unbalanced conditions are estimated using the proposed scheme and its effectiveness is highlighted. Existing approximate schemes based on unbalance factor do not consider the phase differences between positive and negative sequence voltages while estimating currents. A method of including this feature is proposed here. A simple way to find the maximum line current among the three phases as a function of the positive and negative voltages has been proposed. Knowing the positive, negative sequence voltages and the angle between them, a scheme to compute the generator currents under unbalanced conditions is proposed. Finally a few affecting the machine heating due to unbalanced currents have been studied. The nature of the induction generator fault currents is studied to understand their implication on the system performance. First the fault currents that have been recorded from experiments on relatively small induction motors(26kW and 122kW) are compared with those obtained through detailed dynamic simulation, in order to validate the usage of the detailed dynamic simulations to study the fault current behavior of the induction machines in the absence of experimental or field records. In order to assess the impact of error in the measured machine parameters on the estimated fault current values, the sensitivity of the estimated values of fault currents to machine parameter variations is investigated. The fault currents in large grid connected induction generators (3MW to 500kW) have been estimated through detailed simulation. The effect of the instant of fault (w.r.t voltage cycle), input load levels and shunt capacitors on the fault current values is investigated. An eigen value analysis of the generator model has been carried out to understand the reasons for the observed behavior using the linearized machine model. Fitting functions have been adopted to quantify the fault currents, in order to facilitate comparison of fault currents. A method of including induction generators into the system fault studies has been proposed. Methods of choosing proper sequence impedances for representing the induction generator have been developed and validated using simulated values of balanced and unbalanced fault currents. Simulations of self excited generators have been used for determining the unbalanced fault currents, so as to ensure that the induction generator fault currents correspond to only those contributed by the machine. The impact of the induction generators penetration on the short circuit levels is investigated considering a 14 bus test system by incorporating the proposed induction generator models in a system level fault study.

A general overview of the waterproofing materials. Distribution waterproofing systems according to their use in construction. Listing the possible risks of defects waterproofing systems. Remediation and prevention of defects in the insulation. General summary of the risk lifecycle isolation and analysis of defects in the insulating elements on the real structure.

A vast expansion is found in the field of automotive electronic systems. The expansion iscoupled with a related increase in the demands of power and design. Now, this is goodarena of engineering opportunities and challenges. One of the challenges faced, isdeveloping fault tolerant systems, which increases the overall automotive and passengersafety. The development in the field of automotive electronics has led to the innovationof some very sophisticated technology. However, with increasing sophistication intechnology also rises the requirement to develop fault tolerant solutions.As one of many steps towards developing a fault tolerant system, this thesis presents anexhaustive fault analysis. The modeling and fault analysis is carried out for a vehicle withfour in-wheel motors. The primary goal is to collect as many of the possible failuremodes that could occur in a vehicle. A database of possible failure modes is retrievedfrom the Vehicle Dynamics research group at KTH. Now with further inputs to thisdatabase the individual faults are factored with respect to change in parameters of vehicleperformance. The factored faults are grouped with respect to similar outputcharacterization.The fault groups are modeled and integrated into a vehicle model developed earlier inMatlab/Simulink. All the fault groups are simulated under specific conditions and theresults are obtained. The dynamic behavior of the vehicle under such fault conditions isanalyzed. Further, in particular the behavior of the vehicle with electronic stabilitycontrol (ESC) under the fault conditions is tested. The deviation in the vital vehicleperformance parameters from nominal is computed.Finally based on the results obtained, a ranking system termed Severity Ranking System(SeRS) is presented. The severity ranking is presented based on three essential vehicleperformance parameters, such as longitudinal acceleration ( ), lateral acceleration ( )and yaw rate ( ̇ ). The ranking of the faults are classified as low severity S1, mediumseverity S2, high severity S3 and very high severity S4. A fault tolerant system must beable to successfully detect the fault condition, isolate the fault and provide correctiveaction. Hence, this database would serve as an effective input in developing fault tolerantsystems.

No description available.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je predstavljena je nova metoda za<br />detekciju propada napona, zasnovana na Rekurentnoj<br />neuronskoj mreži i analizi u harmonijskom domenu. Metoda je<br />namenjena za primenu u savremenim distributivnim mrežama<br />koje sadrže obnovljive izvore, i u skladu sa tim je optimizovana i<br />testirana. Pametna metoda postiže izuzetne rezultate u brzini<br />detekcije, sa prosečnim vremenom detekcije manjim od 1 ms, uz<br />izuzetnu pouzdanost (preko 97%). U doktorskoj disertaciji<br />dokazana je i druga hipoteza, a to je da je moguće predvideti<br />dubinu propada algoritmom zasnovanim na harmonijskoj analizi.</p> / <p>In this PhD thesis, a novel method for the detection of voltage dips<br />(sags), based on the Recurrent Neural Network and analysis in the<br />frequency domain, is presented. The method is intended for use in<br />the modern distribution grids that contains renewable sources, and<br />accordingly it is optimized and tested. The smart method achieves<br />exceptional results in detection speed, with an average detection<br />time of less than 1 ms and with high reliability (over 97%). In the<br />PhD thesis, another hypothesis is proved, which claims that is<br />possible to predict the depth of dip with algorithm based on the<br />harmonic analysis.</p>