O presente estudo foi realizado no maior complexo recifal do Atlântico Sul, o Banco dos Abrolhos, e visou investigar a estrutura das comunidades de Tanaidacea, pequenos crustáceos da infauna comuns em substratos inconsolidado. Dois recifes foram analisados Sebastião Gomes (SG), localizado no arco costeiro, e Parcel dos Abrolhos (PA), localizado no arco externo. As coletas foram realizadas em julho de 2007 com a utilização de pegadores van Veen com área amostral 0,07m² em SG e 0,03m² no PA. O desenho amostral foi diferente nos dois recifes, em SG as amostras foram coletadas em 4 transectos (L, O, N e S) no entorno do recife, e no PA foram coletas no entorno e em um único transecto na direção da costa. Apesar do menor esforço amostral realizado no PA (0,81m²) comparado com SG (5,04m²), os tanaidáceos foram mais abundantes e mais diversificados no PA. Foram coletados 221 exemplares de 11 espécies em SG, e 417 indivíduos de 24 espécies no PA. O distanciamento recifal influenciou no perfil granulométrico das estações de SG, havendo diminuição do tamanho do grão, da contribuição carbonática e da heterogeneidade sedimentar. Estas características provavelmente estão ligadas à diminuição da riqueza e aumento da abundância, devido a ocorrência de uma espécie dominante. O transecto Sul de SG não apresentou nenhum Tanaidacea devido à ressuspensão sedimentar na base recifal causada, provavelmente, pela entrada de frentes frias na região. As características sedimentares no PA não variaram com o distanciamento recifal, sendo o sedimento muito heterogêneo e com altas taxas de carbonato biodetrítico em todas as estações. A comunidade de Tanaidacea do PA mostrou não estar relacionada aos fatores sedimentares analisados. / This study was conducted in the largest South Atlantic reef complex, the Abrolhos Bank, and aimed to investigate the Tanaidacea community structure, that are small infaunal crustaceans common in soft bottom. Two reefs were analyzed: Sebastião Gomes (SG), located in the inner arc of the reef complex, and Parcel dos Abrolhos (PA), located in the outer arc. In July 2007, samples were collected with van Veen grabs of 0.07 m² area in SG and 0.03 m² in PA. The samples were designed in four transects around SG, and a transect in PA. Despite lower sampling effort in PA (0.81 m²) than SG (5.04 m²), tanaids were more abundant and richer in PA. There were collected a total of 221 specimens belonging to 11 species in SG, and 417 individuals belonging to 24 species in PA. The distance from the reef influence the sediment granulometry around SG, decreasing grain size, rate of carbonates and sedimentary heterogeneity. The distance also decreased richness and increased the abundance of the dominant species. SG southern transect did not present tanaids probably due to sediment resuspension in the reef base caused by south cold fronts in winter. The PA sediment was unaffected by the distance from the reef and was very heterogeneous, with high rates of carbonates in all sample sites. The PA Tanaidacea community was not related to the sedimentary characteristics analyzed.

O presente estudo foi realizado no maior complexo recifal do Atlântico Sul, o Banco dos Abrolhos, e visou investigar a estrutura das comunidades de Tanaidacea, pequenos crustáceos da infauna comuns em substratos inconsolidado. Dois recifes foram analisados Sebastião Gomes (SG), localizado no arco costeiro, e Parcel dos Abrolhos (PA), localizado no arco externo. As coletas foram realizadas em julho de 2007 com a utilização de pegadores van Veen com área amostral 0,07m² em SG e 0,03m² no PA. O desenho amostral foi diferente nos dois recifes, em SG as amostras foram coletadas em 4 transectos (L, O, N e S) no entorno do recife, e no PA foram coletas no entorno e em um único transecto na direção da costa. Apesar do menor esforço amostral realizado no PA (0,81m²) comparado com SG (5,04m²), os tanaidáceos foram mais abundantes e mais diversificados no PA. Foram coletados 221 exemplares de 11 espécies em SG, e 417 indivíduos de 24 espécies no PA. O distanciamento recifal influenciou no perfil granulométrico das estações de SG, havendo diminuição do tamanho do grão, da contribuição carbonática e da heterogeneidade sedimentar. Estas características provavelmente estão ligadas à diminuição da riqueza e aumento da abundância, devido a ocorrência de uma espécie dominante. O transecto Sul de SG não apresentou nenhum Tanaidacea devido à ressuspensão sedimentar na base recifal causada, provavelmente, pela entrada de frentes frias na região. As características sedimentares no PA não variaram com o distanciamento recifal, sendo o sedimento muito heterogêneo e com altas taxas de carbonato biodetrítico em todas as estações. A comunidade de Tanaidacea do PA mostrou não estar relacionada aos fatores sedimentares analisados. / This study was conducted in the largest South Atlantic reef complex, the Abrolhos Bank, and aimed to investigate the Tanaidacea community structure, that are small infaunal crustaceans common in soft bottom. Two reefs were analyzed: Sebastião Gomes (SG), located in the inner arc of the reef complex, and Parcel dos Abrolhos (PA), located in the outer arc. In July 2007, samples were collected with van Veen grabs of 0.07 m² area in SG and 0.03 m² in PA. The samples were designed in four transects around SG, and a transect in PA. Despite lower sampling effort in PA (0.81 m²) than SG (5.04 m²), tanaids were more abundant and richer in PA. There were collected a total of 221 specimens belonging to 11 species in SG, and 417 individuals belonging to 24 species in PA. The distance from the reef influence the sediment granulometry around SG, decreasing grain size, rate of carbonates and sedimentary heterogeneity. The distance also decreased richness and increased the abundance of the dominant species. SG southern transect did not present tanaids probably due to sediment resuspension in the reef base caused by south cold fronts in winter. The PA sediment was unaffected by the distance from the reef and was very heterogeneous, with high rates of carbonates in all sample sites. The PA Tanaidacea community was not related to the sedimentary characteristics analyzed.

L'Afrique nord-occidentale, ou le Maghreb, occupe une position géographique toute particulière car bien que partie intégrante du continent africain, elle possède une façade septentrionale intégrée au domaine méditerranéen et un domaine méridional semi-désertique ou désertique. Dans un premier lieu, des études paléomagnétiques et biostratigraphiques basées sur la faune de rongeurs ont été effectuées sur des dépôts continentaux de deux bassins algériens (Tafna et El Eulma). L'étude magnétostratigraphique réalisée dans ce travail a permis de dater avec précision les différents gisements fossilifères et de les corréler avec les autres bassins néogènes d'Afrique du Nord.Dans la seconde partie, les nouvelles prospections paléontologiques dans le bassin d'Aït Kandoula au Maroc méridional ont amené à découvrir trois gisements fossilifères datés du Miocène terminal. Ces gisements ont livré une riche faune de micromammifères associés à des restes de grands mammifères. L'étude systématique des micromammifères et plus particulièrement des rongeurs des deux gisements AF12-1 et AF12-2 a permis d'identifier des taxons qui ont des affinités avec ceux d'Europe sud-occidentale. Ces deux nouveaux sites ont fourni de nouvelles indications quant aux échanges de faunes entre l'Afrique et l'Europe. Le genre Stephanomys est notamment signalé pour la première fois au Maroc. L'étude biochronologique couplée avec l'étude magnétostratigraphique a permis de bien dater ces gisements, apportant ainsi des indications fiables quant à la chronologie de différentes phases d'échanges fauniques entre l'Afrique nord-occidentale et l'Europe sud-occidentale. Les premiers échanges fauniques ont eu lieu 0,25 Ma avant la crise de salinité messinienne. En outre, certains taxons identifiés dans AF12-2 (Myocricetodon, Protatera, Atlantoxerus) se révèlent utiles comme indicateurs paléoenvironnementaux, attestant des conditions climatiques chaudes et sèches. / North-western Africa, or the Maghreb, occupies a special geographic position, being an integral part of the African continent, but also consisting of an integrated northern Mediterranean area and of a semi-desert or desertic southern area. In the first part, paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic studies based on rodent faunas were carried on continental deposits of two Algerian basins (Tafna and El Eulma). The magnetostratigraphic study realized in this work allowed to estimate the age of various fossiliferous deposits, and to correlate them with various other Neogene basins of North Africa.In the second part, new paleontological prospections in the Aït Kandoula basin (Morocco) led to the discovery of three fossiliferous deposits dated back to late Miocene. These deposits delivered a rich micromammalian fauna associated with large mammal remains. The systematic study of small mammals and especially rodents of deposits from both AF12-1 and AF12-2 allowed identifying taxa which have affinities with those of south-western Europe. These two new localities provide new information on the exchanges of faunas between Africa and Europe. The genus Stephanomys is reported here for the first time in Morocco. The biochronologic and magnetostratigraphic studies provide reliable information for the chronology of various phases of faunal exchanges between north-western Africa and south-western Europe. Faunal exchanges took place 0.25 Ma before the Messinian Salinity Crisis. In addition, some of the taxa identified in AF12-2 (Myocricetodon, Protatera, Atlantoxerus), are useful as paleoenvironmental indicators, attesting warm and dry climatic conditions.

The faunal remains from four archaeological sites on the northwest shore of Mingo Lake, in the interior of Southern Baffin Island, are examined in this thesis. All four sites are radiocarbon dated to Pre-Dorset times (4500 – 2700 BP). The faunal assemblage is dominated by caribou remains. As such, this study is the first, large-scale faunal analysis of an interior Pre-Dorset site with caribou as a main subsistence resource. In total 18,710 faunal bones were examined. Elemental frequencies, fracture patterns, bone burning, and butchering patterns will provide important insights into the lifeway of the Pre-Dorset. The results of the thesis indicate that the Pre-Dorset were utilizing the Mingo Lake area during the late summer into early fall. The main activity at all four sites was caribou hunting with a focus on marrow extraction. The sites served dual purposes as habitation and butchering sites and were occupied for varying lengths of time.

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com

Este estudo teve como objetivos, i) investigar a composição taxonômica das duas vertentes da Serra da Mantiqueira (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão e Região de Pindamonhangaba) e da Serra do Mar (Núcleos Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba), com base na coleta de larvas e alados, ii) analisar quais as escalas espaciais (mesohábitat, riacho, vertente e serra) que melhor estruturam as comunidades de Ephemeroptera e iii) identificar e quantificar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam as comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera. Considerando o esforço conjunto de todos os métodos de coleta foram registradas oito famílias 33 gêneros e 21 espécies, das quais oito famílias 28 gêneros e 18 espécies na Serra da Mantiqueira e sete famílias 30 gêneros e 15 espécies no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. As duas serras apresentaram uma porção bastante significativa da riqueza taxonômica do Brasil, 41% e 45% dos gêneros e 80% e 70% das famílias, respectivamente. A alta riqueza registrada no estudo pode ser relacionada à metodologia de coleta empregada que abrangeu a coleta de larvas e alados e explorou diversos mesohábitats e riachos. Considerando todo o modelo hierárquico, houve variação significativa da riqueza e abundância das comunidades entre as quatro vertentes e os mesohábitats pedra e folha/corredeira. No entanto, a maior variação ocorreu entre as réplicas de um mesmo mesohábitat, refletindo o padrão de distribuição agregada das comunidades de Ephemeroptera. A maior riqueza foi encontrada no mesohábitat pedra/corredeira e na vertente que abrange o Núcleo Santa Virgínia. A ordenação mostrou tendência de segregação das amostras de cada vertente e tipo de mesohábitat. Essa tendência de segregação foi corroborada pela análise de variância multivariada (Permanova). Assim, a estrutura espacial das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera parece predita pelos fatores ambientais da escala local ligadas aos mesohábitats e pelos fatores de maior magnitude da escala regional, associados às vertentes. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) evidenciou a altitude, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água e Resumo Geral 10 largura como as variáveis ambientais locais que mais contribuíram para explicar a estrutura das comunidades. No entanto, as variáveis ambientais locais explicaram apenas 19,3% da variabilidade na abundância dos gêneros, 7,9% da variabilidade foi explicada pelas variáveis ambientais indissociáveis da matriz geográfica, 23,4% foi explicada pela posição geográfica dos riachos e 49,4% permaneceu inexplicada. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo destacam a contribuição semelhante das variáveis ambientais locais e da posição geográfica dos riachos na estruturação das comunidades, indicando que além das variáveis ambientais locais os processos biológicos contagiosos, como dispersão, também influenciaram a estrutura das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera na região estudada / The purpose of this study was to i) inventory the taxonomic composition the mayfly fauna, larva and adult, in two slopes of the Mantiqueira Mountains (Campos do Jordao State Park and Pindamonhangaba Region) and of the Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia and Picinguaba Nuclei), located in São Paulo State, ii) analyze the spatial scales (mesohabitat, stream, slope and mountain) that best explain the spatial structure of Ephemeroptera assemblages and iii) identify and quantify the environmental variables that affects the communities of Ephemeroptera larvae. In all, 8 families, 33 genera and 21 species of Ephemeroptera were recorded. In the Serra da Mantiqueira 8 families, 28 genera and 18 species were found and in the Serra do Mar, 7 families, 30 genera and 15 species. Both mountains had a very significant portion of the genera reported to Brazil (41% and 45% of genera and 80% and 70% of families, respectively). The high Ephemeroptera richness in the areas may be related to the sampling methodology used, that included the collection of larvae and adults and explored several kinds of mesohabitats and streams. Considering the entire hierarchical model, there was a significant variation in both richness and abundance of the assemblages among the four slopes and between stone and leaf mesohabitats. Moreover, the highest variation in richness and abundance occurred among the samples from the same mesohabitat, which reflects the clumped distribution pattern of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera. Stone was the mesohabitat with the highest estimated richness, similarly Santa Virgínia Nucleus was the slope with highest estimated richness. The ordination showed a trend of segregation of samples from slopes and mesohabitats, this trend was confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance (Permanova). Thus, the spatial structure of the assemblages seems predicted by environmetal factors of local scale related to mesohabitats and the features of regional scale, associated with slopes. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed elevation, electrical conductivity, water temperature and width as the local environmental variables that contributed most to explain the spatial structure of communities. However, local enrironmental factors explained only 19.3% of the data variability, 7.9% of the General Abstract 12 data variability was explained by environmental variables inseparable from the geographical matrix, 23.4% was explained by the geographical location of streams and 49.4% remained unexplained. The results of this study showed the similar contribution of local environmental variables and the geographic location in the community structure, indicating that the biological processes, as dispersal, also influenced the structure of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera larvae.

The assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of juvenile reef fishes in the offshore pelagic habitat of the northern Gulf of Mexico are described as part of the NOAA-supported Offshore Nekton Sampling and Analysis Program. The results presented here are from a 3-month, continuous sampling series in 2011 in which discrete depth strata from 0 to 1500 m were sampled using a 10-m2 MOCNESS midwater trawl. This is the first study to examine pelagic juvenile reef fish distributions across the entire oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico seaward of the continental shelf break after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. During this series, 87,407 specimens were collected, of which 838 were reef fishes, representing seven orders, 30 families and 119 species. The faunal composition of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was diverse and well mixed, with no discernable spatial structure with respect to water masses and solar cycle. Seventy-nine percent of the pelagic juvenile reef fishes were collected in the epipelagic and the dominant families were Congridae, Carangidae, Tetraodontidae, and Acanthuridae. Species richness, biomass, and frequency of occurrence of pelagic juvenile reef fishes was greatest between 0-200 m and decreased with depth. Data from the assemblage structure, abundance, biomass, and vertical distribution of pelagic juvenile reef fishes collected from this cruise series will contribute to the lack of knowledge regarding the dispersal dynamics and coastal-connectivity of these fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Este estudo teve como objetivos, i) investigar a composição taxonômica das duas vertentes da Serra da Mantiqueira (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão e Região de Pindamonhangaba) e da Serra do Mar (Núcleos Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba), com base na coleta de larvas e alados, ii) analisar quais as escalas espaciais (mesohábitat, riacho, vertente e serra) que melhor estruturam as comunidades de Ephemeroptera e iii) identificar e quantificar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam as comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera. Considerando o esforço conjunto de todos os métodos de coleta foram registradas oito famílias 33 gêneros e 21 espécies, das quais oito famílias 28 gêneros e 18 espécies na Serra da Mantiqueira e sete famílias 30 gêneros e 15 espécies no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. As duas serras apresentaram uma porção bastante significativa da riqueza taxonômica do Brasil, 41% e 45% dos gêneros e 80% e 70% das famílias, respectivamente. A alta riqueza registrada no estudo pode ser relacionada à metodologia de coleta empregada que abrangeu a coleta de larvas e alados e explorou diversos mesohábitats e riachos. Considerando todo o modelo hierárquico, houve variação significativa da riqueza e abundância das comunidades entre as quatro vertentes e os mesohábitats pedra e folha/corredeira. No entanto, a maior variação ocorreu entre as réplicas de um mesmo mesohábitat, refletindo o padrão de distribuição agregada das comunidades de Ephemeroptera. A maior riqueza foi encontrada no mesohábitat pedra/corredeira e na vertente que abrange o Núcleo Santa Virgínia. A ordenação mostrou tendência de segregação das amostras de cada vertente e tipo de mesohábitat. Essa tendência de segregação foi corroborada pela análise de variância multivariada (Permanova). Assim, a estrutura espacial das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera parece predita pelos fatores ambientais da escala local ligadas aos mesohábitats e pelos fatores de maior magnitude da escala regional, associados às vertentes. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) evidenciou a altitude, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água e Resumo Geral 10 largura como as variáveis ambientais locais que mais contribuíram para explicar a estrutura das comunidades. No entanto, as variáveis ambientais locais explicaram apenas 19,3% da variabilidade na abundância dos gêneros, 7,9% da variabilidade foi explicada pelas variáveis ambientais indissociáveis da matriz geográfica, 23,4% foi explicada pela posição geográfica dos riachos e 49,4% permaneceu inexplicada. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo destacam a contribuição semelhante das variáveis ambientais locais e da posição geográfica dos riachos na estruturação das comunidades, indicando que além das variáveis ambientais locais os processos biológicos contagiosos, como dispersão, também influenciaram a estrutura das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera na região estudada / The purpose of this study was to i) inventory the taxonomic composition the mayfly fauna, larva and adult, in two slopes of the Mantiqueira Mountains (Campos do Jordao State Park and Pindamonhangaba Region) and of the Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia and Picinguaba Nuclei), located in São Paulo State, ii) analyze the spatial scales (mesohabitat, stream, slope and mountain) that best explain the spatial structure of Ephemeroptera assemblages and iii) identify and quantify the environmental variables that affects the communities of Ephemeroptera larvae. In all, 8 families, 33 genera and 21 species of Ephemeroptera were recorded. In the Serra da Mantiqueira 8 families, 28 genera and 18 species were found and in the Serra do Mar, 7 families, 30 genera and 15 species. Both mountains had a very significant portion of the genera reported to Brazil (41% and 45% of genera and 80% and 70% of families, respectively). The high Ephemeroptera richness in the areas may be related to the sampling methodology used, that included the collection of larvae and adults and explored several kinds of mesohabitats and streams. Considering the entire hierarchical model, there was a significant variation in both richness and abundance of the assemblages among the four slopes and between stone and leaf mesohabitats. Moreover, the highest variation in richness and abundance occurred among the samples from the same mesohabitat, which reflects the clumped distribution pattern of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera. Stone was the mesohabitat with the highest estimated richness, similarly Santa Virgínia Nucleus was the slope with highest estimated richness. The ordination showed a trend of segregation of samples from slopes and mesohabitats, this trend was confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance (Permanova). Thus, the spatial structure of the assemblages seems predicted by environmetal factors of local scale related to mesohabitats and the features of regional scale, associated with slopes. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed elevation, electrical conductivity, water temperature and width as the local environmental variables that contributed most to explain the spatial structure of communities. However, local enrironmental factors explained only 19.3% of the data variability, 7.9% of the General Abstract 12 data variability was explained by environmental variables inseparable from the geographical matrix, 23.4% was explained by the geographical location of streams and 49.4% remained unexplained. The results of this study showed the similar contribution of local environmental variables and the geographic location in the community structure, indicating that the biological processes, as dispersal, also influenced the structure of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera larvae.

Previous research in the Northern San Juan Region of the American Southwest has revealed a pattern of change in subsistence patterns from the Basketmaker II through Pueblo III periods. Jonathan C. Driver describes the pattern as: cottontail in Basketmaker III (500 to 750 CE) and Pueblo I (750 to 900 CE), deer in Pueblo II (900 to 1150 CE), and turkey in Pueblo III (1150 to 1350 CE). The transition from deer to turkey as the main subsistence has been recorded at several sites throughout the Northern San Juan Region and is thought to be caused by the overhunting of deer and increasing social strain. This combination is theorized to have caused the domestication of turkey as a last resort. Analysis conducted on faunal remains and eggshell recovered during excavation at Coal Bed Village by Brigham Young University et al. supports part of this pattern. Evidence of ritual display is evident in Basketmaker III and early Pueblo II contexts, with evidence of ritual or communal feasting in the early Pueblo II period. The rest of the assemblage appears to be domestic refuse. When compared to other large sites within the Montezuma Canyon, Coal Bed Village appears to have greater access to small artiodactyl throughout each of the periods. Contrary to expectations, adult turkey appears to have been eaten in the Basketmaker III, early Pueblo II, and Pueblo III periods. SEM analysis on turkey eggshell from each of these periods suggests that turkeys were domesticated since the Basketmaker III period, with the fresh eggs used as a protein supplement to the Puebloan diet throughout each of the periods. Changes to the amount of embryonic development suggest that, as the periods progressed, the Puebloans continued to use fresh eggs, but also increased the amount of eggs that developed to hatching.