Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Theses (Dept. of Archaeology) / Simon Fraser University. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.

A chemical study of the pink encrusting sponge Aplysilla glacialis collected in Barkley Sound, B.C., has led to the isolation and structure elucidation of terpenes which are believed to be derived biogenetically from the hypothetical "spongian" precursor. In addition, the first example of a diterpene from a sponge containing a "marginatane" skeleton has been found. Cadlinolide A (75) was isolated and its structure elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic interpretation, chemical degradation, and confirmed by a single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The structure of a related metabolite, cadlinolide B (76). was also isolated and elucidated by spectroscopic interpretation and conversion to the known metabolite tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 (72). The structure of a nor-diterpene, aplysillolide A (101) was determined by spectroscopic interpretation and chemical interconversion along with its dehydrated analogue, aplysillolide B (102). Glaciolide (110). a degraded and highly rearranged diterpene was solved by extensive NMR analysis of both the parent compound and its chemically interconverted derivatives. Glaciolide (110) represents only the second known example of a metabolite containing a "glaciane" skeleton. Marginatone (112) is the first example of a diterpene containing a "marginatane" skeleton from a sponge. The "marginatane" skeleton was first encountered in a metabolite, marginatafuran (111), isolated from the nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata which is generally found in the same location as Aplysilla glacialis. The structure of cadlinolide C (131), containing both methyl ester and γ lactone moieties, was elucidated by spectroscopic interpretation. This compound is believed to be an isolation artifact Examination of the chemical constituents of the nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata found feeding on the sponge Aplysilla glacialis yielded a mixture of terpenes mcluding cadlinolide A (75). glaciolide (110) and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 (72). Compound 72 was previously isolated from a New Zealand sponge. A review of "spongian" and "marginatane" derived metabolites from sponges and nudibranchs as well as a review of Cadlina luteomarginata terpenoids is presented. [Formulas omitted] / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Several parasites that require two or more hosts to complete their life cycles are known to manipulate host behaviour, enhancing their transmission to the next host. The intertidal snail, Littorina sitkana, is host to a diverse assemblage of parasites dominated by trematodes. Trematodes often use snails as first intermediate host and vertebrates as definitive host. Trematode infections can affect host behaviours such as dispersal and foraging. I identified four sites in Barkley Sound that varied in trematode prevalence and species richness. I measured dispersal of snails at these sites and in the laboratory to assess effects of trematode infection on behaviour. I measured feeding rate under laboratory conditions. Trematode effects lowered snail grazing activity at three of the four sites studied, suggesting trematode infection lowers feeding rate of L. sitkana, potentially affecting algal composition of the intertidal zone. Infected male snails travelled longer distances in some sites but shorter distances in others. There was an almost significant effect of trematode infection on vertical displacement of L. sitkana in the field. I estimated survival rates on each site through intensive capture-mark-recapture experiments. There was differential survival among sites, but no negative correlation between survival estimates and trematode prevalence. / Graduate / 0718 / 0329 / 0472 / mayala@uvic.ca

The predation pressures on juvenile Haliotis kamtschatkana, northern abalone, in Barkley Sound. British Columbia, were investigated. Thirty-seven potential predators were tested in the laboratory to determine if they would consume juvenile abalone 1- 25 mm shell length (SL). Six of these potential predators consumed > 10 % of the abalone offered to them and were considered major predators. Natural mortality for juvenile H. kanntschatkana was then estimated by outplanting calcein marked and bee tagged hatchery-reared abalone at field sites. Calcein concentrations between 20 40 mg/L produced clear fluorescent marks for 3- 5 mm SL abalone when exposed to a double calcein marking procedure and abalone > 15 mm SL immersed in calcein for 72 h showed the most distinct marks. Recoveries of outplanted abalone were highest (24%) for 15.1- 20 mm juvenile abalone. I recommend outplanting juvenile abalone larger than 12 mm to increase chances of survivorship in the wild.

New relative sea-level (RSL) observations dating from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, during and after the collapse of the Cordilleran ice-sheet (CIS), are provided for two regions in southern coastal British Columbia. They record the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) response of the Earth to the changing surface load of the waning CIS. The data provide a new RSL curve for Sechelt, on the mainland coast north of Vancouver, and extend and revise a previously constructed curve for Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. The observations create a new profile of RSL curves oriented southwest-northeast across Vancouver Island and the Strait of Georgia. A previously-defined profile of RSL curves is oriented northwest-southeast profile along the east coast of Vancouver Island. The two profiles intersect in the central Strait of Georgia. The new RSL curves sample different parts of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) and provide constraints on the history of the CIS. The Juan de Fuca plate subducts beneath the North American plate in roughly the same southwest to northeast direction as the RSL profile. GIA modelling of the RSL observations along this profile may indicate spatial variations related to the structure of the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). The CIS flowed roughly from northeast to southwest over the regions of interest. RSL observations along this path indicate how sea-level change differed with distance from the edge of the ice-sheet towards its centre. The CIS model of James et al. (2009b) is refined to fit observed sea levels while applying glacial geological constraints to regional ice sheet advance and retreat. Sea level in Barkley Sound dropped from greater than 27 m elevation before 15 cal kyr BP to -46 m below present around 12 cal kyr BP. At Sechelt, sea level closely follows the same trend as in the central Strait of Georgia, dropping from over 150 m before 14 cal kyr BP and falling past present levels after 12.4 cal kyr BP to a poorly constrained lowstand between 12 and 9 cal kyr BP. The initial crustal uplift rate near Sechelt was at least 85 mm/yr, comparable to that of the central Strait of Georgia. The sea-level observations are best fit with predictions employing an Earth model with a 60-km effective lithosphere thickness and asthenospheric viscosity and thickness of 4 × 1019 Pa s and 380 km, respectively. The transition zone and lower mantle viscosities are based on the VM2 Earth model (Peltier 2002). Sea level in Barkley Sound fell quickly (15-30 mm/yr), and observed sea level is best fit with the same asthenospheric viscosity, but with a thinner 30-km thick lithosphere, consistent with the regional tectonic structure. Revisions to the ice model are consistent with radiocarbon constraints on ice sheet history and provide good agreement with the observed sea-level history for the study regions as well as RSL histories previously described for the Strait of Georgia and southern Vancouver Island. / Graduate / 0372

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com

Successful management of coastal ecosystems requires an understanding of the distribution of key food web species through space and time relative to environmental predictors. Here, I examined the habitat use of an important forage species, the Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), using an inductive habitat modeling approach. I examined the presence/absence of Young-of-the-Year Pacific sand lance in the intertidal/shallow subtidal habitat of Barkley Sound, British Columbia. I determined sand lance occurrence using a beach seine at low tide, which was preferred to visual and intertidal digging detection methods due to its high detection frequency, ease of use, and ability to physically capture sand lance. I constructed models using environmental data measured at two different scales: 1) empirically measured environmental data (site-specific level) and 2) GIS derived environmental data extracted with a 200m buffer (landscape level). For each scale, I employed both logistic regression and classification tree modeling procedures to construct habitat models of sand lance occurrence at 55 study sites sampled during the summer of 2003. At the site-specific level, both logistic regression and classification tree models performed similar, however, classification trees were easier to construct and interpret as well as revealing interactions among variables undetected by logistic regression. Based on a deviance pruned classification tree, Grain Size Mean, Intertidal Eelgrass Presence, Absence, Major Substrate Low Intertidal, and Grain Size Sorting influenced sand lance occurrence at this scale, with importance values of 100, 79, 75, and 61 respectively. Standardized importance was based on the overall change in node impurity in the classification tree for each variable. At the landscape level, only Coastline Density was significantly related to sand lance occurrence, however, it was difficult to suggest this variables direct relation to sand lance habitat use. Overall, the habitat modeling approach identified important environmental variables influencing sand lance habitat selection at two different scales and stressed the utility of field data to construct and confirm these models.

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com

This research project explores ways in which place-based Indigenous perspectives can inform national park ‘visitor experience’ planning, management, and information delivery. Engaged in collaborative processes with Tseshaht First Nation, this project explores knowledge of Tseshaht-identified places of cultural significance in Tseshaht traditional territory, discussed in the context of creating a web-based digital map. In attempting to explore Nuu-chah-nulth-informed ways in which to more widely share cultural history and knowledge in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, I learned of the many dynamics that are revealed when the depth of Nuu-chah-nulth connections to place are made visible. This research project examines knowledge, power, and place in the context of Indigenous self-representation. Informed by Indigenous ways of knowing and Indigenous principles of knowledge-sharing, this thesis is an ethnography of knowledge-sharing in modern contexts fraught with issues of state power, commodification, and colonialism. / Graduate

My thesis serves two purposes: First, my research addresses what I have come to recognize as colonial misunderstandings of nuu-chah-nulth ha'wiih. My research and writing invoke new ways of thinking about nuu-chah-nulth people, leaders and knowledge. I accomplish this by writing conversationally and by including unedited interviews and poetry. All of which require readers to consider my research outside of their usual perspective. Second, my research responds to a cultural need to archive important family knowledge while providing the opportunity to define, for outsiders, who we are. The interviews archive, in part, the knowledge and teachings of a cha-cha-tsi-us-aht ha'wilth. My analysis of this information shows that while my family’s knowledge comes from a common source. We all interpret that knowledge in our own way. My research is important academically and politically because of its ability to convey knowledge that has not been simplified, appropriated or colonized for public consumption.