Typescript. Bibliography: leaves [137]-[157]

Bibliography: leaves 111-120. This study investigated various aspects of genetic resistance in fava beans to Ascochta blight (A. fabae) with the objective to facilitate an efficient breeding strategy for long-term control. Pathogenic variability of A. fabae was found to be high, as was genetic variation between resistant fava bean accessions. A number of alternative resistance genes to that of Ascot cultivar were identified.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1956. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-96).

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NanopartÃculas de prata à um tÃpico de destaque dentre os materiais nanoestruturados, por exibirem propriedades Ãpticas e eletromagnÃticas diferente das observadas no metal agregado, alÃm de uma excelente atividade bactericida, sendo essa propriedade uma das mais investigadas. A sÃntese e a estabilizaÃÃo verdes de nanopartÃculas de prata (NPAg) visa a reduÃÃo ou a substituiÃÃo de reagentes usados nos processos convencionais, minimizando assim o efeito nocivo dos mesmos ao meio ambiente. O uso de polissacarÃdeos à uma alternativa verde, tanto no perspectiva de redutor ou como estabilizante. A proposta deste trabalho foi sintetizar nanopartÃculas de prata utilizando galactomanana da fava danta (Dimorphandra gardneriana) (GFD) como estabilizante e redutor. Para isso, as sÃnteses foram realizadas atravÃs de dois mÃtodos diferentes: 1) SÃntese parcialmente verde: a galactomanana como estabilizante e boroidreto de sÃdio (NaBH4) como redutor; 2) SÃntese verde: a galactomanana atuando como agente redutor e estabilizante, utilizando aumento da temperatura e variaÃÃo do pH como recursos auxiliares na sÃntese. Foram realizadas sÃnteses com razÃo molar fixa de 1:1 de NaBH4/AgNO3. A razÃo molar de unidades monossacarÃdicas de GFD e Ãons Ag+ (proporÃÃo GFD:Ag) variou de 1:1 a 100:1. Para a sÃntese verde, foi escolhida a proporÃÃo GFD:Ag 10:1, o pH das soluÃÃes foi ajustado para 3, 7, 10 e 12, e os sistemas mantidos à temperatura constante de 50, 70 e 90 ÂC, com tempo de reaÃÃo de 30 min e 3h. Todos os coloides sintetizados foram analisados por espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do UV-Vis, confirmando a formaÃÃo de NPAg pelo aparecimento da banda de ressonÃncia de plasmon de superfÃcie (SPR) na regiÃo de 400 nm. A estabilidade dos coloides foi acompanhada tambÃm por UV-Vis e esses ainda mostraram-se estÃveis mesmo apÃs um ano da sÃntese. Para a sÃntese verde, apenas as soluÃÃes em pH 12 a 70 e 90 ÂC (FDAg12/70 e FDAg12/90) mostraram bandas de SPR no espectro de UV-Vis com 30 min de reaÃÃo, com intensidades semelhantes ao da banda do coloide obtido com NaBH4 (FDAgBH). Os coloides FDAgBH, FDAg12/70 e FDAg12/90 apresentaram potencial zeta negativo, com baixos valores, indicando que a estabilidade deve-se ao impedimento estÃrico devido Ãs cadeias do polissacarÃdeo. Tais coloides mostraram-se estÃveis mesmo apÃs a secagem e a redispersÃo em Ãgua. Os espectros de infravermelho indicam que a estabilizaÃÃo das NPAg ocorre principalmente pelas hidroxilas da cadeia da GFD. Por aumentar a condutividade da amostra, a presenÃa da prata diminui a estabilidade tÃrmica da GFD. A galactomanana da fava danta mostrou-se um bom estabilizante de coloides de NPAg sintetizados com NaBH4 e um bom agente redutor e estabilizante para sÃntese verde. Os coloides de NPAg e galactomanana da fava danta mostraram efeito bactericida, dependente da concentraÃÃo de prata inicial, contra a bactÃria Gram-positiva Staphylococcus aureus. / Silver nanoparticles is a topic prominent among nanostructured materials for exhibit optical and electromagnetic properties different from those observed in the bulk metal, but its bactericidal activity, one of their most investigated property. Green synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles green (NPAG) aims to reduce or substitution of reagents used in conventional processes thereby minimizing the harmful effect to the environment. The use of polysaccharides is an green alternative as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The purpose of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using galactomannan of fava danta (Dimorphandra gardneriana) (GFD) as stabilizer and reducing agent. Therefore, syntheses were carried out by two different methods: 1) Galactomannan as a stabilizer and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent, 2) Green Synthesis: galactomannan acting as a reducing agent and stabilizer, using increased temperature and pH variation as auxiliary resources. Syntheses were perfomed with fixed molar ratio of 1:1 NaBH4/AgNO3. The molar ratio of monosaccharide units of GFD /Ag+ (GFD ratio Ag) varying from 1:1 to 100:1. For green synthesis GFD:Ag 10:1 ration was chosen, the pH was adjusted to 3, 7, 10 and 12, and the systems kept at constant temperature of 50, 70 and 90 ÂC, with 30 min and 3 h of reaction. All colloid synthesized were analyzed by absorption spectroscopy in the UV-Vis confirming the formation of the band NPAG the appearance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the region of 400 nm. The stability of colloids was also monitored by UV-Vis and even these were stable even after a year of synthesis. For green synthesis, only the solutions in pH 12 at 70 and 90  C (FDAg12/70 and FDAg12/90) SPR showed bands in the spectrum of UV-Vis with 30 min of reaction, with similar intensities to those given for colloid obtained with NaBH4 (FDAgBH). FDAgBH, FDAg12/70 and FDAg12/90 colloids showed a negative and low zeta potential, indicating that stability is due to the steric hindrance from polysaccharide chains. The colloids were stable even after drying and redispersion in water. Infrared spectra indicate that the stabilization of NPAg occurs mainly by the hydroxyl groups from GFD. The conductivity of the sample increase with the presence of silver nanoparticles decreasing the thermal stability of the GFD. The galactomannan of fava danta acts as a good stabilizing agent for NPAg colloids synthesized with NaBH4 and a good reducing and stabilizing agent for green synthesis. The colloids obtained from this polysaccharides showed bactericidal effect against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus with increasing of the initial concentration of silver ions.

The maternal rearing environment (MRE) of an organism can be a key determinant of an organism's host choice decisions, its own fitness, or the fitness of its offspring. Here, it is investigated if the MRE of an organism can influence lower or higher trophic levels. A series of reciprocal cross-over experiments was conducted using pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), bean (Vicia faba) or pea (Pisum sativum) plants, and an aphid natural enemy, the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi, as model organisms. In each experiment, pea aphid offspring experienced either the same or an alternative plant host to that experienced by their mothers. This PhD showed that the MRE of pea aphids and parasitoid wasps was not a main contributory factor of host choice decisions or offspring fitness but influenced mother parasitoid wasp fecundity. Additionally, the MRE of pea aphids influenced the foliar nutrient concentration of pea plants when infested with the aphid's offspring. First, over shorter infestation periods, variation in foliar nitrogen and essential amino acid concentrations of pea leaves could be explained by pea aphid MRE. Over longer infestation periods, variation in foliar nitrogen and essential amino acid concentrations of pea leaves was explained by a combination of pea aphid MRE and aphid genotype. Second, the 13C concentration of pea leaf tissue, an indicator of stomatal aperture and leaf water stress, varied with pea aphid MREs over longer infestation periods. However, stomatal conductance and the expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes did not vary in a manner that was consistent with leaf water stress. Additional components of an organism's maternal rearing conditions are considered, including symbioses, as a more realistic MRE compared with that observed in nature. Taking account of MREs could provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the fitness of many organisms interacting in natural and managed ecosystems.