The high frequency dynamic magnetic responses of FeCo thin films and structures have been investigated mainly using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. The FMR resonance condition and linewidth are first derived from the dynamic Landau- Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, followed by a study of the conversion between FMR field and frequency linewidths. It is found that the linewidth conversion relation based on the derivative of resonance condition is only valid for samples with negligible extrinsic linewidth contribution. The dynamic magnetic properties obtained by using FMR measurements of FeCo thin films grown on Si/SiO2 substrates with varying deposition temperatures is then presented. The effective Landé g-factor, extrinsic linewidth, and Gilbert relaxation rate are all found to decrease in magnitude with increasing sample growth temperature from 20oC to about 400–500oC and then on further increase of the growth temperature to increase in magnitude. Samples grown at about 400–450oC display the smallest coercivity, while the smallest value of the Gilbert relaxation rate of about 0.1 GHz is obtained for samples grown at 450–500oC. An almost linear relation between extrinsic linewidth and coercivity is observed, which suggests a positive correlation between magnetic inhomogeneity, coercivity and extrinsic linewidth. Another major discovery in this study is that the Gilbert relaxation decreases with increasing lattice constant, which is ascribed to the degree of structural order in the films. A micromagnetic model is established for an asymmetric trilayer system consisting of two different ferromagnetic (FM) layers separated by thin non-magnetic (NM) layer, treating the magnetization in each FM layer as a macrospin. Based on the model, numerical simulations of magnetization curves and FMR dispersion relations, of both the acoustic mode where magentizations in the two FM layers precess in phase and the optic mode where they precess out-of-phase, have been carried out. The most significant implication from the results is that the coupling strength can be extracted by detecting only the acoustic mode resonances at many different unsaturated magnetic states using broadband FMR technique. Finally, trilayer films of FeCo(100 Å)/NM/FeNi(100 Å) with NM=Ru or Cu were prepared and studied. The thickness of the Ru and Cu spacer was varied from 0 to 50 Å. For the Ru spacer series, the film with 10 Å Ru spacer shows antiferromagnetic coupling while all other films are ferromagnetically coupled. For the Cu spacer trilayers, it is found that all films are ferromagnetically coupled and that films with thin Cu spacer are surprisingly strongly coupled (the coupling constant is 3 erg/cm2 for the sample with 5 Å Cu spacer). The strong coupling strength is qualitatively understood within the framework of a combined effect of Ruderman-Kittel- Kasuya-Yosida interaction and pinhole coupling, which is evidenced by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The magnetic coupling constant decreases exponentially with increasing Cu spacer thickness, without showing an oscillatory thickness dependence. The results have implications for the design of multilayers for spintronic applications.

Mit Hilfe der Dichtefunktionaltheorie wurden magnetische Eigenschaften an 3d Elementen und Legierungen und 5f Verbindungen untersucht. Dabei wurde auf die Wichtigkeit von Orbitalpolarisationskorrekturen eingegangen und diese näher erörtert. Im ersten Anwendungsteil wurden magnetische Momente und die Magnetokristalline Anisotropie Energie an 3d Elementen untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden FeCo Legierungen als mögliche Bestandteile in der Festplattenindustrie diskutiert. Im letzten Abschnitt wurden Uranverbindungen in Hinsicht auf Ihre Orbitalpolarisation untersucht.

Mit Hilfe der Dichtefunktionaltheorie wurden magnetische Eigenschaften an 3d Elementen und Legierungen und 5f Verbindungen untersucht. Dabei wurde auf die Wichtigkeit von Orbitalpolarisationskorrekturen eingegangen und diese näher erörtert. Im ersten Anwendungsteil wurden magnetische Momente und die Magnetokristalline Anisotropie Energie an 3d Elementen untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden FeCo Legierungen als mögliche Bestandteile in der Festplattenindustrie diskutiert. Im letzten Abschnitt wurden Uranverbindungen in Hinsicht auf Ihre Orbitalpolarisation untersucht.:1 Introduction 1 2 Theoretical Considerations 5 2.1 Quantum Mechanics Applied to Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Density Functional Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1 non-Relativistic DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1.1 Hohenberg and Kohn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1.2 Kohn-Sham Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.1.3 Local Density Approximation and More . . . . 12 2.2.2 Relativistic DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 FPLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.5 Disorder within DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 Orbital Polarisation in DFT 23 3.1 Hund’s Rules in DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 An Introduction to OPC and DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.1 OPC Brooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2.2 OPC Eschrig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 Transition Metals 39 4.1 Fe, Co, and Ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.1 Calculational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2 Fe1−xCox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.2 Fixed Spin Moment Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2.3 Epitaxial Bain Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.4 Calculational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.2.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2.6 LSDA vs. GGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Uranium Compounds 75 5.1 UX, with X = (N, P, As, Sb, O, S, Se, and Te) . . . . . . . . 77 5.1.1 UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.1.2 UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.2 UM2, with M = (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) 90 5.2.1 Calculational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.3 UAsSe, USb2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.3.1 Calculational Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6 Summary and Outlook 101 A Definitions i A.1 Spherical Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i A.2 Other Definitions Used in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii B Input Parameters for the Racah Parameter iii B.1 d-Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii B.2 f-Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Biblography vi Acknowledgement xxiv Versicherung xxvii

Le développement rapide des télécommunications soulève de nombreux challenges pour l’amélioration des performances des composants électroniques. Parmi eux, les filtres à mode commun sont particulièrement importants pour la téléphonie. Ils permettent d’éliminer le bruit parasite des signaux électriques et doivent présenter des propriétés optimisées jusqu’aux hautes fréquences (GHz). Ces propriétés dépendent des inductances qui les composent et peuvent donc être significativement augmentées par l’addition d’une couche magnétique douce. Le matériau choisit doit être isolant, posséder une forte perméabilité magnétique et une fréquence de résonnance ferromagnétique la plus élevée possible. Dans le cadre du projet d’Investissement d’Avenir TOURS 2015 porté par STMicroelectronics, nous avons développé des matériaux composites à base de nanoparticules (NPs) de FeCo. Nous avons développé une synthèse basée sur la co-décomposition d’amidures de Fe et de Co [Fe(N(Si(CH3)3)2)2]2 et de Co(N(Si(CH3)3)2)2,THF). L’ajustement des paramètres de synthèse permet le contrôle de la taille (1 à 80 nm), de la forme (sphères, cubes, octaèdres) et de la composition (50< Fe %<70) des nanoparticules obtenues. Ces NPs de FeCo sont cristallines, de structure cubique centrée, et possèdent des aimantations à saturation proche de l’alliage massif, et ce, sans nécessiter de traitement thermique post-synthèse. Une étude approfondie combinant EELS, spectroscopie Mössbauer, RMN du 59Co en champ nul et DRX en condition anomale, a révélé que la phase ordonnée B2 de l’alliage FeCo, pouvait même être stabilisée au sein des nanoparticules dans certaines conditions de synthèse. Ce résultat est unique pour des nanoparticules obtenues par voie chimique. Afin d’augmenter significativement les propriétés des inductances une structure sandwich a été préparée : l’inductance repose sur un substrat de silicium poreux chargé de NPS de FeCo, et un composite époxy/NPs FeCo la recouvre. Deux matériaux composites à base de nanoparticules de FeCo ont été développés : - Une solution colloïdale a été utilisée pour imprégner du silicium mésoporeux (pores de 25-30 nm de diamètres), avec un taux de remplissage de 10,1 gFeCo.m-2 sur 18 μm de profondeur. - Des pastilles de résine époxy chargée en NPs avec une fraction massique de 30 % ont été préparées pour la partie supérieure de l’inductance. Des analyses MEB et MET confirment la bonne dispersion des NPs dans le polymère. Après report sur des inductances planaires, une augmentation d’impédance de 17 % a été obtenue. Enfin, au cours de ce projet, une structure originale d’octopodes de FeCo a été obtenue. Leur structure 3D, caractérisée par tomographie électronique, conduit à des configurations magnétiques inédites, étudiées par holographie électronique. / The continuous development of telecommunication requires permanent enhancement of electronic component performances. Among them, common mode filters play a key role to cancel perturbations and thus noise in electrical transmissions. For telephony purposes, these filters must exhibit optimized properties up to high frequency ranges (GHz). These properties depend strongly on the constitutive inductors, and therefore can be significantly enhanced by the addition of a soft magnetic layer, providing that the magnetic material chosen is insulating with a high magnetic permeability and a ferromagnetic resonance frequency above the GHz.In the framework of the project “Investissement d’Avenir TOURS 2015” initiated by STMicroelectronics, we prepared composite materials loaded with FeCo nanoparticles (NPs). We developed a new chemical synthesis of FeCo NPs based on the decomposition of organometallic precursors ([Fe(N(Si(CH3)3)2)2]2 and Co(N(Si(CH3)3)2)2,THF). NP’s size (1 to 80 nm), shape (sphere, cube, and octahedron) and composition (50< Fe %< 70) can be tuned by adjusting the reaction conditions. Without requiring any annealing treatment, these FeCo NPs are highly crystalline in the body centered cubic structure and exhibit magnetic properties close to the bulk ones. A careful study, combining EELS, Mössbauer spectoscopy, zero field 59Co NMR and XRD with anomalous dispersion effect, evidenced the stabilization of the chemically ordered FeCo B2 structure under specific reaction conditions. This is the first time that such ordered structure is reported in chemically synthesized nanoparticles.In order to significantly enhance the inductors properties, a sandwich structure has been designed where the inductors are integrated on a mesoporous silicium substrate filled with FeCo NPs while an epoxy resin/FeCo Nps composite materials is deposited on top. In this aim, two FeCo nanoparticles based composite materials has been developed: - mesoporous silicium substrate exhibiting a loading of 10.1 gFeCo.m-2 were obtained through colloidal solution impregnation. The nanoparticles filled the 25-30 nm pores all along their 18 μm depth. - epoxy resin filled with nanoparticles (30% in mass) were prepared. SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles are well dispersed in the polymer. After integration onto planar inductors, an increase of 17 % of the inductance value has been observed.During this project, exotic shape NPs such as FeCo octapods could be obtained. Their 3D structure, characterized by electron tomography leads to exotic magnetic configurations which were studied by electron holography.

The work of this dissertation is centered on two non-conventional synthetic approaches to ferromagnetic nanomaterials: high-throughput experimentation (HTE) (polyol process) and continuous flow (CF) synthesis (aqueous reduction and the polyol process). HTE was performed to investigate phase control between FexCo1-x and Co3-xFexOy. Exploration of synthesis limitations based on magnetic properties was achieved by reproducing Ms=210 emu/g. Morphological control of FexCo1-x alloy was achieved by formation of linear chains using an Hext. The final study of the FexCo1-x chains used DoE to determine factors to control FexCo1-x, diameter, crystallite size and morphology. [Ag] with [Metal] provide statistically significant control of crystallite size. [OH]/[Metal] predict 100 % FexCo1-x at > 30. To conclude section 1, a morphological study was performed on synthesis of Co3-xFexOy using the polyol process. Co3-xFexOy micropillars were synthesized at various sizes. The close proximity of the particles in the nanostructure produced an optical anisotropy and was magnetically induced which is evidence for the magneto-birefringence effect. The second non-conventional synthetic approach involves continuous flow (CF) chemistry. Co nanoparticles (Ms=125 emu/g) were newly synthesized by aqueous reduction in a microreactor and had 30 ±10 nm diameter and were produced at >1g/hr, a marker of industrial-scale up viability. The final work was the CF synthesis of FexCo1-x. The FexCo1-x was synthesized with limitation to the composition. The maximum FexCo1-x phase composition at 20 % resulted from the aqueous carrier solvent triggering oxide formation over FexCo1-x.

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