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This study explored the factors which affect the feeding and weaning practices of Emirati mothers as well as the experiences and perceptions which influence their breastfeeding decisions. It used both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine Emirati mothers’ understanding of infant feeding and to identify the factors which appeared to have a relevant effect and locate them in their cultural context. n the survey, a convenientce sample of 593 mothers with infants aged up to 2 years was interviewed face to face in the maternal and child healthcare centers in Al Ain, Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The interview was based on a pretested structured questionnaire. The results of multiple logistic analysis showed that the time of initiation of the first breastfeed was significantly associated with the infant’s birth weight (OR=2.007; P<0.023), parity (OR=2.139; P<0.001) and rooming in (OR=21.70; P<0.001). As for the feeding patterns, the results of the multiple logistic analysis revealed that rooming in (OR=4.485; P<0.001), feeding on demand (OR=2.290; P<0.005) and feeding more frequently at night (P<0.001) emerged as significant factors associated with exclusive or almost exclusive breastfeeding practices. The duration of breastfeeding rate was significantly influenced by many variables. Concerning the duration of lactational amenorrhea, the, the multiple logistic analysis showed that mother's age, breastfeeding duration and the early introduction of formula milk and solid food emerged as significant variables. Among the 593 infants in the study, 24.1% were predominantly breastfed,25% of the infants were exclusively breastfed, and 49.4% were almost exclusively breastfed since birth. Fifteen Emirati mothers from each city were interviewed about their breastfeeding practices, beliefs and perceptions. The following themes emerged: the influence of others, the sources of information, infants’ behavior, knowledge of and attitudes towards current WHO recommendations and mothers’ perception of the benefits of breastfeeding. Health promotions and healthcare facilities failed to deliver the message of the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. Grandmothers and mothers-in-law appeared to influence the mother's breastfeeding practices. In conclusion, there is a need for a national community-based breastfeeding intervention programme for the promoting exclusive breastfeeding practices as part of a primary public health strategy.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1959 L66

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 C59 / Master of Science

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Starch is the main component of cereal grains and is usually the primary energy source for pigs and poultry. Feed manufacturing can adopt several measures, including physical treatments such as milling or pelleting and other techniques, such as enzyme treatment, to disrupt cell structure. Grinding and pelleting are the most common food processing methods used for pigs. However, pelleting of complete balanced feeds is no longer such an economical proposition due to rising energy and equipment costs; therefore this cost has to be outweighed by an increased production efficiency. It has been known for many years that grinding is an essential prerequisite for the satisfactory blending of the ingredients of a multi-component food. Feed cost represents the major item in the cost of animal production. Without doubt, research and production efforts will continue to refine feed processing techniques to reduce the cost of feed and to increase the value of feed for a target animal. The possibilities for improvements in feed are endless; however the cost of each innovation must be carefully weighed against demonstrated improvements in animal performance. Experiment 1: The effect of feed processing techniques on weanling pig growth-performance The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the feed on growth performance of commercial Landrace x Large White piglets (n=480) weaned at 28 ± 2 d were investigated. Two processing combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing conditions of the diet in a 2 x 3 factorial design. The pigs were blocked by weight (7.196 ± 2.03 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. Ten pens of 8 piglets each were fed with each dietary treatment. The two main processing conditions of the carbohydrate source were raw or extruded maize and the 3 processing conditions of the diet was meal or pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet processing interactions were observed (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or FeR. In this experiment, extrusion of the maize led to an significant decrease in FeR efficiency (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs. 1.42) when compared to a raw maize diet. Pelleting a diet had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on ADG but tended to decrease ADFI (P < 0.07) and significantly improve FeR efficiency (1.49 vs. 1.66) when compared to a meal diet. Extruding the whole diet did not have any significant (P > 0.05) effect on ADG but tended to decrease ADFI (P < 0.07) and gave an significant improvement in FeR when compared to a meal diet (1.34 vs. 1.66). This processing technique also gave a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in FeR when compared to a pelleted diet (1.34 vs. 1.49). Experiment 2: The effect of pig feed processing conditions on pig metabolism parameters The effects of processing of the carbohydrate source and the diet on certain metabolism and production parameters of commercial Landrace x Large White pigs (n=24) were investigated. Two processing combinations of the carbohydrate source were used with 3 processing combinations in a 2 x 3 factorial design. Six diets were formulated on an iso-nutrient basis (14.48 MJ/kg metabolizable energy (ME), 23.01 crude protein (CP), 1.092% lysine, 0.742% methionine and cystine and 0.271% tryptophan on a DM basis). The pigs were blocked by weight (26.02 ± 0.25 kg BW) and then allotted randomly to I of 6 dietary treatments. The carbohydrate source was raw or extruded maize and the diets was meal or pelleted or extruded. No carbohydrate processing x diet feed form interactions were observed (P > 0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI), dry matter digestible energy (DE), Nitrogen (N) or dry matter intake (DMI). In a metabolism and nitrogen (N) balance study, apparent N digestibility, digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents were found not to be significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by carbohydrate or diet processing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stysel is die hoof komponent in grane en is gewoonlik die primêre verskaffer van energie vir varke en pluimvee. Voermeulens kan verskeie metodes implementeer, insluitend fisiese behandeling soos bv. maal, verpilling en ensiem behandelings, om sel struktuur te verander. Maal en verpilling is die mees algemene prosessering metodes wat vir varkvoer gebruik word. Maar, verpilling van totaal geballanseerde voere is nie meer so ekonomies geregverdig nie as gevolg van stygende energie en masjinerie koste. Daarom moet die koste van voervervaardiging oorbrug word deur 'n verhoogde produksiedoeltreffendheid. Dit is al lankal bekend dat maal 'n voorvereiste is vir effektiewe vermenging van grondstowwe van 'n multi-komponent voer. Voerkoste verteenwoordig die hoof item van die koste van intesiewe diereproduksie. Voedingskudiges sal sonder twyfel voortgaan om voerprosessering te verfyn om so die koste van die rantsoen te verlaag en om die waarde van die rantsoen te verhoog vir die dier. Die moontlikhede is veelvuldig, maar die koste van elke ontwikkeling moet opgeweeg word teen verhoogde diereproduksie. Eksperiment 1: Die effek van voerprosesserings-tegnieke op speenvark groei en produksie 'n Proef is uitgevoer om die prosesseringseffek van 'n koolhidraat bron en voer op die groei van Landras x Groot Wit speenvarke (n=480) wat gespeen is op 28 ± 2 d te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies van die koolhidraat bron en drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieet is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp uitgevoer. Die varkies is geblok volgens massa (oorspronklik 7.196 kg ± 2 kg) en toe ewekansig in I van 6 dieët behandelings ingedeel. Die proefdiëte is vir lO hokke varkies gevoer, elke hok het 8 varkies in gehad. Die twee hoof prosesserings-kondisies van die koolhidraat bron was rou of gaar mielies en die drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët was meelof gaar of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat prosesserings x dieët prosesserings interaksie van die dieët was opgemerk (P > 0.05) vir gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GOT), gemiddelde daaglikse voer inname (GDVI) of voer omset doeltreffendheid (VOD) nie. In die eksperiment was die VOD van die geëkstrueerde mielie dieët, statisties betekenisvol laer (P < 0.05) (1.57 vs.1.42) as die rou mielie dieët. Verpilling van die dieët het geen statisties betekenisvolle effek (P > 0.05) op GDV! gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P < 0.05) beter (1.49 vs. 1.66) wanneer dit met die meel dieët vergelyk word. Ekstrusie van die dieët het geen statisties betekenisvolle effek op GOT en GOVI gehad nie, maar die VOD was statisties betekenisvol (P < 0.05) beter wanneer dit met die meel (1.34 vs. 1.66) en verpilde dieët (1.34 vs 1.49) vergelyk word. Eksperiment 2: Die effek van voer prosessering op vark metabolisme parameters 'n Eksperiment is uitgevoer op Landras x Groot Wit bere (n=24) om die effek van prosessering van 'n koolhidraat bron en voer te bepaal. Twee prosesserings-kombinasies van die koolhidraat bron en drie prosesserings-kondisies van die dieët is in 'n 2 x 3 faktoriaal ontwerp uitgevoer. Ses diëte is geformuleer op 'n iso-nutriënt basis (14.48 MJ/kg metaboliseerbare energie (ME), 23.01 ru-proteïen (RP), 1.092% lisien, 0.742% metionien and sistien en 0.271 % tryptofaan op 'n droeë materiaal (DM) basis). Die varke is geblok volgens massa en ewekansig aan 1 van 6 diëte toegeken. Die koolhidraat bron was gaar of rou mielies en die diëte was meel, verpil of geëkstrueer. Geen koolhidraat-prosessering x dieet interaksie is opgemerk (P > 0.05) nie. In 'n metabolisme en stikstof (N) balans-studie is daar gevind dat DM verteerbaarheid, skynbare N verteerbaarheid, verteerbare energie (GE) en ME inhoud nie beduidend deur die behandelings beïnvloed word nie.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Monensin was approved in the 1970’s as a feed additive to ruminant diets. Since then, many studies on the effects of Monensin were done. Its mode of action includes the improvement of feed conversion by altering rumen fermentation. This alteration results in a change in the rumen microbial population. Some processes that benefit from the manipulation of rumen microbial population are volatile fatty acid production, peptide degradation and amino acid deamination. The use of ionophores as an antibacterial product in animal feeds were banned by the European union ( EU) in 2006 because of chemical residues found in the edible product making it potentially unhealthy for human consumption and it is also socially unacceptable. Thus, alternative sources need to be identified to help improve the rumen microbial population. Such an alternative could be plant based EO. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a natural anti-bacterial compound affecting a variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. It has been reported to improve the overall health and production of lactating dairy cows by enhancing rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an essential oil extracted from oregano on production and rumen fermentation of Jersey cows grazing ryegrass pasture during spring. Effects were determined on milk yield, milk composition, live weight body condition, rumen pH, Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, organic material (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility of pasture in the rumen. Fifty four early lactation Jersey cows were blocked, according to days in milk (DIM), 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) and lactation number. Cows within blocks were randomly allocated to one of the three treatments. The three treatments were as follows: Control (CON; maize based concentrate with no feed additives), an ionophore treatment, (MON; a maize based concentrate with monensin provided a daily dose at 300 mg per cow), and an essential oil treatment (EO; a maize based concentrate with oregano extract provided at a daily dose of 1.15 g per cow. Cows received 6 kg of concentrate in the milking parlour and were allocated 10 kg dry matter (DM) of ryegrass pasture, divided into two grazing periods after each milking. Before milking, cows were separated into their respective treatment groups for milking and the consumption of their specific concentrate treatments. Milk yield was recorded on a daily basis. Composite milk samples were collected per cow on a bi-weekly basis. Live weight and body condition score (BCS) were determined before and after the study. Six rumen cannulated cows were used in the rumen study. Two cows were randomly allocated to each of the three treatments in a 3 x 3 Latin square design (three treatments and three periods) thus all the cows were subjected to all three treatments over the experimental period. Ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and in sacco degradability were determined. The daily average milk yield and milk fat content did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05) and were 20.5, 20.3 and 20.4 kg per cow and 4.5, 4.5 and 4.6 % for cows receiving the CON, MON and EO concentrates respectively. Milk protein and milk lactose content increased (P < 0.05) for the two additive treatments in comparison to control and were 3.39b, 3.55a and 3.60a % for milk protein and 4.50b, 4.80a and 4.80a % for milk lactose where cows received the CON, MON and EO treatments, respectively. Ruminal pH values did not differ among treatments, however, the average overall pH over the 24 hour profile was higher for the two additive treatments. There were no differences in total volatile fatty acid concentrations among the three treatments. With regards to individual VFA, propionate was decreased in the MON treatment when compared to the CON treatment. The ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration did not differ among treatments. There were no differences in DM and NDF degradability (DMd and NDFd) on the 6 h incubation period but monensin increased the DMd at 30 h incubation and both monensin and oregano increased NDFd after 30 h incubation. To conclude the use of monensin and oregano oil extract have shown to be beneficial with regards to increasing the milk protein and milk lactose content as well as the NDFd. The average overall pH from the pH profile resulted in the two additive treatments being higher when compared to the control treatment. This could be beneficial to rumen fermentation and have a positive effect on the microbial population. As monensin and oregano oil extract showed similar results, oregano oil extract can be considered as an alternative natural feed additive to monensin. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Monensin is in die 1970's goedgekeur as 'n voerbymiddel in herkouerdiëte. Sedertdien het navorsing met betrekking tot die invloed van monensin vinnig toegeneem. Die werking van monensin sluit die verbetering van voeromsetting in deur die verbetering van rumenfermentasie. Die verandering in rumenfermentasie het ‘n invloed op die rumenmikrobiese bevolking. Sommige prosesse wat voordeel trek uit die manipulasie van die rumenmikrobiese bevolking is onder andere vlugtige vetsuurproduksie, peptiedafbraak en aminosuurdeaminering. Die gebruik van ionofore as 'n antibakteriese produk in veevoere is gedurende 2006 deur die Europese Unie verbied as gevolg van chemiese residue wat in die eetbare produk gevind is. Die residue maak dit moontlik ongesond vir menslike verbruik en dit is ook nie sosiaal aanvaarbaar nie. Alternatiewe produkte wat help om die rumenmikrobiese bevolking te verbeter en manipuleer moet geïdentifiseer word. Een alternatiewe produk is plantgebasseerde essensiële olies. Origanum (Origanum vulgare) is 'n natuurlike anti-bakteriële produk wat 'n verskeidenheid van gram-positiewe en gram-negatiewe bakterieë in die rumen beïnvloed. Daar is gevind dat die algemene gesondheid en produksie van 'n lakterende melkkoeie verbeter deur die verbetering van rumen fermentasie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die invloed van 'n essensiele olie-ekstrak uit oreganum op die produksie en rumenfermentasie van Jerseykoeie wat raaigras gedurende die lente bewei, te bepaal. Effekte is ondersoek op melkproduksie, melksamestelling, lewende massa, liggaamskondisie, rumen pH, ammoniak stikstof konsentrasie (NH3-N) en vlugtige vetsuursamestelling (VFA) asook ruminale droeë materiaal (DMd)- en vesel-verteerbaarheid (NDFd) van die weiding. Vier en vyftig Jersey koeie in vroeë laktasie is geblok volgens dae in melk (DIM), 4% vet gekorigeerde melk (VGM) en laktasie nommer. Koeie binne blokke is ewekansig aan een van die drie behandelings toegeken. Die drie behandelings was as volg: Kontrole (CON, mielie-gebaseerde konsentraat met geen voer-bymiddel nie), ‘n ionofoor-behandeling (MON; mielie-gebaseerde konsentraat met monensin teen 300 mg / koei per dag), essensiële olie-behandeling (EO; mielie-gebaseerde konsentraat met oreganum ekstrak teen 1.15 g / koei per dag). Koeie het 3 kg konsentraat in die melkstal ontvang met elke melking en 10 kg droeë material (DM) raaigras-weiding is per koei toegeken. Weidingsessies is verdeel in twee periodes, naamlik na elke melking. Voor melking is die koeie geskei om te verseker dat hulle die regte behandeling in die melkstal ontvang. Melkproduksie is daagliks aangeteken. Saamgestelde melk monsters is tweeweekliks per koei versamel. Lewende massa (LW) en liggaamskondisie (BCS) is aan die begin en teen die einde van die studie bepaal. Ses rumen-gekannuleerde koeie is in die rumen studie gebruik. Twee koeie is toegeken aan elk van die drie behandelings in 'n 3 x 3 Latynse vierkant ontwerp (drie behandelings en drie periodes) en al die koeie het gevolglik al drie behandelings gedurende die eksperimentele periode ontvang. Ruminale pH, VFA konsentrasie, ruminale NH3-N, en in sacco degradeerbaarhede; DMd en NDFd is bepaal. Die daaglikse gemiddelde melkproduksie en melkvetinhoud het nie beduidend tussen behandelings verskil nie (P > 0.05) en was 20.5, 20.3 en 20.4 kg/koei per dag en 4.5, 4.5 en 4.6% vir koeie op die drie behandelings (CON, MON, EO), onderskeidelik. Melk proteïen en melk laktose het aansienlik toegeneem (P < 0.05) vir die twee behandelings met die supplemente in vergelyking met die CON behandeling met waardes van 3.4, 3.6 en 3.6% vir melk proteïen en 4.5, 4.8 en 4.8% vir koeie op die CON, MON en EO behandelings, onderskeidelik. Die rumen pH oor 24 uur het nie verkil tussen die drie behandelings nie en die totale VFA konsentrasie het ook nie verskil nie. Die propionaatkonsentrasie het wel afgeneem op die MON behandeling in vergelyking met die CON. Die rumen NH3-N het nie tussen die drie behandelings verskil nie. Die DMd en NDFd verteerbaarhede van die raaigras in die rumen het nie verskil na ‘n 6 h inkubasieperiode nie. Na 30 h inkubasie het monensin ‘n hoër DM verteerbaarheid getoon en in beide die MON en EO-behandelings het die NDF-verteerbaarheid verhoog wanneer dit vergelyk word met die CON. Om saam te vat; die gebruik van monensin en oregano olie ekstrak het getoon dat dit voordelig kan wees met betrekking tot die verhoging van die melk proteïen en melk laktose inhoud, sowel as die NDFd. Die gemiddelde pH van die pH profiel het gelei tot hoër gemiddeldes vir die twee voerbyvoegsel behandelings in vergelyking met die kontrole behandeling. Dit kan voordelig wees om rumen fermentasie te verbeter en dus ‘n positiewe uitwerking te hê op die mikrobiese bevolking. Monensin en oregano olie ekstrak het soortgelyke resultate getoon en daarom kan oregano olie ekstrak beskou word as 'n alternatiewe natuurlike voerbyvoegsel.

Feeding disorders are psychological conditions that occur during infancy and early childhood, and result in insufficient intake of foods. Existing feeding disorder research identifies a raft of factors associated with predisposition, development and maintenance of feeding disorders, as well as a multitude of potential outcomes for the child and the system around them. However, neither feeding disorders nor their aetiological bases are well defined or uniformly applied in general, academic or clinical domains. Furthermore, the relationships and differences between observable characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and problem perceptions, and the bearing of these on disorder identification and treatment, are under-researched. The numerous definitions and profiles for feeding disorders make comprehension and knowledge gathering very difficult for caregivers and researchers, and thus hinder research and clinical progression in the field. The overarching aim of this thesis was to examine and characterise paediatric feeding disorders. The objective was to characterise and triangulate what feeding disorders are in terms of observable appearance, external perception, and psychometric properties, and better understand what constitutes a feeding disorder from multiple relevant perspectives. A mixed methods approach was taken to the collection and analysis of data, to obtain both depth and breadth of information. The results of the current thesis suggest that feeding disorders are characterised by a variety of behaviours and features within a biopsychosocial model. While physical models of feeding disorders are outdated, the potential for underlying physical contributing factors and resultant physical outcomes was highlighted throughout the current research and should not be ignored. However, overreliance on physicality, under-recognition of psychological processes, and consequent deficits to disorder identification within clinical settings, was also illustrated within the research. Furthermore, significant issues were raised regarding the lack of a consistent and inclusive model of feeding problems and disorders within healthcare systems. Though most clinicians saw feeding on a scale from normal to abnormal and frequently emphasised the value of early identification and treatment, the referral and treatment pathways that were discussed whereby only the most severe or physically affected children were treated, were not consistent with these models. Interviews with mothers highlighted the role of intrinsic child factors within the development of disordered feeding, including challenging behavioural characteristics, sensory sensitivities, difficult temperament, and lack of feeding motivation or avoidance of new foods. The importance of these child factors was supported by psychometric assessment, which identified distinct patterns of child characteristics associated with different types of problematic or disordered feeding, and a strong association between disordered feeding and the parent perception of having a difficult child. Furthermore, video observations of child mealtimes highlighted not only disparity in the amount of food eaten between disordered and non-disordered children, but a considerable deficit in the level of interest, motivation, and engagement with feeding shown by disordered children. Deficits to child feeding motivation pose a problem for parents that is less obvious than extreme emotional reactions, but which can be equally distressing for the parent who views nourishing their child as one of their major responsibilities. This point was reinforced across parent interviews and mealtime observations, and should be a key factor in the identification of families in need of support and intervention. Parent interviews, healthcare professional interviews, and psychometric assessment, all highlighted the considerable presence and role of parent anxiety within feeding disorder development. Parent anxiety was discussed as a potential cause and an outcome of challenging feeding behaviour, exacerbated by the perceived extent of the child s feeding condition and the dearth of support and information about dealing with significant feeding issues. Anxiety was seen by parents and healthcare professionals to influence the feeding strategies used by parents, and without intervention to contribute to a downward spiral of negative feeding interactions. Disordered feeding was also seen to interfere with social interactions, which would otherwise play an important role in the child s feeding and dietary development, and provide social support and guidance for parents. These patterns of problem and disorder perpetuation are liable to persist while general and clinical understanding of feeding disorders is minimal and inconsistent. The findings of the current thesis pose a great variety of potential influences and risk factors for feeding disorder development, supporting an individualistic approach to disorder identification and intervention, and the need for a significant change in the current systems for dealing with feeding disorders. It is essential to take each of the different components into consideration to understand the specific mechanisms underpinning the maintenance of the feeding disorder and aid selection of the most suitable and efficient approach to intervention. The pattern of factors implicated in each individual feeding disorder case will be differentiated according to the child, the parent and the child s general environment. Identification of the full range of children in need of support and intervention is reliant on recognition of the diversity in disorder type, severity and presentation.