Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Pedro Braga Arcuri / Banca: Alexandre Berndt / Banca: Paulo Henrique Moura Dian / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de fontes lipídicas com diferentes perfis de ácidos graxos sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, parâmetros fermentativos, microbiota ruminal, desempenho, emissão de metano entérico e características qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de novilhos Nelore terminados em confinamento. Na avaliação de consumo, desempenho, emissão de metano e características qualitativas da carcaça e da carne foram utilizados 45 novilhos castrados da raça Nelore com peso médio inicial de 419 ± 11 kg e aproximadamente 15 meses de idade, recebendo 60% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 40% de concentrado. Foram testados 5 tratamentos: um sem adição de lipídios e mais quatro dietas com diferentes fontes lipídicas: óleo de linhaça, óleo de palma, soja grão e um suplemento comercial com gordura protegida (Lactoplus). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e nove repetições, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. As fontes lipidícas influenciaram (P<0,05) os valores de ganho médio diário (GMD) e ingestões de matéria seca e nutrientes. Animais alimentados com dieta sem adição de lipídios apresentaram maior ingestão de matéria seca e nutrientes quando comparado aos que receberam óleo de palma. A eficiência alimentar teve valor médio de 0,13 kg GMD/kg MS nas dietas sem adição de lipídios, gordura protegida, soja grão e óleo de linhaça, enquanto a dieta com óleo de palma apresentou um valor de 0,08 kg GMD/kg MS. Animais alimentados com óleo de palma apresentaram maior força de cisalhamento (P<0,05) quando comparados aos que receberam a dieta sem adição de lipídios (5,87 vs 4,14 kg/cm²). A deposição de CLA foi maior no tratamento com óleo de linhaça (0,67 no músculo e 1,69 % no gordura subcutânea)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles under the ingestion of nutrients, digestibility, fermentation parameters, rumen microbial, performance, enteric methane emission and qualitative characteristics of the carcass and meat from Nellore steers finished in feedlots. In the evaluation of consumption, performance, methane emission and qualitative characteristics of the carcass and meat were used 45 Nellore steers with an initial average weight of 419 + 11 kg and approximately 15 months of age, receiving 60% roughage (corn silage) and 40% concentrate. Were tested 5 treatments: one without additional fat source and more four diets with different fat sources: linseed oil, palm oil, soybeans grain and a commercial supplement with protected fat (Lactoplus). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and nine replicates, and averages were compared by Tukey test (P<0.05). Lipid sources influenced (P<0.05) values of average daily gain (ADG) and intakes of dry matter and nutrients. Animals fed with the without additional fat source diet presented higher intake of dry matter and nutrients compared to those that received palm oil. Feed efficiency had average value of 0.13 kg ADG/kg DM in the diet control, protected fat, soybeans grain and linseed oil, while palm oil diet showed a value of 0.08 kg ADG / kg DM. Animals fed with palm oil had higher shear force (P <0.05) compared with those who received the without additional fat source diet (5.87 vs 4.14 kg/cm²). The deposition of CLA were higher in treatment with linseed oil (0.67 - muscle and 1.69 - subcutaneous fat). Diets based on linseed oil and soybeans grain present the same feeding efficiency of diets with protected fat and without additional fat source, however produce an average reduction of 57% in methane emissions when compared with these diets... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Hirasilva Borba / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Cristiana Andrighetto / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças entre os parâmetros qualitativos, quantitativos e sensoriais do músculo Longissimus de bovinos e bubalinos. Foram utilizados animais das espécies bovina (Nelore) e bubalina (cruzados Mediterrâneo e Murrah). Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento comercial, por 102 dias, em baias coletivas, de acordo com a espécie, recebendo, no período de acabamento, 8,07% de proteína bruta e 72,10% de nutrientes digestíveis totais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos (espécie animal) e 40 repetições. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, considerando o nível de significância de 5%, quando o teste F foi significativo. Os bovinos apresentaram melhor rendimento de carcaça (57,16 ± 1,42%), maior área de olho de lombo (59,38 ± 5,72 cm2), maior porcentagem de dianteiro (40,68 ± 1,30%), cortes mais pesados do dianteiro, menor oxidação lipídica (0,155 ± 0,033 mgMDA/kg), maior porcentagem de proteína (21,16 ± 0,97%) e cinzas (1,08 ± 0,06%), enquanto que os bubalinos obtiveram maior espessura de gordura subcutânea (13,85 ± 3,00 mm), menor perda no resfriamento (1,26 ± 0,15%), maior porcentagem de ponta de agulha (14,50 ± 0,57), cortes mais pesados do traseiro, menor porcentagem de perda por cocção (29,42 ± 3,04%), maior porcentagem de umidade (75,13 ± 0,89%), menor porcentagem de colágeno (4,81 ± 0,79%) e maior índice de fragmentação miofibrilar (79,91 ± 17,50). No painel sensorial somente a variável odor apresentou diferença (P<0,05) entre as espécies, sendo a carne bubalina com maior nota (7,30 ± 0,98 pontos). Conclui-se que a carne bovina diferencia da carne bubalina em termos de desempenho, características físicas e químicas. Porém a carne bubalina tem potencial para ... / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between qualitative, quantitative and sensory parameters of the Longissimus muscle of cattle and buffaloes. Were used cattle of Nellore breed and buffalo of Murrah and Mediterranean crossed. The animals were maintained on a commercial feedlot for 102 days in collective boxes according to species, getting in the finishing period, 8.07% crude protein and 72.10% total digestible nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (species) and 40 repetitions. Means were compared by Tukey test, considering significance level of 5%, when the F test was significant. The cattle have higher carcass yield (57.16 ± 1.42%), a larger rib eye area (59.38 ± 5.72 cm2), higher percentage of forequarter (40.68 ± 1.30%), heavier cuts forequarter, lower lipid oxidation (0.155 ± 0.033 mgMDA/kg), increased percentage of protein (21.16 ± 0.97%) and ash (1.08 ± 0.06%) , while buffaloes showed greater fat thickness (13.85 ± 3.00 mm), smaller loss in cooling (1.26 ± 0.15%), higher percentage of spare rib (14.50 ± 0.57), heavier cuts of hindquarter, lower percentage cooking loss (29.42 ± 3.04%), higher percentage of moisture (75.13 ± 0.89%), lower percentage of collagen (4.81 ± 0.79%) and higher rate of myofibrillar fragmentation (79.91 ± 17.50). In sensory panel only odor variable showed differences (P < 0.05) between species, with the buffalo meat with highest score (7.30 ± 0.98 points). It is concluded that beef differs from buffalo meat in terms of performance, physical and chemical characteristics. But the buffalo meat has the potential to enter the consumer market / Mestre

Orientador: Flávio Dutra de Resende / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Sérgio Raposo de Medeiros / Banca: Daniel Rume Casagrande / Banca: Joanis Tilermanos Zervoudaskis / Resumo: Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito de planos nutricionais sobre o ganho de peso e carcaça, assim como as mudanças na composição corporal de tourinhos Nelore. O experimento 1 foi realizado de julho de 2009 a setembro de 2010, e foi dividido em três fases. As fases I e II foram referentes ao período de recria e a fase III a terminação dos animais. Na fase I os animais receberam 2 suplementos: 1) suplemento proteico (SPI) ou 2) suplemento proteico energético (SPEI). Na fase II os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo o efeito de dois históricos nutricionais da fase I associados a quatro tratamentos na fase II: 1) sal mineral (SM) 2) suplemento proteico (SPII), 3) suplemento proteico energético (SPEII); 4) suplemento energético (EN). A fase III correspondeu a terminação, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 2, com dois históricos alimentares da fase I, quatro da fase II divididos em duas estratégias de terminação: 1) pasto com alto concentrado (PA) ou 2) confinamento (CO). Utilizou-se 129 tourinhos Nelore, com 8 ± 2 meses de idade e peso corporal de 204,6 ± 5,2 kg. O experimento 2 foi realizado de julho de 2011 a setembro de 2012, e foi dividido em três fases da mesma forma que no experimento 1. Na fase I os tratamentos foram: 1) suplemento proteico (SP) ou 2) suplemento proteico energético (SPEI). Na fase II os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo o efeito de dois históricos nutricionais da fase I associados a dois tratamentos na fase II: 1) sal mineral (SM) 2) suplemento proteico energético (SPEII). Na fase III os tratamentos também foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com dois históricos alimentares da fase I, dois da fase II divididos em dois níveis de fornecimento de ração: 1) 15 g.kg-1 PC ou 2) 20 g.kg-1 PC. Utilizou-se 78 tourinhos Nelore, com 8 ± 2 meses de idade e peso corporal de ... / Abstract: Two trials were made aiming to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on body and carcass gain, as well as changes in body composition of Nelore cattle. The trial 1 started in July, 2009 and finished in September, 2010, and was divided in three phases. The phases I and II corresponded to the growing phase, and the phase III corresponded to the finishing phase. In phase I the animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments consisting of: a) protein (PRI) or, b) protein and energy (PEI) supplement. The phase II for each of the phase I treatments, the animals were randomly assigned in factorial (2 x 4) to 1 of 4 treatments including: a) mineral salt (MN), b) protein (PRII), c) protein and energy (PEII) and d) energy (EN) supplement. The phase III for each of the phase I and II treatments, the animals were randomly assigned in factorial (2 x 4 x 2) to 1 of 2 treatments: finishing in 1) pasture (PA) or 2) feedlot (FE), in both treatments the animals were fed high concentrate. 129 young Nelore bulls, were 8 ± 2 months of age and BW of 204.6 ± 5.2 kg were utilized. The trial 2 started in July, 2011 and finished in September, 2012, and was divided in three phases as the trial 1. In phase I the animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments consisting of: a) protein (PRI) or, b) protein and energy (PEI) supplement. The phase II for each of the phase I treatments, the animals were randomly assigned in factorial (2 x 2) to 1 of 2 treatments including: a) mineral salt (MN), b) protein and energy supplement (PEII). The phase III for each of the phase I and II treatments, the animals were randomly assigned in factorial (2 x 2 x 2) to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) medium or 2) high feed. 78 young Nelore bulls, were 8 ± 2 months of age and BW of 171.7 ± 6.4 kg were utilized. Measurements of ADG, gain and composition of carcass were made. All the data were analysed as a randomized factorial design using the PROC MIXED of the SAS ... / Doutor

Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Bruno Ramalho Vieira / Banca: Pedro Antônio Muniz Malafaia / Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação fosfórica (SP) sobre o consumo de nutrientes, desempenho, parâmetros ósseos, qualidade de carne e a utilização do fósforo (P) por bovinos Nelores, durante o período de confinamento. Para tanto, utilizou-se 42 novilhos com peso médio inicial de 296±25 kg distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 14 repetições. A dieta era formada por bagaço de cana (200g/kg na MS) e concentrado (800g/kg na MS). Os tratamentos dietéticos foram: sem a adição de P suplementar (T1), núcleo mineral comercial (T2) e fosfato bicálcico (T3). Os teores porcentuais de P na MS foram 0,24; 0,42 e 0,50, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os consumos de MS, PB, FDN, Ca, P e Mg, bem como a absorção aparente, retenção, excreção fecal e urinária de P, o desempenho animal e as características da carcaça. As avaliações da qualidade óssea consistiram na determinação da composição química óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e densidade em água (DA), além dos valores séricos de cálcio (Ca), P, magnésio (Mg), paratormônio (PTH), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e a concentração de P na saliva e no líquido ruminal. Os consumos de MS, PB e FDN foram similares entre os grupos que receberam ou não a SP (P>0,05). As ingestões de Ca e Mg foram superiores nos tratamentos em que se adicionou o núcleo comercial ou o fosfato bicálcico (P<0,05). O consumo, a retenção e a excreção de P foram influenciados pelo aumento do teor de P nas dietas experimentais (P<0,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus supplementation (PS) on nutrient intake, performance and phosphorus (P) utilization by Nellore steers in a feedlot. Forty-two animals with an initial body weight of 296±25 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 3 treatments and 14 replicates. The diet on a DM basis was comprised of sugarcane bagasse (200 g/kg) plus concentrate (800 g/kg). The treatments were without supplementary P (T1), commercial mineral supplement specific for feedlot cattle (T2) and dicalcium phosphate (T3) with 0.24, 0.42 or 0.50 % P, respectively. The DM, CP and NDF intakes were similar between the groups with or without the PS (P>0.05). The highest intakes of Ca and Mg were observed in the treatments with commercial mineral supplement or dicalcium phosphate. Intake, retention and excretion of P were influenced by the increase in P content in the experimental diets (P<0.05). Performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by P content in the diet (P>0.05). Supplementation with P significantly increased the excretion of P in the feces and urine and the feeding cost. Therefore, under Brazilian conditions, there is no justification for supplementing P in feedlot rations. The animals submitted or not to phosphorus supplementation had a similar content of Ca, Ca:P ratio and bone mineral density (BMD) at the 12th rib (P>0.05). However, animals of the T1 and T3 treatments had significant reductions in ma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Reinaldo Fernandes Cooke / Banca: José Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Banca: David W. Boahnet / Resumo: Este experimento analisou os efeitos da administração do meloxicam nas respostas fisiológicas e no desempenho de bovinos na fase inicial do confinamento após serem transportados. Foram utilizados 84 bezerros Angus × Hereford, divididos por peso vivo (PV) no dia -10 do experimento e distribuídos em 21 baias de confinamento. Do d -10 ao d 0, todos os animais receberam uma dieta composta por feno de alfalfa a vontade e 2,4 kg/animal (base MS) de um concentrado a base de milho. No dia 0, todas as baias foram aleatoriamente atribuídas a receberem um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) transporte por 1.440 km em um caminhão comercial e administração oral de meloxicam (1 mg/kg do PV) no carregamento (d 0), no descarregamento (d 1) e diariamente do d 2 ao d 7 no período inicial de confinamento (MEL; n = 7), 2) transporte e administração do tratamento nos mesmos dias do grupo MEL, porém com lactose monohidratada (1 mg/kg do PV) (TRANS; n = 7), 3) ausência de transporte e administração de lactose monohidratada (1 mg/kg do PV) nos mesmos dias dos tratamentos MEL e TRANS (CON; n = 7). Logo após o descarregamento (d 1), todos os animais dos tratamentos MEL e TRANS retornaram para suas respectivas baias para o período de 21 dias de confinamento, recebendo a mesma dieta oferecida do d -10 ao d 0. Nos dias 0 e 1, os tratamentos foram aplicados através de solução aquosa e administrados via oral, porém dos dias 2 ao 7, os tratamentos foram misturados no concentrado. Para o cálculo de ganho peso diário (GPD) foram utilizados as médias de ... / Abstract: This experiment evaluated the effects of meloxicam administration on physiological and performance responses of transported cattle during feedlot receiving. Eighty-four Angus × Hereford steers were ranked by BW on d -10, and assigned to 21 dry lot pens. From d -10 to 0, pens were fed Alfalfa-grass hay ad libitum and 2.4 kg/steer daily (DM basis) of a corn-based concentrate. On d 0, pens were randomly assigned to: 1) transport for 1,440 km in a livestock trailer and oral administration of meloxicam (1 mg/kg of BW) at loading (d 0), unloading (d 1), and daily from d 2 to 7 of feedlot receiving (MEL; n = 7), 2) same transportation and treatment schedule of MEL, but oral administration of lactose monohydrate (1 mg/kg of BW) instead of meloxicam (TRANS; n = 7), or 3) no transport and oral administration of lactose monohydrate (1 mg/kg of BW) concurrently with treatment administration to MEL and TRANS (CON; n = 7). Upon arrival (d 1), MEL and TRANS steers returned to their pens for a 21-d feedlot receiving with the same diet offered from d -10 to 0. Treatments were administered to steers via oral drench on d 0 and 1, or mixed daily with the concentrate from d 2 to 7. Full BW was recorded prior to (d -2, -1, and 0) treatment application and at the end of experiment (d 20, 21, and 22) for ADG calculation. Daily DMI was recorded from d 1 to 21. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21. During the initial 7 d of feedlot receiving, hay and total DMI were reduced (P ≤ 0.03) in TRANS vs. CON and MEL, similar between CON and MEL (P ≥ 0.26), whereas concentrate DMI did not differ (P = 0.16) among ... / Mestre

Orientador: Gustavo Rezende Siqueira / Banca: Danilo Domingues Millen / Banca: Josiane Fonseca Lage / Banca: Ivanna Moraes de Oliveira / Banca: Márcia Helena Machado da Rocha Fernandes / Resumo: Cento e sessenta e oito tourinhos Nelore com peso inicial de 228 ± 19 kg e idade de 10 meses e 12 tourinhos Nelore canulados no rúmen foram utilizados com objetivo de avaliar diferentes estratégias nutricionais associada com virginiamicina (VM) na fase de recria em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu sobre o ganho em peso corporal (PC), parâmetros ruminais, sanguíneos, urinários e consumo de nutrientes. Ademais, objetivou-se também avaliar se os benefícios proporcionados pelas estratégias nutricionais associada com VM na fase de recria são mantidos na fase de terminação em confinamento com diferentes dias de cocho (88 dias e 121 dias). A fase de recria foi dividida em estação seca (26/08/14 a 10/12/14, 105 dias) e estação verão (10/12/14 a 25/03/15, 105 dias) e outono (25/03/15 a 20/06/15, 87 dias), totalizando 297 dias experimentais. Na recria, os animais receberam 1 de 4 estratégias nutricionais: suplemento mineral com ureia (SU, ad libitum) durante estação seca e suplemento mineral (SM, ad libitum) no verão e outono; ou suplemento proteico energético na estação seca (SPE, 3 g/kg PC por dia), suplemento proteico no verão (SP, 1 g/kg PC por dia) e SPE no outono (3 g/kg PC por dia). Dentro de cada estratégia nutricional, foi avaliada a inclusão ou não de aditivo alimentar VM, na dose de 40 mg para cada 100 kg de PC. A área experimental, dividida em 12 piquetes (3,5 a 4 ha cada) e a área e o peso dos animais foram os fatores de blocagem. Foram utilizados 45 animais po... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One hundred and sixty eight young bulls with initial weight of 228 ± 19 kg and age of ten months and twelve Nellore bulls cannulated in the rumen were used to evaluate different nutritional strategies associated with virginiamycin (VM) during the growing phase in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu on body weight gain (BW), ruminal, blood and urinary parameters and nutrient intake. In addition, evaluate if the benefits provided by the nutritional strategies associated with VM in the growing phase are maintained termination phase in the feedlot in two-time (88 days and 121 days). The growing phase was divided in dry season (08/26/14 to 10/12/14, 105 days) and summer season (10/12/14 to 25/03/15, 105 days) and autumn (25/03/15 to 20/06/15, 87 days), totaling 297 experimental days. The animals received 1 of 4 nutritional strategies: mineral supplement with urea (SU, ad libitum) during dry season and mineral supplement (SM, ad libitum) in summer and autumn; or protein energy supplement in the dry season (SPE, 3 g/kg BW per day), protein supplement in the summer (SP, 1 g / kg BW per day) and SPE in the autumn (3 g / kg BW per day). Within each nutritional strategy, the inclusion or not of VM food additive was evaluated at a dose of 40 mg per 100 kg BW. A randomized complete block design was used in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two strategies of supplementation and presence and absence of VM. The experimental area, divided into 12 paddocks (3.5 to 4.0 ha each), and BW wa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Coorientador: Simone Fernandes / Banca: Vânia Maria Vasconcelos Machado / Banca: Sirlei Aparecida Maestá / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a idade à puberdade, a dinâmica corporal e o desempenho de cordeiras Bergamácia submetidas a dietas para baixa e alta velocidades de crescimento, até 1 ano de idade. Vinte cordeiras foram mantidas confinadas (duas por baia) durante todo o período experimental recebendo dois tipos de dietas formuladas para obtenção de ganho de peso médio diário: 1) Baixo (180 gramas); 2) Alto (300 gramas). O experimento foi dividido em duas fases, sendo a primeira o período compreendido até as cordeiras atingirem 30 kg; e a segunda fase a partir de 30 kg até 1 ano de idade. Para avaliação da dinâmica do desenvolvimento corporal, a cada 14 dias os animais foram pesados, determinado o escore de condição corporal e registradas medidas biométricas. A partir do 5º mês de idade foi introduzido, em cada grupo experimental, um macho vasectomizado para realizar a detecção do estro e determinar a idade à puberdade e o intervalo entre os dois primeiros estros de cada cordeira. Foram encontradas diferenças (P˂0,05) entre os tratamentos para ganho de peso médio diário, escore de condição corporal e para as medidas biométricas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para idade à puberdade. Verificou-se que os tratamentos baixo e alto proporcionaram desempenhos adequados, porém não revelaram diferentes respostas a idade à puberdade. A dieta para alta velocidade de crescimento proporcionou pesos superiores e melhor escore de condição corporal nas duas fases experimentais / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the age at puberty, body dynamics and performance of Bergamasca lambs submitted to diets for low and high growth rates, up to 1 year old. Twenty lambs were kept confined (two per stall) throughout the experimental period getting two types of diets to obtain average daily weight gain: 1) Low (180 grams) 2) High (300 grams). The experiment was divided into two stages, the first was the period until lambs reached 30 kg, and the second phase with the lambs weighting from 30 kg until they reach one 1 year old. To assess the dynamics of body development, every 14 days the animals were weighed, the body condition score was determined and biometrics measurements were registered. From the 5th month of age was introduced in each experimental group, a vasectomized male to perform the detection of estrus and to determine the age at puberty and interval between the first two estrous of each lamb. Differences were found (P˂0.05) among treatments for average daily weight gain, body condition score and biometric measurements. There was no difference (P>0.05) for age at puberty. It has been found that low and high treatments yielded adequate performance, but did not show different responses in age at puberty. A high growth rate diet yielded higher body weights and better body condition score in both phases / Mestre

The EPA press release dated February 23, 2004 states that the three Buckeye Egg Farm facilities had the potential to emit more than a combined total of 1850 tons per year of particulate matter (PM). This number was based on flowrate calculations that were three times higher than those measured as well as a failure to include particle size distributions in the emissions calculations. The annual PM emission for each facility was approximately 35 tons per year. The EPA was unjustified in requiring Buckeye Egg Farm to obtain Title V and PSD permits as the facilities could not have met the thresholds for these permits. Engineers need to be concerned with correctly measuring and calculating emission rates in order to enforce the current regulations. Consistency among regulators and regulations includes using the correct emission factors for regulatory permitting purposes. EPA has adopted AERMOD as the preferred dispersion model for regulatory use on the premise that it more accurately models the dispersion of pollutants near the surface of the Earth than ISCST3; therefore, it is inappropriate to use the same emission factor in both ISCST3 and AERMOD in an effort to equitably regulate PM sources. For cattle feedlots in Texas, the ISCST3 emission factor is 7 kg/1000 hd-day (16 lb/1000 hd-day) while the AERMOD emission factor is 5 kg/1000 hd-day (11 lb/1000 he-day). The EPA is considering implementing a crustal exclusion for the PM emitted by agricultural sources. Over the next five years, it will be critical to determine a definition of crustal particulate matter that researchers and regulators can agree upon. It will also be necessary to develop a standard procedure to determine the crustal mass fraction of particulate matter downwind from a source to use in the regulatory process. It is important to develop a procedure to determine the particulate matter mass fraction of crustal downwind from a source before the crustal exclusion can be implemented to ensure that the exclusion is being used correctly and consistently among all regulators. According to my findings, the mass fraction of crustal from cattle feedlot PM emissions in the Texas High Plains region is 52%.

The EPA press release dated February 23, 2004 states that the three Buckeye Egg Farm facilities had the potential to emit more than a combined total of 1850 tons per year of particulate matter (PM). This number was based on flowrate calculations that were three times higher than those measured as well as a failure to include particle size distributions in the emissions calculations. The annual PM emission for each facility was approximately 35 tons per year. The EPA was unjustified in requiring Buckeye Egg Farm to obtain Title V and PSD permits as the facilities could not have met the thresholds for these permits. Engineers need to be concerned with correctly measuring and calculating emission rates in order to enforce the current regulations. Consistency among regulators and regulations includes using the correct emission factors for regulatory permitting purposes. EPA has adopted AERMOD as the preferred dispersion model for regulatory use on the premise that it more accurately models the dispersion of pollutants near the surface of the Earth than ISCST3; therefore, it is inappropriate to use the same emission factor in both ISCST3 and AERMOD in an effort to equitably regulate PM sources. For cattle feedlots in Texas, the ISCST3 emission factor is 7 kg/1000 hd-day (16 lb/1000 hd-day) while the AERMOD emission factor is 5 kg/1000 hd-day (11 lb/1000 he-day). The EPA is considering implementing a crustal exclusion for the PM emitted by agricultural sources. Over the next five years, it will be critical to determine a definition of crustal particulate matter that researchers and regulators can agree upon. It will also be necessary to develop a standard procedure to determine the crustal mass fraction of particulate matter downwind from a source to use in the regulatory process. It is important to develop a procedure to determine the particulate matter mass fraction of crustal downwind from a source before the crustal exclusion can be implemented to ensure that the exclusion is being used correctly and consistently among all regulators. According to my findings, the mass fraction of crustal from cattle feedlot PM emissions in the Texas High Plains region is 52%.

No description available.