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Given the relative lack of information about female gang membership in Canada and the hidden nature of this population, a qualitative approach for understanding the lives of female gang members, through a life course perspective guided by feminist standpoint epistemology is utilized in this dissertation. The data for this study are obtained from interviews with fifteen girls and young women who claimed youth gang membership in their lives, from the cities of Saskatoon and Edmonton. .<p>The critical feminist perspective serves as the theoretical framework for this study. It directs us to an understanding in which girls are regarded as active agents in their own lives and who are striving to better their lives albeit with the limited options available to them in the face of locally available constructions of opportunity and possibility. The analyses reflect the lived experiences of the respondents and illuminate the ways in which the personal troubles and daily lives of respondents are explicitly overshadowed by larger public issues. Through critical analysis, this study draws attention to the ways in which girls experiences of ageism, racism, classism, and sexism interact, resulting in social exclusion, isolation from social institutions, and a subsequent involvement with youth gangs. .<p>The study reveals a heterogeneity of respondents experiences especially with respect to being treated as equals by their male counterparts. From the analysis, it is evident that gangs are highly gendered groups in which gender hierarchies force girls to find ways both to create personas of toughness and independence through participation in violent activities yet also to display appropriate feminine behaviours of sexually non-promiscuous females. Importantly, the decisions to leave the gang are triggered by the negative affects of gang life. Once out of the gang, the girls under study seemed to refocus their efforts toward educational opportunities and obtaining job-related skills. In the end, my research indicates that awareness about the dangers of gang life including the negative consequences of gang membership need to form a core of prevention programs, especially those designed for younger girls and children.

Given the relative lack of information about female gang membership in Canada and the hidden nature of this population, a qualitative approach for understanding the lives of female gang members, through a life course perspective guided by feminist standpoint epistemology is utilized in this dissertation. The data for this study are obtained from interviews with fifteen girls and young women who claimed youth gang membership in their lives, from the cities of Saskatoon and Edmonton. .<p>The critical feminist perspective serves as the theoretical framework for this study. It directs us to an understanding in which girls are regarded as active agents in their own lives and who are striving to better their lives albeit with the limited options available to them in the face of locally available constructions of opportunity and possibility. The analyses reflect the lived experiences of the respondents and illuminate the ways in which the personal troubles and daily lives of respondents are explicitly overshadowed by larger public issues. Through critical analysis, this study draws attention to the ways in which girls experiences of ageism, racism, classism, and sexism interact, resulting in social exclusion, isolation from social institutions, and a subsequent involvement with youth gangs. .<p>The study reveals a heterogeneity of respondents experiences especially with respect to being treated as equals by their male counterparts. From the analysis, it is evident that gangs are highly gendered groups in which gender hierarchies force girls to find ways both to create personas of toughness and independence through participation in violent activities yet also to display appropriate feminine behaviours of sexually non-promiscuous females. Importantly, the decisions to leave the gang are triggered by the negative affects of gang life. Once out of the gang, the girls under study seemed to refocus their efforts toward educational opportunities and obtaining job-related skills. In the end, my research indicates that awareness about the dangers of gang life including the negative consequences of gang membership need to form a core of prevention programs, especially those designed for younger girls and children.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur kvinnliga våldsbrottslingar porträtteras i media med en vetenskapsteoretisk utgångspunkt i socialkonstruktionismen. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i olika stereotyper som kan användas i medias framställning av kvinnliga gärningspersoner. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys använts. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats vilket innebär att kvinnligt och manligt ses som något som är socialt konstruerat. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna ligger i olika konstruktioner som förekommer i medias framställning av den kvinnliga brottslingen samt i genusteori. Media kan använda olika stereotypa beskrivningar av kvinnliga våldsbrottslingar och kan därför också reproducera uppfattningen om den kvinnliga brottslingen som en avvikande kvinna. Slutsatsen som dragits är att media bidrar till en ensidig bild av den kvinnliga brottslingen och att det krävs ytterligare forskning kring kvinnor och brottslighet i media då detta forskningsfält idag är förhållandevis litet. / The aim of this study was to investigate how the female criminals are portrayed in media, with a scientific theoretical basis of social constructionism. The study is based on various stereotypes that can be used in media's representation of female offenders. To investigate this, a qualitative content analysis was used. The essay is based on a social constructivist approach, which means that female and male is seen as something socially constructed. The theoretical bases are located in gender theory and the various designs which exist in Media’s image of the female offender. Media can use various stereotypical descriptions of violent female offenders and can also reproduce the perception of the female offender as a abnormal woman. The conclusion drawn is thatmedia contributes to a one-sided picture of female offenders and that further research on women and crime in media is needed as this field of research is relatively small.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-16T11:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcilaine Martins da Silva Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 2572947 bytes, checksum: d44565f00d1df174d5274ac1b954b2cd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-16T11:06:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcilaine Martins da Silva Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 2572947 bytes, checksum: d44565f00d1df174d5274ac1b954b2cd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T11:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcilaine Martins da Silva Oliveira - 2014.pdf: 2572947 bytes, checksum: d44565f00d1df174d5274ac1b954b2cd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / For years the unlawful drugs market was described as an almost solely male activity. However, in the recent times, the data of women imprisonment for their involvement in this kind of illicit trade have pointed to a fresh perspective in which there are gradual insertion of them in such practices criminalized. If before the explanations of the accession of women to drug trafficking occurred for the account of affective relationships, the study presented here, a pioneer about the female criminality in Goiás, points out a change in behavioral in the entrance of women in the illicit drug trade, pointing to certain autonomy of choice and decision on their part. In that sense, the aim employee in this dissertation, the theoretical contributions through Symbolic Interaction, objective sought to understand the insertion of the women incarcerated for the crime of drug trafficking over the experiences lived by them. / Durante anos o mercado ilegal das drogas foi descrito como uma atividade quase que exclusivamente masculina. Contudo, nos últimos tempos, os dados de aprisionamento de mulheres por envolvimento nesse tipo de comércio ilícito têm apontado para uma nova perspectiva em que há a inserção gradativa delas nessas práticas criminalizadas. Se antes as explicações da adesão de mulheres ao tráfico de drogas ocorriam por conta de relações afetivas, o estudo aqui apresentado, pioneiro sobre a criminalidade feminina em Goiás, aponta para uma mudança de comportamento na entrada das mulheres no comércio ilícito de drogas, assinalando para certa autonomia de escolha e decisão por parte delas. Nesse sentido, os objetivos desta dissertação, por meio das contribuições teóricas do Interacionismo Simbólico, foram compreender a inserção das mulheres encarceradas pelo crime de tráfico de drogas e as experiências vividas por elas.

Denna text är utformad som en kollektivbiografi över tio kvinnor som var frihetsberövade någon gång under åren 1850-1905. Syftet med texten är att undersöka vilka faktorer som möjliggjorde återanpassningen till samhället för kvinnor som avtjänat straff, samt vilka faktorer som påverkade risken för återfall i brottslighet. Orsaken till att undersökningen enbart fokuserar på kvinnliga förbrytare är att kvinnor inte var rättsligt jämställda med män, vilket rimligtvis torde ha försvårat deras återanpassning ytterligare. Tio kvinnor som avtjänade straff som innebar frihetsberövande under den aktuella tidsperioden har valts ut, därefter har deras liv före och efter deras respektive straff analyserats. De källor som använts inkluderar bland annat kyrkoböcker från fängelser och församlingar; dessa har varit tillgängliga genom Riksarkivets digitala söktjänst.   Resultaten från undersökningen visar att risken för återfall bland de tidigare frihetsberövade kvinnorna var låg. Huruvida de återföll i brottslighet eller inte påverkades till stor del av ekonomiska faktorer, vilka också var avgörande för möjligheten till återanpassning. Flera av de kvinnor som bedöms som att ha lyckats återanpassats tycks även ha påverkats av en positiv familjesituation; dessutom tycks återanpassningen ha underlättats för de som valde att flytta till en annan ort. / The present study is designed as a collective biography of ten women who were incarcerated at some point during the years 1850-1905. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that enabled the reintegration into society for women who served sentences, as well as the factors that affected the risk of recidivism. The reason the study focuses only on female criminals is that women were not legally equal to men, which probably would have made their reintegration even more difficult. Ten women who served sentences that entailed incarceration have been selected, after which their lives before and after their respective sentences have been analysed. The sources used include church books from prisons and parishes; these have been accessed through the Swedish National Achives’ digital search service.   The results from the study show that the risk of recidivism among the previously incarcerated women was low. Whether or not they relapsed into crime was largely influenced by economic factors, which were also crucial to the possibility of reintegration. Several of the women who are judged to have succeeded in reintegrating also seem to have been affected by a positive family sitatuation; in addition, reintegration appears to have been facilitated for those who chose to move to another location.

The purpose of the study was to identify the risk factors most prominent in women suspected of crimes. For this, a quantitative method was used in which data obtained from personal investigations carried out by the Swedish correctional facility, Kriminalvården, were compared to public statistics of the normal population. In addition, a research overview was made on the subject, where the presence of the selected investigative variables was controlled. The study also highlights the presence of multiple risk factors within the group of women suspected of crime. Most of the risk factors investigated had pronounced stronger outcomes in the group of suspected women, which were also found as strong predictors in the comparative research. The factors mental illness and family dysfunction were the most prominent risk factors in the review of previous research. In the statistical comparison between the group of women suspected for crime and the normal population, the factors mental health, alcohol presence and drug presence were the most prominent differentiated factors. Furthermore the study indicates that the presence of multiple risk factors is common. Based on this, it is possible to discuss how girls can be protected from vulnerability in society as well as how to handle treatment care for offending women. English title: Women’s crime and its causes. / Syftet med studien var att identifiera de riskfaktorer vilka var mest framträdande hos kvinnor som misstänks för brott. För detta användes en kvantitativ metod där data inhämtat från Kriminalvårdens personutredningar jämfördes mot offentlig statistik av normalpopulationen. I tillägg till detta gjordes en forskningsöversikt på ämnet, där de utvalda undersökande variablernas förekomst kontrollerades för. Vidare belystes även närvaron av multipla riskfaktorer inom gruppen brottsmisstänkta kvinnor. Flertalet av de undersökta riskfaktorerna gav markant starkare utslag i gruppen för brottsmisstänkta kvinnor, vilka också återfanns som starka prediktorer den jämförda forskningen. Faktorerna psykisk ohälsa samt familjär dysfunktion var de mest framträdande riskfaktorerna i genomgången av tidigare forskning, medan psykisk ohälsa, förekomst av alkohol samt förekomst av narkotika var de faktorer som gav tydligast utslag i en statistisk jämförelse mot normalpopulationen. Studiens resultat tyder även på att förekomsten av multipla riskfaktorer är vanligt. Med utgångspunkt i detta kan diskuteras hur flickor kan skyddas från utsatthet i samhället samt hur brottsbelastade kvinnors behandlingsvård ska genomföras.

In this essay, we take a step into Kalmar prison that was constructed in 1852 and explore how many women were enrolled in the prison's church records between the years 1852 to 1883. This is then put into perspective to the more national statistics that are available. The main source material is the Swedish Prison and Probation Service's church books and the Swedish Central Bureau of Statistics' own reports from the years 1852 to 1883. The conclusion is that there is a big difference in terms of male and female representation in the statistics. The suggestive humanization of the prison environment, combined with the innovations and societal changes of the industrial revolution, results in a drastic reduction in the total number of female prisoners represented in the prison church records at the end of the study.

This dissertation explores the mechanisms of the increasing female crime in China from the effect of the one-child policy, which is treated herein as a natural experiment. Data reveal that the women’s share of documented crime dramatically increased after the mid-1990s when the first one-child generation reached the age of legal responsibility. This change reflects the interplay of the behavioral change and the net-widening effect. The increasing criminality of the one-child generation is attributable to the gap between the equal gender expectations of the individual, which has been reshaped by the unique socialization practices under the influence of the policy, and a stubbornly unequal gender hierarchy in the society. As a result, the one-child-generation women who disproportionately suffer the resulting strains are more likely to become involved in property and occupational crime as the alternative means to fulfill their aspirations for economic success. Additionally, the effect of the policy affects not only the individual gender roles of the only children but also their peers who have siblings through the intermediary of a culture shift. Therefore, the policy has changed the behavior of a whole new generation through the process of socialization and the lag in the structural change. The net-widening effect is another pathway of the unequal gender structure and ideologies to the increasing female crime. Moral panic associated with the emergence of diverse forms of female offenses lead to an inordinate degree of adverse attention focused upon the one-child-generation women by criminal justice professionals. The increased criminalization of sexuality brought an increasing number of the one-child-generation women into conflict with the law, usually for prostituting themselves for easy money to fulfill their material satisfaction. Consequently, the one-child-generation female offenders are perceived as “doubly deviant” from the law and from the socially prescribed ideology of gender and are, therefore, punished more harshly than before by the criminal justice system. This dissertation not only explores an understudied country in criminological research but also seeks to apply the findings to a broad sphere to explain the increasing female crime that has been observed worldwide. It disentangles the theoretical controversy in explaining the increase in the share of crime committed by women in general by embedding the argument in a multidimensional gender role repertoire.

Text in Afrikaans / Vrouemisdaad is 'n komplekse sosiale verskynsel. 'n Aspek van vrouemisdaad wat in die onderhawige proef skrif ondersoek word, is om aan die hand van bestaande teoriee te probeer verklaar waarom vroue soveel minder misdaad as mans pleeg. Ten einde antwoorde op die vraag te vind, is 'n kwantitatiewe ondersoek na die gemeenskap se houding rakende die vrouemisdadiger en 'n kwalitatiewe ontleding van die beskikbare literatuur gedoen. 'n Intensiewe verkennende studie van die beskikbare literatuur het getoon dat die gemeenskap, navorsers en akademici bepaalde persepsies huldig oor die vrouemisdadiger wat nie altyd met die werklike beeld strook nie. Alhoewel die getalle van vrouemisdadigers deur die jare toegeneem het, het die tipe misdade wat vroue pleeg weinig verander en die omvang van vrouemisdaad proporsioneel tot die bevolking dieselfde gebly. Geen enkele teorie of benadering op sigself bied 'n algemene verklaring vir die verskynsel van vrouemisdaad nie; dit kan hoogstens as gedeeltelike verklaring dien. 'n Algemene verklaringsmodel vir vrouemisdaad is egter opgestel wat terselfdertyd as samevatting van die geselekteerde teoriee dien. Met behulp van die argivale metode is 'n profiel van die gekommitteerde vrouemisdadiger saamgestel om 'n basiese kennissisteem van die vrouemisdadiger daar te stel. Statisties beduidende verbande is gevind tussen die karakteristieke van die blanke gekommitteerde vrouemisdadiger se huwelikstaat, aantal kinders en bedrog. Die kwantitatiewe ondersoek bestaan uit die ontleding van 516 respondente se persepsies oor die vrouemisdadiger. Uit die resultate van verskeie statistiese tegnieke blyk dit dat die ondersoekgroep, wat blanke respondente van vier voorstede uit struktuurstreekplansel 22 van Pretoria verteenwoordig, bepaalde persepsies en opvattings aangaande die vrouemisdadiger het. Die persepsiemeting het aan die lig gebring dat daar verskille in persepsies bestaan oor die vrouemisdadiger en vrouemisdaad in die blanke gemeenskap bestaan. Hierdie persepsies stem nie ooreen met die beeld wat blyk uit die onderhawige navorsing nie. Statisties beduidende verskille in persepsies tussen manlike en vroulike respondente van die ondersoekgroep is ook gevind. Daar bestaan verder statisties beduidende verskille tussen respondente van verskillende voorstede, onderwyspeile, taalgroepe, en ouderdomsgroepe. / It can be said that female crime is a complex phenomenon. An aspect of female crime that is investigated in this thesis is to explain, with reference to existing theories, why women commit fewer crimes than men. In an attempt to answer this question, a quantitative investigation regarding the attitude of society towards the female criminal as well as a qualitative study of the available literature, was conducted. An intensive exploratory study on female crime indicated that and academics have a certain of the available the community, perception of literature researchers the female criminal which does not always correspond with the facts. Although the number of female criminals has increased through the years the extent of female crime, proportionally to the population size, has remained constant, and the type of crime committed by women has remained relatively unchanged. It seems clear that no single theory or approach can explain female crime, it can at best give a partial explanation. An integrated explanation model for female crime has been compiled which simultaneously serves as a summary of selected theories. By means of the archival research method a profile of the female prisoner was compiled, to be used as a basis for the researcher's scientific knowledge of this phenomenon. Statistically significant relations were found to exist between the characteristics of the white female prisoner's marital status, number of children and fraud. The quantitative investigation consisted of an analysis of the responses of 516 respondents on an attitude scale. The results of various statistical techniques show that the research group, which represents respondents fr6m four suburbs from structure plan cell 22 of Pretoria, reveals certain attitudes and beliefs about the female criminal. This attitude measurement indicated that differences in perceptions regarding the female in the white community do criminal and female exist. Furthermore crime these perceptions do not correlate on the female criminal in with the information gathered this research. Statistically significant differences in attitude were found between male and female respondents, respondents from the different suburbs, with different qualifications, of different language groups, and of different age groups. / Sociology / D. Lit. et Phil. (Kriminologie)