Desired base upper half mean length (UHML) of upland cotton (G. hirsutum) in the U.S. has been set a 27.0 mm and is shorter than the standard set by the international community. Upland cotton genotypes from China, South Africa, West Africa, and the U.S. were test crossed to an extra long staple upland (ELSU) and a short staple upland (SSU) and selected genotypes that included both ELSU and MSU phenotypes were crossed in a half-diallel mating scheme to estimate general combing ability (GCA) effects and specific combining ability (SCA) effects. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was established to determine the narrow sense heritability (h^2) of AFIS short fiber content by weight (SFCw) and lower half mean length (LHML) and to estimate SFCw using HVI fiber properties. Obsolete cultivars from China are not likely sources for UHML improvement, cultivars from Africa and the U.S. could harbor alleles not being used in current elite short staple cultivars or modern ELSU cultivars. Two ELSU lines used in this study derived through interspecific hybridization with G. barbadense could contain alleles for UHML improvement in modern ELSU cultivars developed without any apparent G. barbadense introgression. A third line D&PL 45-867, might contain alleles for UHML improvement in long staple upland cotton genotypes. Narrow sense heritability estimates indicated a much higher heritability of LHML than AFIS SFCw. Correlation between AFIS SFCw and LHML did not agree with previous studies when using an ELSU X MSU cross. Further study is needed to understand this complex relationship.

Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado uma mudança no estilo de vida da população em virtude das facilidades encontradas para aquisição de alimentos no mercado, o que tem provocado um menor consumo de alimentos naturais e consequentemente diminuindo o consumo de alimentos com fonte de fibra alimentar. O objetivo desse projeto foi desenvolver um produto cárneo reestruturado empanado de frango adicionado de oat fiber, avaliando as características tecnológicas da fibra insolúvel, elaborar formulações com diferentes concentrações de oat fiber, determinar a composição proximal, cor, força de cisalhamento, microscopia óptica e analise sensorial das diferentes formulações. A caracterização do oat fiber demonstrou que a distribuição granulométrica correspondeu entre 38 e 75µm. A capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) do oat fiber resultou em 3,16g de água por grama de amostra e a capacidade de retenção de óleo (CRO) correspondeu 2,90 g de óleo por grama de amostra. O resultado da composição proximal da oat fiber foi de 9,88% de umidade, 3,39% de matéria mineral, 0,60% de lipídios, 3,06% de proteínas e 83,12% de fibra alimentar. Para a composição proximal dos empanados de frango elaborados com diferentes concentrações de oat fiber (3%, 4,5% e 6%) observou-se que o aumento da adição de fibra provocou uma diminuição nos teores de proteína e umidade, sendo que ocorreu o inverso para os teores de lipídios e matéria mineral, havendo diferença significativa (p<0,05) nas análises de umidade, matéria mineral e proteínas. O conteúdo de fibra alimentar no empanado de frango acompanhou o percentual de oat fiber adicionado nas formulações de 3% e 4,5%, porém a formulação de 6% não correspondeu à porcentagem adicionada, mas manteve-se com o maior índice de fibra alimentar. Todas as formulações poderiam receber na rotulagem o atributo fonte de fibras, segundo a legislação brasileira. Na análise de cor houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as amostras analisadas para os parâmetros de L* e b*, entretanto não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) para o parâmetro a*. Na análise de força de cisalhamento não houve diferença significativa entre as amostras (p>0,05). Na microscopia óptica, pode verificar que houve uma tendência da gordura se ligar com a fibra vegetal. A análise sensorial demonstrou que as três formulações são iguais entre si, sendo que não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p>0,05) para os atributos de cor, sabor e textura, no entanto, atributo suculência houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as amostras. Todas as formulações apresentaram índices de interesse de compra. Esse trabalho demonstrou ser possível elaborar formulações de produtos reestruturados com bom comportamento diante da adição de fibra insolúvel, com boa aceitação sensorial e oferecendo para os consumidores um produto com fonte alternativa de fibras. / In recent years there has been a change in the life style of the population because of the facilities found to purchase food in the market, which has led to lower consumption of natural foods and consequently decreasing the consumption of foods with a source of dietary fiber. The project goal was to developed a restructured meat product breaded chicken add oat fiber, assessing the technological characteristics of insoluble fiber, develop formulations with different concentrations of oat fiber, determine the proximate composition, color, shear force, optical microscopy and sensory analysis of different formulations. The characterization of oat fiber showed that the particle size distribution corresponded between 38 and 75µm . The water holding capacity (WHC) of oat fiber resulted in 3.16 g of water per gram of sample and oil retention capacity (ORC) corresponded to 2.90 g oil per gram of sample. The result of the proximate composition of oat fiber was 9.88 % moisture, 3.39 % of ash, 0.60 % fat, 3.06 % protein and 83.12 % dietary fiber. For Proximal composition of breaded chicken made with different concentrations of oat fiber (3% , 4.5% and 6%) it was observed that increasing the addition of fiber resulted in a decrease in the protein and moisture , and was the inverse to the levels of lipids and mineral matter, significant difference (p<0.05) in the analysis of moisture, ash and protein . The content of dietary fiber in chicken fingers accompanied the percentage of added oat fiber in the formulation of 3 % and 4.5 %, but the formulation of 6 % did not match the percentage added, but remained with the highest fiber intake. All formulations could receive in labeling the attribute source of fiber, according to Brazilian law. In the analysis of color was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the samples analyzed for parameters L * and b *, however there was no significant difference (p>0.05) for the parameter a *. In the analysis of shear force no significant difference between samples (p>0.05). In optical microscopy, can verify that there was tendency of fat to bind with fiber Sensory analysis showed that the three formulations are equal, and there was no significant difference (p>0.05) for the attributes of color, taste and texture, however, juiciness attribute significant difference (p<0 05) between the samples. All formulations showed rates of buying interest. This work has proved possible to develop product formulations restructured with good behavior before the addition of insoluble fiber, with good acceptability to consumers and offering a product with an alternative source of fiber.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-12T14:23:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Caroline Alves Pereira.pdf: 600271 bytes, checksum: 8a9e9348fcbecb54d936533d542b8419 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T14:23:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Caroline Alves Pereira.pdf: 600271 bytes, checksum: 8a9e9348fcbecb54d936533d542b8419 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Bean-pod is a horticultural crop widely appreciated in Brazilian cuisine, due to its chemical and organoleptic composition, high protein content and easy digestibility. Due to these characteristics, it is a food with high market potential, but because it is a relatively new agricultural crop that requires intensive activity for its cultivation, it is still little explored commercially. For the cultivation of the bean pod to gain representativeness it is necessary to genetically improve some characteristics, such as productivity, improvement in pod quality and resistance to pests and diseases. Among the characteristics that most influence the quality of the pod, we can mention the decrease in fiber content, which is directly related to changes in the physicochemical composition of the product, which promotes better palatability and ease of digestion. The consumption of food that consists of fiber is essential to maintain health. Due to this, differences in dietary fiber composition have been observed in bean germplasm banks when grown at different locations, years and sowing times. Based on what has already been discussed, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production components and to establish selection strategies for fiber content in bean-pod genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife Campus, from December 2015 to March 2016. The treatments were composed of 18 genotypes, consisting of sixteen accessions from the germplasm bank of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) and by two commercial varieties. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with three replications. Crops were harvested throughout the pod production period, according to the harvest point of each genotype. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of days for flowering (NDPF), average number of pods per plant (NMVP), average pod length (CMV), average pod weight per plant (PMV), average pod yield (PRODMV) and fiber content in pods (TFV). The analysis of variance and the grouping of means by Scott-Knott's test at 5% of probability were performed by the software program Genes. To evaluate the production components and selection strategies for fiber content in bean genotypes. The lines UENF 7-5-1, UENF 7-4-1, 7-6-1 and Hortivale presented low fiber contents and better yields. The most appropriate strategy aiming at low fiber content is to select the genotypes that are in the range of the mean up to ± 2σ. / O feijão-vagem é uma cultura hortícola muito apreciada na culinária brasileira, devido a sua composição química e organoléptica, possuindo alto teor de proteínas e fácil digestibilidade. Em função dessas características é um alimento com alto potencial de mercado, porém por ser uma cultura agrícola relativamente nova e que exige uma atividade intensiva para o seu cultivo ainda é pouco explorada comercialmente. Para que o cultivo do feijão-vagem ganhe representatividade é necessário melhorar geneticamente algumas características, como produtividade, melhoria na qualidade das vagens e resistência a pragas e doenças. Dentre as características que mais influenciam á qualidade da vagem, pode-se citar a diminuição do teor de fibras, que está diretamente ligado a mudanças na composição físico-química do produto, o que promove uma melhor palatabilidade e facilidade na digestão. O consumo de alimentos que em sua composição seja constituído por fibra é essencial para manter a saúde. Devido a isto, diferenças na composição de fibra alimentar têm sido observadas em bancos de germoplasma de feijão quando cultivados em diferentes locais, anos e épocas de semeadura. Em função do que já foi abordado, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os componentes de produção e estabelecer estratégias de seleção para teor de fibra em genótipos de feijão-vagem. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Campus Recife, no período de dezembro de 2015 a março de 2016. Os tratamentos foram compostos por 18 genótipos, constituído por dezesseis acessos oriundos do banco de germoplasma de feijão-vagem da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF) e por duas variedades comerciais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As colheitas foram efetuadas durante todo o período de produção de vagens, de acordo com o ponto de colheita de cada genótipo. No qual foram avaliadas as seguintes características: número de dias para a floração (NDPF), número médio de vagens por planta (NMVP), comprimento médio da vagem (CMV), peso médio de vagens por planta (PMV), produtividade média de vagens (PRODMV) e teor de fibras nas vagens (TFV). Foi realizada as análises de variância e o agrupamento das médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade, pelo programa de software Genes. Para avaliar os componentes de produção e estratégias de seleção para teor de fibra em genótipos de feijão-vagem. As linhagens UENF 7-5-1, UENF 7-4-1, 7-6-1 e Hortivale apresentaram baixos teores de fibras e melhores produtividades. A estratégia mais apropriada visando baixo teor de fibra é selecionando os genótipos que se encontram no intervalo entre a média até ±2σ.

High-strength steel (HSS) conforming to ASTM A1035 is becoming increasingly used in various structural applications, including in high-rise buildings and bridges. Due to their chemistry and manufacturing process, ASTM A1035 steel bars result in a combination of high tensile strength to yield ratio and varying levels of corrosion resistance. One potential application of ASTM A1035 bars is in the blast-resistant design of concrete structures, where their use can allow for reduced steel congestion, and increased blast resistance. Despite their high initial cost, stainless steel (SS) reinforcing bars are also seeing increased use in concrete construction. Solid stainless steel bars are referenced in ASTM A955, which is applicable to various stainless steel alloys. In addition to their inherent corrosion resistance, most stainless steel bars possess greater tensile strength, and importantly, exceptional ductility, when compared to ordinary steel reinforcement. This unique combination of strength and ductility makes SS bars well-suited for blast design applications. The overarching aim of this thesis is to gain better understanding of the blast behavior of RC flexural members designed with high-strength (HSS) and stainless steel (SS) reinforcement. This objective is achieved through a combined experimental and numerical research program. As part of the experimental research, a large set of beams, subdivided into three series, are tested under either quasi-static bending or simulated blast loads using the University of Ottawa shock-tube. Series 1 (HSC-HSS) and Series 2 (HSC-SS) aim at examining the effects of blast detailing (as recommended in modern blast codes,) on the quasi-static, blast and post-blast behaviour of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams reinforced with either ASTM A1035 high-strength bars (8 beams) or ASTM A955 stainless steel bars (16 beams). In addition to the influence of detailing, the effects of steel grade/type, steel ratio and steel fibers are also studied. Series 3 further studies the benefits of combining higher grade or higher ductility reinforcement, with more advanced ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). This series includes 20 UHPC beams built with either ordinary, HSS or SS reinforcing bars (UHPC-NSS, UHPC-HSS and UHPC-SS). In addition to the effect of steel grade/type, concrete type, steel ratio and steel detailing are also studied. The results from Series 1 and 2 demonstrate the benefits of implementing high-strength and stainless steel reinforcement in HSC beams subjected to blast loads, where their use leads to increased blast capacity, reduced support rotations, and higher damage tolerance. The results further demonstrate the benefits of “blast detailing” on the ductility and resilience of such beams, under both static and blast loads. The results also show that the use of steel fibers can be used to relax blast detailing in the beams with high-strength or stainless steel by increasing the required tie spacing from d/4 to d/2. The results from Series 3 confirm that the use of UHPC in beams enhances flexural response (in terms of strength and stiffness), which in turn results in superior blast resistance. Conversely, the high bond capacity of UHPC makes such beams more vulnerable to bar fracture. Increasing the steel ratio is found to effectively increase the failure displacement and ductility of the UHPC beams. The use of high-strength steel is found to increase load capacity and blast resistance, while the use of stainless steel results in remarkable ductility, which further enhances beam response under blast loading. As part of the numerical research program, the static and blast responses of the test beams are simulated using either 2D or 3D finite element (FE) modelling, using software VecTor2 and LS-DYNA. The numerical results show that the 2D FE modelling using software VecTor2 can provide reliable predictions of the static and blast responses of the HSS or SS reinforced HSC beams built with varying detailing, in terms of load-deflection response, cracking patterns, failure mode, displacement time histories and dynamic reactions. Likewise, the 3D FE modelling using software LS-DYNA with appropriate modelling of UHPC (using the Winfrith Concrete or CSCM models) can well predict the blast responses of UHPC beams with ordinary, high-strength and stainless steel, in terms of displacement/load-time histories, damage and failure modes.

Cottonseed hulls (CSH), chopped orchardgrass (OG) or alfalfa (ALF) hays were added to corn silage-based rations to determine effects on dry matter intake (DMI), nitrogen balance (NB), rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), and rumen fluid (RFD) and solids (RSD) dilution rates. DMI was highest for added fiber rations and higher for CSH than hay rations. Digestibility of DM was depressed for added fiber rations with lowest for CSH. Most favorable NB was for CSH rations. Rumen VFA were not altered by fiber additions. Highest RFD was for 0% rations and lowest for 9% rations, however CSH had greatest positive influence on RFD. RSD trend was similar to that for RFD. In Experiment II, 4 corn silage-based rations containing 9% OG, ALF, or CSH plus a Control (9% OG) were compared for effect on DMI, rumen VFA, chewing time (CT), RSD, and RFD. Ration density decreased with OG and ALF whereas CSH had no effect compared to Control. DMI was higher for CSH compared to OG and ALF. Total CT (min/d) and Roughage Value Index (CT/kg DMI) were reduced for ALF compared to OG. Total VFA were lower for added fiber rations compared to Control. Acetate:propionate (APR) and non-glucogenic (NGR) ratio were not affected by fiber additions. RFD was reduced for ALF compared to OG whereas CSH was higher than OG and ALF. Reduced RFD was associated with reduced total CT for ALF. RSD was not affected by fiber additions. Chopped OG was supplemented at 0, 9, or 18% of ration DM in a finely chopped corn silage-based ration. Analysis of covariance was performed using 18 lactating Holsteins. Ration density decreased with each increment of OG. DMI was highest for 18% OG ration. Cows on 0% showed decreased DMI whereas cows on 9 and 18% rations increased DMI from covariate period. Rumen acetate, APR and NGR increased while propionate and total VFA decreased with increasing OG. RFD and RSD increased with increasing OG supplementation. Response to 9 and 18% supplementation of OG, ALF, or CSH to corn silage-based rations appears to follow similar pattern as when all-forage rations were compared to all-concentrate rations for lactating dairy cows. A more quantitative evaluation of physical form is needed for dairy rations and feedstuffs leading to an acceptable routine evaluation procedure. / Ph. D.

Cancer is a global risk for human wellness and health. Dietary habits could profoundly affect the risk of certain cancer, such as colorectal cancer (CRC) (Platz, 2000). CRC has listed the third leading cancer among male and female in the United States (Stewart, 2014). Surprisingly, the consumption of dietary fiber has an inverse correlation with the mortality of CRC (Song, 2018). However, most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber to meet the recommended level of dietary fiber intake (Clemens, 2012; Lee-Kwan, 2017). Hence, it is reasonable to increase the nutrient density, i.e., dietary fiber, of current food model. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), an emerging prebiotics, showed multiple advantages over fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. For example, Hsu et al. (2004) reported XOS are more effective than FOS on increasing Bifidobacterium level in rat cecum (Hsu, 2004). It is also suggested that dietary fiber and phenolic compounds have synergistic effect on promoting gut health (Uehara, 2001; Matsukawa, 2009). Therefore, the application of XOS into a polyphenol-dense food vehicle (strawberry puree) could be a viable way to promote gastrointestinal health and help reduce CRC risk. First, the effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) incorporation on the quality attributes of strawberry puree was investigated. Rheological properties, color and physicochemical characteristics and composition such as water activity, pH, and total soluble solids, were investigated to determine the maximum XOS content that can be incorporated into the strawberry pure without significantly altering the original properties of samples. Based on the collected data, adding xylo-oligosaccharides greater than 7.5% w/w will significantly change the quality attributes of the strawberry puree including its rheological characteristics, color profile, water activity, and total soluble solids. The addition of XOS at 2.5% and 5% w/w did not significantly alter overall quality attributes of strawberry puree. Second, the effects of heat treatment (HTST, 75℃, 15s and UHT, 121℃, 2s) and storage condition (storage time: 1, 15, and 36 days; storage temperature: 4℃ and 55℃) on the quality attributes of xylo-oligosaccharides enhanced strawberry puree was studied (texture, color water activity, total soluble solids, and pH). In addition, the physicochemical (total phenolic, tannin, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activity) evolution was studied. A 9-point Hedonic test was conducted to evaluate the sensory properties (overall, texture, color, appearance, sweetness, aroma, flavor) of purees (with and without XOS, 5%w/w) under different thermal treatments. Briefly, all nutritional attributes were retained better under cold storage (4 ℃) as compared to high-temperature storage (55 ℃). The result revealed that thermal treatment and high storage temperature showed an inverse correlation with puree consistency. As for chemical analysis, intense thermal treatment (UHT) caused the most degradation in TPC, TFC and tannin level. However, such treatments (UHT) helped significantly increase the measurable antioxidant level. For other physicochemical properties, processing methods (HTST / UHT) and high storage temperature exhibited more significance in changing the color profiles of the specimen than XOS incorporation. Overall, the addition of XOS up to 5% w/w could increase nutritional value of strawberry puree as well as consumer preference without significantly compromising quality attributes. Based on instrumental and sensory analysis, HTST treated strawberry puree with XOS incorporation (5% w/w) meet the standard of sensorial attributes of fresh puree with improved shelf-life stability and fiber concentration.

Thesis (MScAgric) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Low quality roughage is often used in the Western Cape as the only source of roughage for the young growing ruminant. Production levels of these animals is unsatisfactory and therefore supplementation is required. It is necessary when small grains are fed to also include protein sources in the diets. For high production, these protein sources must also be protected against rumen degradation. Good results are reported with the treatment of sunflower oilcakemeal (SFOCM) with formaldehyde (0.86 g formaldehyde per 100 g protein). Protecting methionine with 2-methyl maleic anhydride results in an increase in wool production. This study looked at the effect on dry matter intake (DM-intake), wool production and live weight change with supplementing a low quality diet with urea, SFOCM and formaldehyde protected SFOCM (FSFOCM). These diets where also supplemented with no methionine, methionine and 2-methyl maleyl methionine (MMM). The DM-intake of total diet are increased (P<0.05) with the supplementing of oats straw and barley (1.1% of live weight) diet with SFOCM and FSFOCM (949 & 935 vs 848 gis/d). Supplementing MMM decreased (P<0.05) the DM-intake with 9 %. Supplementing FSFOCM increased (P<0.05) live weight change from 19 to 44 gis/d. Wool production are increased (P<0.05) with 38 % with supplementation of MMM. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) of the urea diet are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing methionine when compared with no methionine supplementation (67.28 vs. 71.23 %). The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) of the SFOCM diet (63.71 and 64.96 vs. 70.15 %) and FSFOCM diet (66.39 and 66.26 vs. 70.89 %) are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The apparent digestibility of fat of the SFOCM diet (61.01 and 65.65 vs. 48.33 %) and FSFOCM diet (60.93 and 63.83 vs. 38.14 %) are decreased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The apparent nitrogen balance of the SFOCM diet (-0.15 and 5.41 vs. 4.62 gis/d) and FSFOCM diet (2.93 and 5.60 vs. 6.02 gis/d) are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The DM- and CP-degradability of barley and DM-degradability of oats straw did not differ (P<0.05) between different protein treatments. The higher production with the supplementation of amino acids and proteins can be associated with more amino acids available in the lower digestibility tract and not as a result of better rumen function. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die benutting van strooi as 'n laegraadse ruvoer deur die jong groeiende herkouer is 'n algemene praktyk wat in die Weskaap toegepas word. Produksie is egter laag en aanvulling van beperkende voedingstowwe is dus noodsaaklik. Saam met kleingrane word proteïenbronne meestal as aanvulling gebruik. Vir hoë produksie is dit dikwels nodig om proteïen aan te vul wat teen ruminale afbraak beskerm word. Die formaldehiedbehandeling (0.86 g formaldehied per 100 g proteïen) van sonneblomoliekoekmeel (SBOKM) is alreeds baie suksesvol toegepas vir die beskerming van proteïen teen ruminale afbraak. Deur metionien met dimetielmaleïelsuuranhidried te beskerm, is wolproduksie verhoog. Die studie het die effek van aanvulling van ureum, SBOKM en formaldehiedbehandelde SBOKM (FSBOKM) saam met geen metionien, metionien en 2,3 - dimetielmaleïelmetionien (MMM) op droëmateriaal (DM) -inname, wolproduksie en liggaamsmassaverandering ondersoek. Die DM-inname van jong Merinohamels op 'n hawerstrooi en gars (1.1% van liggaamsmassa) dieet is verhoog (P<0.05) deur die aanvulling van SBOKM en FSBOKM (949 & 935 vs 848 g/s/d). Die DM-inname is egter met 9 % verlaag (P<0.05) deur aanvulling van MMM. Die aanvulling van FSBOKM het die liggaamsmassatoename verhoog (P<0.05) van 19 na 44 gIs/d. Wolproduksie is met 38% (P<0.05) deur MMM-aanvulling verhoog. Die skynbare verteerbaarheid van ruproteïen (RP) by die ureumbehandeling is verhoog (P<0.05) met metionienaanvulling teenoor geen metionienaanvulling (67.28 vs. 71.23%). By SBOKM (63.71 en 64.96 vs. 70.15%) en FSBOKM-behandelings (66.39 en 66.26 vs. 70.89%) is skynbare verteerbaarheid van RP verhoog (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen-metionienaanvulling. By SBOKM (61.01 en 65.65 vs. 48.33%) en FSBOKM-behandelings (60.93 en 63.83 vs. 38.14%) is skynbare verteerbaarheid van vet verlaag (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen metionienaanvulling. By SBOKM (-0.15 en 5.41 vs. 4.62 gIs/d) en FSBOKM-bahandelings (2.93 en 5.60 vs. 6.02 gIs/d) is skynbare N-balans verlaag (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen-metionienaanvulling. Die effektiewe verteerbaarheid van DM en RP van gars en effektiewe verteerbaarheid van DM van strooi is nie beïnvloed (P>0.05) deur die aanvulling van proteïen nie. Die verhoogde produksie kan dus geassosieer word met 'n verhoogde voorsienning van aminosure in die SVK deur aanvulling en nie weens verbetering in die rumenfunksie nie.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Kikuyu over-sown with ryegrass forms the basis of pasture based systems in the Southern Cape. During early spring, energy is the first limiting nutrient in kikuyu/ryegrass pasture, supplementation is thus essential. Supplementation consists mainly of high starch concentrates (high maize inclusion), which is expensive and could negatively affect rumen parameters. The objective of this study was to determine if milk production could be improved or maintained, and if the rumen environment would be improved, by replacing high starch concentrates with low starch (high by-product) concentrates for dairy cows on kikuyu/ryegrass pasture. Forty-five multiparous, high producing, lactating Jersey cows [body weight, 340 ± 34.7 kg; milk yield (MY), 19.6 ± 2.23kg/d; days in milk (DIM), 153 ± 33.5; lactation number, 3.6 ± 1.85; (mean ± SD)] were used in the production study. A randomised block design was used. The forty-five cows were allocated to fifteen groups of three each (blocking) on the basis of MY, DIM, and lactation number. Cows from each group were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups (high starch, medium starch and low starch concentrate supplementation). Cows were fed 6kg (3kg during each milking) concentrate per day and were allocated fresh pasture ad lib after each milking. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) found in milk yield and fat corrected milk yield between treatment groups. Milk fat percentage was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the low starch treatment than in the high starch treatment. Milk fat yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the low starch and the medium starch treatment when compared to the high starch treatment. Milk protein and lactose percentages, as well as milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count, did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between treatments. Live weight change, as well as body condition score change, was unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatments indicating body reserves were not used to maintain milk production in the low starch treatment. A rumen metabolism study was also done with ten lactating, cannulated Jersey cows [body weight, 332 ± 56.3 kg; MY, 17.3 ± 1.73kg/d (mean ± SD)] were used. The cows were divided into two groups of five each, on the basis of lactation number, DIM, and MY. The five cows from each group were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups (high starch and low starch concentrate supplementation) and used in a cross-over design. Cows were fed 6kg concentrate per day and were allocated fresh pasture ad lib after each milking. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the high starch treatment when compared to the low starch treatment. The individual VFA’s, acetic-, propionic- and butyric acid concentrations were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the high starch treatments when compared to the low starch treatment. The acetic to propionic acid ratio was unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Rumen ammonia-nitrogen concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the high starch treatment. Rumen pH was unaffected (P > 0.05) by supplementation type. The in sacco dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities of the kikuyu/ryegrass pasture were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment type. Results indicated that milk production could be maintained with low starch concentrates which also improved milk composition. Results further suggested that the rumen environment was relatively unaffected by low starch concentrate supplementation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kikoejoe, oorgesaai met raaigras, vorm die basis van weidingstelsels in the Suid-Kaap. Tydens die lentemaande is energie die eerste beperkende voedingstof op kikoejoe/raaigras weidings, wat kragvoeraanvulling noodsaaklik maak. Aanvulling bestaan grootliks uit hoëstysel-kragvoer (hoë mielieinhoud) wat nie net duur is nie, maar dit kan ook die rumenomgewing benadeel. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel of melkproduksievlakke onderhou kan word en of rumenomgewing verbeter kan word deur die vervanging van hoëstysel-kragvoer met laestysel-kragvoer (hoë neweprodukinhoud) vir melkkoeie op kikoejoe/raaigras weidingstelsels. Vyf-en-veertig meervoudige pariteit-, hoë produserende, lakterende Jerseykoeie [liggaamsmassa, 340 ± 34.7 kg; melkproduksie, 19.6 ± 2.23kg/d; dae in melk, 153 ± 33.5; laktasienommer, 3.6 ± 1.85; (gem ± standaardafwyking)] is gebruik vir die produksiestudie van die proef. Daar is gebruik gemaak van ‘n ewekansige blokontwerp. Die vyf-en-veertig koeie is opgedeel in vyftien groepe van drie elk, gebaseer op melkproduksie, dae in melk en laktasienommer. Koeie in elke groep is ewekansig aan een van drie behandelings (hoëstysel-, mediumstysel- of laestysel-kragvoeraanvulling) geallokeer. Koeie is daagliks 6kg (3kg tydens twee milkings) kragvoer gevoer en vars weiding was ad lib beskikbaar na elke melking. Daar was geen beduidende verskil (P > 0.05) in melkopbrengs of vet-gekorrigeerde melkopbrengs tussen die drie behandelings nie. Bottervetpersentasie was beduidend hoër (P < 0.05) in die laestyselbehandeling in vergelyking met die hoëstyselbehandeling. Bottervetopbrengs was beduidend hoër (P < 0.05) in beide die laestysel- en mediumstyselbehandelings in vergelyking met die hoëstyselbehandeling. Melkproteïen- en melklaktosepersentasies, asook melkureumstikstof en somatise seltelling, was onveranderd (P > 0.05) tussen behandelinge. Liggaamsmassa en liggaamskondisietelling het geen verskille (P > 0.05) getoon tussen behandelings nie, wat daarop dui dat liggaamsreserwes nie gebruik is om melkproduksie in die laestyselbehandeling te onderhou nie. ‘n Rumenmetabolismestudie is ook uitgevoer met tien lakterende, gekannuleerde Jerseykoeie [liggaamsmassa, 332 ± 56.3 kg; melkproduksie, 17.3 ± 1.73kg/d (gem ± standard afwyking)]. Die koeie is in twee groepe van vyf elk verdeel, gebasseer op laktasienommer, dae in melk en melkproduksie. Die vyf koeie van elke groep is in ‘n omslagontwerp gebruik en is ewekansig aan een van twee behandelings (hoëstysel- of laestysel-kragvoeraanvulling) geallokeer. Koeie het daagliks 6kg kragvoer ontvang en vars weiding was ad lib beskikbaar na elke melking. Die vlugtige vetsuurkonsentrasie was beduidend hoër (P < 0.05) in die hoëstyselbehandeling as in die laestyselbehandeling. Die individuele vlugtige vetsure naamlik asynsuur, propionsuur en bottersuur, was ook beduidend hoër (P < 0.05) in die hoëstyselbehandeling as in die laestyselbehandeling. Die asynsuur- tot propionsuurverhoudings het geen verskille (P > 0.05) tussen behandelings getoon nie. Rumen-ammoniakstikstof was beduidend hoër (P < 0.05) in die hoëstyselbehandeling as in die laestyselbehandeling. Rumen-pH het geen verskille (P > 0.05) getoon tussen behandelings nie. Die in sacco droëmateriaal- en neutraalbestande veselverteerbaarhede van kikoejoe/raaigras weiding het geen verskille (P > 0.05) tussen behandelings getoon nie. Die resultate het aangedui dat melkproduksie onderhou kan word en dat melksamestelling verbeter kan word met laestysel-kragvoeraanvulling. Resultate het ook daarop gedui dat die rumenomgewing nie noodwendig verbeter word deur die aanvulling van laestysel-kragvoer vir koeie op kikoejoe/raaigras weidings nie.

O consumo de produtos derivados de soja tem aumentado no Brasil levando à busca por melhoria em características sensoriais e diversidade de produtos. A soja é considerada um alimento funcional, pois contém isoflavonas, composto que auxilia na diminuição do risco de algumas doenças, principalmente ligadas ao câncer e doenças cardiovasculares, responsáveis pela maioria de mortes no mundo. A população tem pouca aceitação a produtos considerados funcionais, principalmente quando sensorialmente não é agradável. Com isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um drageado de soja com cobertura crocante e salgada. Nos testes preliminares, definiu-se três formulações, formulação 1, com adição de 5 % de farinha de aveia, formulação 2 com 15 % de farinha de aveia e formulação 3 com 25 % de farinha de aveia. Os drageados foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, análises microbiológicas, aceitação sensorial e de textura. Nas três formulações, não houve diferença significativa na composição proximal, indicando valores menores para lipídios, quando comparado a produtos comerciais. Para fibras alimentares, o produto desenvolvido obteve valores altos quando comparado a produtos à base de soja e principalmente a soja em grãos, com destaque para as formulações 2 e 3. O resultado para fibras alimentares apresentou valores acima do esperado, onde na legislação brasileira o produto para ser considerado com alto teor de fibras e alegação funcional necessita conter no mínimo 6 %, onde na formulação 3 obteve o valor de 14,5 %, sendo o teor de fibras insolúveis mais expressivo. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas comprovaram que o produto desenvolvido se enquadra na legislação brasileira, sendo assim não oferece risco à saúde do consumidor. As análises sensoriais dos drageados indicaram que o produto teve boa aceitação em cor e textura, obtendo notas de “gostei muito” a “moderadamente” e para sabor e aceitação global de “gostei” a “gostei moderadamente”. No índice de aceitabilidade, indicaram média acima de 70 %, principalmente na formulação 2, onde obteve o maior índice na média, 74,5 %. A análise de textura instrumental dos drageados não apresentou diferença entre as formulações avaliadas e pelos valores obtidos o produto desenvolvido apresentou menor dureza quando comparado ao produto comercial, o amendoim do tipo japonês. / O Consumption of soy products has increased in Brazil, leading to improvements in sensorial characteristics and product diversity. Soy is a food for animals, a product for human consumption, a product for health and a health system. The population has little acceptance of functional products, especially when sensory is not pleasant. With this, the objective of the work was elaborated based on coverage with food and salt coverage. In the preliminary tests, three formulations, formulation 1, with addition of 5% oat flour, formulation 2 with 15% oat flour and formulation 3 with 25% oat flour were defined. The dragees were on proximal composition, microbiological analyzes, sensory and texture acceptance. In the three formulations, there was no significant difference in the proximal composition, indicating lower lipid values when compared to commercial products. For the dietary fiber, the developed product obtained high values when compared to products based on soybeans and mainly soybeans in grains, with emphasis on formulations 2 and 3. The result for the dietary fibers had values higher than expected, where in Brazilian legislation Product to be assisted with high fiber content and functional claim needs to contain at least 6%, where formulation 3 obtained the value of 14.5%, and the content of insoluble fibers more expressive. The results of the microbiological analyzes proved that the product was developed and framed in the Brazilian legislation. As sensory analysis of the dragees indicate that the product had good acceptance in color and texture, obtaining notes of "I liked" a "moderately" and for overall taste and acceptance of "liked" a "moderately liked". In the index of acceptability, they indicated a mean above 70%, mainly in formulation 2, where it obtained the highest index in the average, 74.5%. The instrumental texture analysis of the dragees showed no differences between the formulations evaluated and the values obtained in the product developed during the comparison period when the product is marketed or japanese type peanuts.

O consumo de produtos derivados de soja tem aumentado no Brasil levando à busca por melhoria em características sensoriais e diversidade de produtos. A soja é considerada um alimento funcional, pois contém isoflavonas, composto que auxilia na diminuição do risco de algumas doenças, principalmente ligadas ao câncer e doenças cardiovasculares, responsáveis pela maioria de mortes no mundo. A população tem pouca aceitação a produtos considerados funcionais, principalmente quando sensorialmente não é agradável. Com isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um drageado de soja com cobertura crocante e salgada. Nos testes preliminares, definiu-se três formulações, formulação 1, com adição de 5 % de farinha de aveia, formulação 2 com 15 % de farinha de aveia e formulação 3 com 25 % de farinha de aveia. Os drageados foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, análises microbiológicas, aceitação sensorial e de textura. Nas três formulações, não houve diferença significativa na composição proximal, indicando valores menores para lipídios, quando comparado a produtos comerciais. Para fibras alimentares, o produto desenvolvido obteve valores altos quando comparado a produtos à base de soja e principalmente a soja em grãos, com destaque para as formulações 2 e 3. O resultado para fibras alimentares apresentou valores acima do esperado, onde na legislação brasileira o produto para ser considerado com alto teor de fibras e alegação funcional necessita conter no mínimo 6 %, onde na formulação 3 obteve o valor de 14,5 %, sendo o teor de fibras insolúveis mais expressivo. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas comprovaram que o produto desenvolvido se enquadra na legislação brasileira, sendo assim não oferece risco à saúde do consumidor. As análises sensoriais dos drageados indicaram que o produto teve boa aceitação em cor e textura, obtendo notas de “gostei muito” a “moderadamente” e para sabor e aceitação global de “gostei” a “gostei moderadamente”. No índice de aceitabilidade, indicaram média acima de 70 %, principalmente na formulação 2, onde obteve o maior índice na média, 74,5 %. A análise de textura instrumental dos drageados não apresentou diferença entre as formulações avaliadas e pelos valores obtidos o produto desenvolvido apresentou menor dureza quando comparado ao produto comercial, o amendoim do tipo japonês. / O Consumption of soy products has increased in Brazil, leading to improvements in sensorial characteristics and product diversity. Soy is a food for animals, a product for human consumption, a product for health and a health system. The population has little acceptance of functional products, especially when sensory is not pleasant. With this, the objective of the work was elaborated based on coverage with food and salt coverage. In the preliminary tests, three formulations, formulation 1, with addition of 5% oat flour, formulation 2 with 15% oat flour and formulation 3 with 25% oat flour were defined. The dragees were on proximal composition, microbiological analyzes, sensory and texture acceptance. In the three formulations, there was no significant difference in the proximal composition, indicating lower lipid values when compared to commercial products. For the dietary fiber, the developed product obtained high values when compared to products based on soybeans and mainly soybeans in grains, with emphasis on formulations 2 and 3. The result for the dietary fibers had values higher than expected, where in Brazilian legislation Product to be assisted with high fiber content and functional claim needs to contain at least 6%, where formulation 3 obtained the value of 14.5%, and the content of insoluble fibers more expressive. The results of the microbiological analyzes proved that the product was developed and framed in the Brazilian legislation. As sensory analysis of the dragees indicate that the product had good acceptance in color and texture, obtaining notes of "I liked" a "moderately" and for overall taste and acceptance of "liked" a "moderately liked". In the index of acceptability, they indicated a mean above 70%, mainly in formulation 2, where it obtained the highest index in the average, 74.5%. The instrumental texture analysis of the dragees showed no differences between the formulations evaluated and the values obtained in the product developed during the comparison period when the product is marketed or japanese type peanuts.