Ce travail de thèse porte sur les mécanismes d’amorçage en détonation par choc des explosifs solides de type coulé-fondu. Les explosifs solides sont des matériaux hétérogènes constitués de grains de matière énergétique dans un liant pouvant être lui-même énergétique. Si l’existence des points chauds, sites préférentiels d’initiation des réactions chimiques à l’échelle locale, est largement reconnue, la topologie de la croissance des réactions, et l’influence de la microstructure sur cette dernière n’est que peu étudiée dans les explosifs coulés-fondus. Deux familles d’explosifs ont été retenues pour cette étude : les hexolites, mélanges de grains d’hexogène (RDX) et d’un liant trinitrotoluène (TNT) et les ontalites, composées d’oxynitrotriazole (ONTA) et de TNT. Les recherches se sont orientées autour du triptyque : caractérisation – expérimentations – modélisation.Un important travail de compilation et de ré-exploitation de données issues de la littérature, associé à une modélisation des équations d’état des explosifs purs, ont permis de définir des lois permettant de calculer le comportement de ces derniers sous choc. Ces lois ont ensuite été validées par une méthode de mélange sur différentes compositions coulées-fondues et composites. Parallèlement, la microstructure des compositions d’étude a également été caractérisée via des mesures de granulométrie et de microtomographie, inédites sur ce type d’explosif.Des expérimentations d’impact plan soutenu ont été réalisées afin d’établir les diagrammes de marche des ondes de choc réactives, permettant de relier la profondeur de transition à la détonation à la pression de sollicitation. Elles ont permis de mettre en lumière l’influence de la microstructure sur la sensibilité au choc de deux hexolites et d’acquérir des données sur deux ontalites. L’utilisation de deux métrologies innovantes, la radio-interférométrie à 94 GHz et les fibres optiques à réseau de Bragg, a permis de mesurer la transition choc – détonation (TCD) de façon continue avec une résolution inédite. Enfin des essais d’impact plan non soutenu ont été réalisés à des fins de validation.Un modèle de TCD est proposé. Ce dernier, basé sur une approche de germination-croissance des fronts de déflagration à l’échelle locale, permet de prendre en compte la microstructure des explosifs. Ces travaux semblent mettre en évidence l’influence de la fracturation des grains d’explosif sous choc, qu’il conviendra d’étudier dans le futur. Enfin, une étape de terminaison des réactions lors de la TCD, associée à des calculs thermocinétiques détaillés, a été étudiée. / This study deals with the detonation initiation by shock of condensed melt-cast high explosives. Solid explosives are heterogeneous materials, made of energetic material grains in a binder, which can be energetic itself. If the existence of hot-spots, preferred initiation sites for chemical reaction at the local scale, is widely recognized, the reaction growth topology, and the microstructure influence, are poorly known for melt-cast explosives. We study here two melt-cast explosive families: hexolites, a mix of hexogen (RDX) grains and trinitrotoluene (TNT) binder, and ontalites made of nitrotriazolone (NTO) and TNT. This study has been focused on the triptyque: characterization - experimentations - modeling.An important work of compilation and re-exploitation of literature data, combined with pure explosives’ equation of state modeling, allowed us to define laws to calculate the explosives’ comportment under a shock solicitation. These ones have been validated, thanks to a mixing method, on different melt-cast and cast-curd plastic bonded explosives. At the same time, the compositions’ microstructure has been also characterized via granulometry measurements and microtomographies, never published for this type of explosive.Plate impact tests have been performed in order to establish the reactive shock trajectory of these compositions, allowing us to determine the relation between the run-distance of detonation and the input pressure. It brought the microstructure influence on hexolite shock sensitivity to light, and gave us some first results for ontalites. The use of continuous and innovative measurements, as microwave interferometry and chirped fiber Bragg gratings, allowed us to study the shock to detonation transition (SDT) with a resolution never seen before. Finally, non-sustained plate impact test have been performed for a validation purpose.A SDT model is proposed. Based on a germination-growth approach of deflagration fronts at the local scale, it takes into account the explosive’s microstructure. This work seems to show the grain fragmentation under shock influence, point we will have to study in the future. Finally, a completion step of reactions, associated with chemical kinetics calculations, has been studied.

The purpose of this project is to explore the FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) technology and create a force sensor. The result can be used as a basis for further projects.The project starts with force and strain measurements. The project then evolves to incorporate multiple FBG sensors. An uncommon method of writing the FBG withcoating is tested, which results in a FBG with most of the coating left.The result is a multi-FBG sensor. And even though the individual FBG is not linear the sum shows fantastic linearity with R-square of 0.99999. The change in wavelength is 1328pm/N. A common issue in the strain measurement is discussed and proof is provided. This shows that the reference value of the FBG is 1.12pm/μstrain instead of 1.21pm/μstrain. This is important if the FBG is mounted in a structure, because then the material proprieties will be dominating. Another result is that the peaks of Fabry Perot grating pair are linear but with different coecients.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:27:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yujuan Wang.pdf: 1608760 bytes, checksum: 9cb82304a2c95c2b0e357dc7f8449815 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents the development of an FPGA-based optical interrogation system of multiplexed FBG sensors. The Fabry-Perot filter is used to implement the tunable filter method, as a demodulator for FBG sensors. The tuning signal generation for Fabry-Perot filter and the data aquisition are implemented and syncronized em FPGA. Peak-detection algorithms, based on centroid and FIR filter, are implemented em FPGA. The peak displacement detected of FBG reflected spectrum is used to refer sensed elements, such as variation of temperature and refractive index. Besides, other auxiliary digital circuits are implemented for the system configuration, visulization of the detected peak information and the serial communication to monitor entire spectra in computer. All these digital circuits are working on their own duty at the same time, synchronised by the crystal clock of FPGA. The system was used to monitor the fabrication process of an refractive index sensor. The fabricated sensor was tested by measuring the refractive index of water and sucrose. In another experiment, the system was tested by measuring the temperature of a water sample. In addition, a method to calibrate the tuning signal generator is proposed, which can also be employed in other applications that uses DA converters. Finally, the developed system was packaged to facilitate its transportation. / Este trabalho descreve a implementação de um sistema de interrogação óptico para FBGs multiplexadas, com o controle dos processos implementado em FPGA. A interrogação das FBGs é realizada por meio do método de filtro sintonizável, com o uso de filtro Fabry-Perot. Um FPGA é utilizado para gerar sinal de sintonia para o filtro Fabry-Perot e realizar a leitura do sinal espectral refletido pelas FBGs. Algoritmos de detecção de pico (centroide e filtro FIR) foram implementados no FPGA para processar os sinais refletidos por cada FBG, com o objetivo de inferir as propriedades sensoreadas, como variação de temperatura ou índice de refração. Além destes circuitos digitais, são implementados outros circuitos digitais para a configuração do sistema, para a visualização do pico detectado do sinal espectral e para o monitoramento do espectro inteiro via comunicação serial. Todos circuitos cumprem a própria função paralelamente em virtude do paralelismo do FPGA, sincronizado pelo clock do oscilador cristal do FPGA. O sistema desenvolvido foi utilizado no monitoramento do processo de fabricação de sensor de índice de refração e então na leitura do índice de refração de amostras de sacarose e água. O sistema também foi utilizado para a leitura da temperatura de amostras de água, onde foi estimada a sensibilidade e a resolução do sistema. Também foi proposto um método para a calibração do sistema, que pode ser utilizado também em outros trabalhos. O sistema final foi colocado em uma maleta para facilitar o seu transporte para o local de uso.

The master theses deals with a detailed analysis of optical fiber sensors. Specifically, there are discussed optical fibers, various types of sensors and realization optical fiber senzor and senzor system that has been optimized and processed data in real time. In master theses also describes the LabView programming enviroment and uses components, including the entire sensor systém of a sensors system that sends measured data