Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3063.pdf: 3377110 bytes, checksum: fda162bf60bb5679d2f8f4cfb07989b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-06 / Considered as alternative management more appropriate for tropical conditions, the no-tillage system can follow the principles of organic agriculture and contribute to the evolution and sustainability of organic cotton production systems. In order to generate usage information about soil covering plants for white and colored cotton fibers production in the organic system with no-tillage, an experiment was conducted in the farming years 2006/07 and 2007/08 in Cáceres-MT, with randomized block design, treatments disposed in scheme of split plots and four replicates. In the plots, were evaluated soil coverage consisting of crop residues of Estilozobium aterrimum, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformes, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum glaucum cv ADR 300, Sorghum bicolor cv BRS 307, mixture of species used, spontaneous vegetation and exposed soil. In the sub plots were evaluated upland cotton cultivars BRS ITAUBA (white) and CNPA AMT 19 (brown) in no-tillage on the crop residues of the soil covering plants cultivated in pre-planting. The plant coverage produces phytomass in sufficient quantities for adequate soil coverage. The Estilozobium aterrimum, in a general manner, shows greater extraction capacity and accumulation of nutrients, high lighting the potential cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus, while Pennisetum glaucum and Crotalaria show, respectively, greater potential cycling of potassium and magnesium. The crop residues of Canavalia ensiformes, spontaneous vegetation and Crotalaria provide low persistence coverage, while Pennisetum glaucum residues and Cajanus cajan provide more persistent coverage. During the process of residues decomposition, the nutrients following this descending order of release: K > P > N = S > Mg > Ca, being the potassium the nutrient with faster release and subject to losses. The Estilozobium aterrimum shows greater weed suppression capacity, showing potential for use in production system without application of herbicides, in contrast with the low suppression capacity of Pennisetum glaucum plants and spontaneous vegetation. The contribution of plant coverage residues promote on the surface layer of soil increases in values of attributes pH, MOS, P, K, Ca, Mg, V e CTC. The coverage does not influence the characteristics of fibers, but exerts significant effects on agronomic characteristics and productivity of cotton. The highest yield occurs in straws of Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformes, Estilozobium aterrimum and mixture of species. The cotton cultivars of brown fiber (CNPA AMT 19) shows productivity and quality of fiber lower than the cultivars of white fiber (BRS ITAÚBA), however has fibers with characteristics that meet the standards required by the textile industry. / Considerado como alternativa de manejo mais adequada para as condições tropicais, o sistema plantio direto pode seguir os princípios da agricultura orgânica e contribuir para a evolução e sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção orgânica de algodão. Com o objetivo de gerar informações sobre o uso de plantas de cobertura de solo para a produção de algodão de fibras brancas e coloridas no sistema orgânico com plantio direto, foi conduzido um experimento nos anos agrícolas 2006/07 e 2007/08 em Cáceres-MT, com delineamento de blocos casualizados, tratamentos dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas avaliaram-se coberturas de solo constituídas por resíduos culturais de mucuna preta (Estilozobium aterrimum), feijão guandu anão (Cajanus cajan), feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformes), crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum cv ADR 300), sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor cv BRS 307), coquetel das espécies utilizadas, vegetação espontânea e solo exposto. Nas subparcelas avaliaram-se as cultivares de algodoeiro herbáceo BRS ITAÚBA (branco) e CNPA AMT 19 (marrom) em plantio direto sobre os resíduos culturais das plantas de cobertura de solo cultivadas em pré-plantio. As plantas de cobertura produzem fitomassa em quantidades suficientes para uma adequada cobertura de solo. A mucuna preta, de modo geral, apresenta maior capacidade de extração e acúmulo de nutrientes, destacando-se quanto ao potencial de ciclagem de nitrogênio e fósforo, enquanto o milheto e a crotalária apresentam, respectivamente, maior potencial de ciclagem de potássio e magnésio. Os resíduos culturais do feijão de porco, vegetação espontânea e crotalária proporcionam coberturas de baixa persistência, enquanto os resíduos de milheto e guandu anão proporcionam coberturas mais persistentes. Durante o processo de decomposição dos resíduos, os nutrientes seguem a seguinte ordem decrescente de liberação: K > P > N = S > Mg > Ca, sendo o potássio o nutriente de liberação mais rápida e sujeito a perdas. A mucuna preta apresenta maior capacidade de supressão de plantas invasoras, evidenciando potencial para uso em sistemas de produção sem aplicação de herbicidas, contrastando com a baixa capacidade de supressão do milheto e da vegetação espontânea. O aporte de resíduos de plantas de cobertura promove na camada superficial do solo aumento nos valores dos atributos pH, MOS, P, K, Ca, Mg, V e CTC. As coberturas não influenciam nas características de fibras, mas exercem efeitos significativos nas características agronômicas e na produtividade de algodão. As maiores produtividades ocorrem nas palhadas da crotalária juncea, feijão de porco, mucuna preta e coquetel de espécies. A cultivar de algodão de fibras marrom (CNPA AMT 19) apresenta produtividade e qualidade de fibra inferior à da cultivar de fibra branca (BRS ITAÚBA), porém suas fibras possuem características que atendem os padrões requeridos pela indústria têxtil.

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping process and has a potential to be applied also on‐line to steer the refining and pulping process by the characteristics of the final pulp and the quality of the final paper. The long fiber fraction is important for the properties of the whole pulp. It was found that fiber wall thickness and external fibrillation were the fibercharacteristics that contributed the most to tensile index of the long fiber fractions in five mechanical pulps (three TMPs, one SGW, one CTMP). The tensile index of handsheets of the long fiber fractions could be predicted by linear regressions using a combination of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation. The predicted tensile index was denoted BIN, short for Bonding ability INfluence. This resulted in the same linear correlation between BIN and tensile index for 52 samples of the five mechanical pulps studied, each fractionated into five streams(plus feed) in full size hydrocyclones. The Bauer McNett P16/R30 (passed 16 meshwire, retained on a 30 mesh wire) and P30/R50 fractions of each stream were used for the evaluation. The fibers of the SGW had thicker walls and a higher degree of external fibrillation than the TMPs and CTMP, which resulted in a correlation between BIN and tensile index on a different level for the P30/R50 fraction of SGW than the other pulp samples. A BIN model based on averages weighted by each fiber´s wall volume instead of arithmetic averages, took the fiber wall thickness of the SGW into account, and gave one uniform correlation between BIN and tensile index for all pulp samples (12 samples for constructing the model, 46 for validatingit). If the BIN model is used for predicting averages of the tensile index of a sheet, a model based on wall volume weighted data is recommended. To be able to produce BIN distributions where the influence of the length or wall volume of each fiber is taken into account, the BIN model is currently based on arithmetic averages of fiber wall thickness and fibrillation. Fiber width used as a single factor reduced the accuracy of the BIN model. Wall volume weighted averages of fiber width also resulted in a completely changed ranking of the five hydrocyclone streams compared to arithmetic, for two of thefive pulps. This was not seen when fiber width was combined with fiber wallthickness into the factor “collapse resistance index”. In order to avoid too high influence of fiber wall thickness and until the influence of fiber width on BIN and the measurement of fiber width is further evaluated, it is recommended to use length weighted or arithmetic distributions of BIN and other fiber characteristics. A comparably fast method to evaluate the distribution of fiber wall thickness and degree of external fibrillation with high resolution showed that the fiber wallthickness of the latewood fibers was reduced by increasing the refining energy in adouble disc refiner operated at four levels of specific energy input in a commercial TMP production line. This was expected but could not be seen by the use of average values, it was concluded that fiber characteristics in many cases should be evaluated as distributions and not only as averages. BIN distributions of various types of mechanical pulps from Norway spruce showed results that were expected based on knowledge of the particular pulps and processes. Measurements of mixtures of a news‐ and a SC (super calendered) gradeTMP, showed a gradual increase in high‐BIN fibers with higher amounts of SCgrade TMP. The BIN distributions also revealed differences between the pulps that were not seen from average fiber values, for example that the shape of the BINdistributions was similar for two pulps that originated from conical disc refiners, a news grade TMP and the board grade CTMP, although the distributions were on different BIN levels. The SC grade TMP and the SC grade SGW had similar levels of tensile index, but the SGW contained some fibers of very low BIN values which may influence the characteristics of the final paper, for example strength, surface and structure. This shows that the BIN model has the potential of being applied on either the whole or parts of a papermaking process based on mechanical or chemimechanical pulping; the evaluation of distributions of fiber characteristics can contribute to increased knowledge about the process and opportunities to optimize it.