Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T17:16:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T13:19:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jordana de Jesus Santos Pereira - 2017.pdf: 2005975 bytes, checksum: 1d53cfdb916b2f188eb7ed3980d23ed4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruitful species with great worldwide expansion, since it is considered a species of temperate climate, but that presents / displays good adaptation to a great diversity of climates and solos. Among the phytosanitary problems occurring in ficiculture, nematodes are the most important. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the influence of the application of different doses of organic compost and the intercropping with Crotalaria spectabilis on nematode population density and fig yield. The experiment was conducted in the orchard already installed, from September of the year 2015 to September 2016. The plants were arranged in a spacing of 4 m between rows and 2 m between plants. The treatments were five doses of organic compound, having as reference the recommended amount of nitrogen for the fig tree crop, combined with the presence or absence of Crotalaria spectabilis in a consortium. Five phytoematoid species were identified in the orchard, being Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. and Rotylenchulus sp .. M. incognita was present in higher population densities and with dominance over 90% in the three evaluation periods. This species was not affected by the doses of organic compound nor by the use of C. spectabilis. The productivity of the fig trees increased with the increase of the dose of applied organic compound. / O figo (Ficus carica L.) é uma espécie frutífera com grande expansão mundial, pois é considerada uma espécie de clima temperado, mas que apresenta boa adaptação a uma grande diversidade de climas e solos. Dentre os problemas fitossanitários ocorrentes na ficicultura, o de maior importância são os nematoides. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de composto orgânico e da consorciação com Crotalaria spectabilis sobre a densidade populacional de nematoides e a produtividade de figueira. O experimento foi conduzido no pomar já instalado, a partir de setembro do ano de 2015 até setembro de 2016. As plantas estavam dispostas em um espaçamento de 4 m entrelinhas e 2 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de composto orgânico, tendo elas como referência a quantidade recomendada de nitrogênio para a cultura da figueira, combinadas com a presença ou a ausência de Crotalaria spectabilis em consórcio. Foram identificados cinco espécies de fitonematoides no pomar sendo, Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Criconemoide sp. e Rotylenchulus sp.. M. incognita apresentou-se em maiores densidades populacionais e com dominância acima de 90% nas três épocas de avaliação. Esta espécie não foi afetada pelas doses de composto orgânico nem pelo uso de C. spectabilis. A produtividade das figueiras aumentou com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado.

Orientadores: Paulo Ademar Martins Leal, Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:17:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_FrancianeColares_D.pdf: 2902759 bytes, checksum: 9132390d28bc3d61c99fb9c0a0385692 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O manejo inadequado é um fatores que afetam a qualidade de produtos agrícolas, conduzindo a perdas devido aos danos mecânicos e o desenvolvimento microbiano, agravado pelo armazenamento inadequado. No caso do figo, devido à limitada proteção oferecida pela epiderme e presença do ostíolo, o beneficiamento utilizando água não é recomendado, trazendo em pauta ações capazes de promover a desinfecção superficial sem afetar a qualidade do produto. Dentre os métodos físicos mais promissores para conservação de frutas estão a refrigeração, radiação ultravioleta (UV-C) e atmosfera modificada. Por outro lado, a utilização de métodos combinados apresenta vantagens devido sua ação sinérgica e complementar. Neste sentido, acredita-se que o uso combinado de métodos físicos pode trazer benefícios para a conservação de figos, principalmente voltada para o mercado externo, auxiliando na manutenção da qualidade do produto e redução da carga microbiana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da combinação dos tratamentos de atmosfera modificada passiva, atmosfera enriquecida com 100% de CO2 e radiação UV-C na conservação do figo 'Roxo de Valinhos'. As principais etapas foram as seguintes: (1) isolamento dos fungos causadores de podridao em figos 'Roxo de Valinhos' e teste de patogenicidade, utilizando métodos de inoculação de deposição de suspensão de esporos na epiderme do figo, com e sem perfuração, e com deposição sobre papel filtro, avaliando-se a incidência e a severidade dos patógenos com cálculo do Índice de Doença (ID); (2) identificação do nível de tolerância do figo à exposição da radiação UV-C de 0,00 kJ.m-2; 0,70 kJ.m-2; 1,32 kJ.m-2; 2,64 kJ.m-2 e 4,00 kJ.m-2, armazenados à 10°C e 20°C, utilizando como parâmetro de qualidade a aparência visual; (3) avaliação do efeito da radiação UV-C no crescimento in vitro e in vivo dos fungos Rhizopus stolonifer, Lasiodiplodia theobromae e Alternaria alternata, utilizando-se valores de energia de radiação iguais a 0,00 kJ.m-2; 2,64 kJ.m-2; 4,00 kJ.m-2; 8,00 kJ.m-2 e 16,00 kJ.m-2 para os ensaios in vitro e iguais a 0,00 kJ.m-2; 0,70 kJ.m-2; 1,32 kJ.m-2 e 2,64 kJ.m-2 para os ensaios in vivo, a 10ºC e 20ºC; (4) avaliação de desempenho do filme de polipropileno (PP) com espessuras de 25'mi'm, 30'mi'm e 50'mi'm na manutenção da qualidade de figos, avaliada pelos parâmetros perda de massa (PM), sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), aparência visual e redução da incidência de podridão; (5) avaliação do efeito de atmosfera com 100% de CO2 por 4h, 8h e 12h, à 10ºC e 20ºC, na manutenção da qualidade e diminuição da carga microbiana no figo, avaliada pelos índices PM, SS, AT e aparência visual e (6) combinação do filme de PP de 30'mi'm com radiação UV-C de 1,32 kJ.m-2 e com a exposição à atmosfera com 100% de CO2 durante 4h. Os resultados evidenciaram que a utilização isolada do filme de PP de 30'mi'm, radiação UV-C e exposição à 100% de CO2 mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção da qualidade das frutas, sobretudo quando se utiliza o armazenamento refrigerado. O uso combinado do filme de PP de 30'mi'm com atmosfera modificada com 100% de CO2, representa uma alternativa para o armazenamento do figo, mesmo quando não se utiliza refrigeração, em função da redução da carga microbiana e manutenção da qualidade / Abstract: The main factor affecting quality of agricultural products is the inadequate management, leading to considerable losses due to mechanical damage and fungal contamination, aggravated by improper storage. The fig vulnerability is amplified due to the presence of the ostiole, a peculiar fig orifice, acting as an open door to contamination. Since aqueous sanitization is not recomended, other methods should be searched to promote surface sanitization without affecting the quality of the product. Some promising methods are cooling, ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) and modified atmosphere. A combined method also has advantages because of their synergistic effect on inhibiting microbial growth, and thus maintaining the nutritional and visual qualities of the product. Moreover, the combined use of physical methods, to improve the fig shelf life, potentially can increase business opportunities, specially in the international market. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the combination of modified atmosphere and UV-C radiation on 'Roxo de Valinhos' fig conservation. To attain this general goal several intermediate steps were performed: (1) fungi rot identification and associated pathogenicity using inoculation by deposition on filter paper to evaluate disease incidence and contamination severity; (2) UV-C radiation fig tolerance identification using energy levels of 0,00 kJ.m-2; 0,70 kJ.m-2; 1,32 kJ.m-2; 2,64 kJ.m-2 and 4,00 kJ.m-2, followed by storage at 10ºC and 20ºC; (3) evaluation of the effect of UV-C radiation on Rhizopus stolonifer, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria alternata fungi growth, for in vitro and in vivo tests, using energy irradiation of 0,00 kJ.m-2; 2,64 kJ.m-2; 4,00 kJ.m-2; 8,00 kJ.m-2 and 16,00 kJ.m-2 for the in vitro test, and 0,00 kJ.m-2; 0,70 kJ.m-2; 1,32 kJ.m-2 e 2,64 kJ.m-2 for the in vivo test, at 10ºC and 20ºC; (4) evaluation of the polypropylene (PP) in maintaining the quality, using film thicknesses of 25'mi'm, 30'mi'm and 50'mi'm; (5) evaluation of the fig exposition to 100% CO2 modified atmosphere for 4h, 8h and 12h, followed by storage at 10ºC and 20ºC, in maintaining quality and keeping the microbiological load low and (6) evaluation of the combined use of 30'mi'm PP film with UV-C irradiation of 1,32 kJ.m-2 and 100% CO2 modified atmosphere during 4h. Results have shown that the use of the 30'mi'm PP film, radiation UV-C of 1,32 kJ.m-2 and exposition to 100% of CO2 for 4h was effective in maintaining the quality of the fruits, specially when refrigerated storage is employed. It was concluded that combined use of the 30'mi'm PP film with high CO2 concentration represents an alternative to non refrigerated fig storage, due to the reduction of the microbial load / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commercial fig production with popular European cultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire and Noire de Caromb, is new to the Western Cape. Little research on fig production has been conducted in South Africa and producers are struggling to implement effective commercial practices. In order to establish practices that will maximise yield of quality fruit, the most productive one-year-old shoot lengths were identified in a phenological study. All shoot length categories evaluated in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) yielded fruit and will probably yield well the following season. In ‘Col de Damme Noire’, shoots longer than 60 cm seem to be suited to reproduction, yet they might produce a poor yield the following season. Shoots 10 – 20 cm long in ‘Noire de Caromb’ are productive relative to their length, while shoots 30 – 50 cm and 60 – 80 cm long are also fairly productive. Shoots longer than 100 cm produced suitable shoot lengths for yield the following season. Two experiments were conducted on ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’ to establish the type (Experiment 1, different intensity heading cuts) and timing (Experiment 2) of pruning cuts required to stimulate the growth of shoots of the same length as the shoots selected to be optimal for yield in the phenology study, and to reduce the expression of distal branching. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, removing one third of the total length of one-year-old shoots on 21 July by heading stimulated the development of more growth and longer current season shoots compared to other treatments, while reducing yield slightly. Heading back to three nodes in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ stimulated the growth of current season shoots of the optimal length established in the phenology study, while heading cuts on 30 June produced the longest average current season shoot length in ‘Col de Damme Noire’. To further address the effects of distal branching (acrotony), an experiment was conducted to establish whether rest breaking agents (RBA’s) in combination with tip-pruning can increase tree complexity by improving bud break, and whether increased complexity would increase yield in all three cultivars. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of timing RBA applications on bud break and harvest scheduling. Lift® increased the number of buds breaking in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, while in ‘Noire de Caromb’ Dormex® and oil increased bud break. Tip-pruning increased the average shoot length in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’, while causing a reduction in the amount of new growth in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® applied 3 August and Dormex® applied 30 June shortened the number of days to 50% bud break in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Both Lift® and Dormex® applied on 30 June decreased the number of days to 50% bud break and 50% harvest of the breba crop in ‘Noire de Caromb’. These treatments increased the number of fruit in both the breba and main crop of ‘Noire de Caromb’, but reduced fruit size. In conclusion, different approaches with regards to pruning needs to be followed for each cultivar to establish or maintain the optimal shoots for reproduction, while RBA’s can be used to force earlier, increased- bud break and harvest of breba fruit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommersiele verbouing van drie Europese vykultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire en Noire de Caromb is nuut tot die Wes-Kaap. Baie min navorsing oor die verbouing van vye is al in Suid-Afrika gedoen, met die gevolg dat produsente sukkel om effektiewe kommersiële verbouingspraktyke te implementeer. ‘n Fenologiese studie van die drie kultivars is uitgevoer om vas te stel wat die mees produktiewe een-jaar-oue lootlengte is, met die doel om die opbrengs van kwaliteit vrugte te maksimeer. Al vier kategorieë wat ge-evalueer is in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) is gevind om geskik te wees vir huidige en volgende seisoen opbrengs. Lote langer as 60 cm is geskik vir opbrengs in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ in die huidige seisoen, maar mag in die volgende seisoen swak presteer a.g.v. die gebrekkige lengte van nuwe lote wat daarop ontwikkel. In ‘Noire de Caromb’ is gevind dat lote 10 – 20 cm lank baie produktief is relatief tot hul lengte en dat lote 20 – 50 cm en 60 – 80 cm lank ook relatief produktief is. Lote langer as 100 cm was minder produktief, maar het nuwe lote gelewer wat geskik is vir opbrengs die volgende seisoen. Twee snoei eskperimente is uitgevoer op ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’ om vas te stel wat die mees geskikte tipe snoeisnit (Eksperiment 1, verskillende dieptes van topsnitte) en tydstip om te snoei (Eksperiment 2) is met die doel om lote te produseer soortgelyk in lengte aan die wat in die fenologie studie uitgewys is as die produktiefste, en om moontlik die voorkoms van “kaalnekke” te verminder. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ is gevind dat die wegsnoei van ‘n derde van die loot op 21 Julie aanleiding gee tot meer groei, langer een-jaar-oue lote en ‘n effense afname in opbrengs. Geskikte lote langer as 60 cm kan in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ verkry word deur lote te top sodat net drie nodes oorbly. Die uitvoer van topsnitte op 30 Junie het langer gemiddelde lootlengtes tot gevolg gehad. Om die probleem van “kaalnekke” (apikale dominansie) verder aan te spreek, is ‘n eksperiment uitgevoer om vas te stel of rusbreekmiddels gekombineerd met tip-snoei gebruik kan word om kompleksiteit te vermeerder deur knopbreek te verhoog, en indien wel, of dit sal aanleiding gee tot verhoogde opbrengs in al drie kultivars. ‘n Tweede eksperiment met verskillende toedieningstye van rusbreekmiddels is uitgevoer om vas te stel of oeste geskeduleer kan word. Lift® het knopbreek verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, terwyl Dormex® en olie knopbreek verhoog het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Tip-snoei het die gemiddelde lootlengtes verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’, terwyl dit groei verminder het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® toediening op 3 Augustus en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die aanvang van 50% knopbreek vervroeg in ‘Boujasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Beide Lift® en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die bereiking van 50% knopbreek- en 50% oes vervroeg in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Hierdie behandeling het ook die aantal vrugte van die breba- en hoofoes vermeerder, maar vruggrootte verminder. Verskillende snoeibenaderings behoort dus gevolg te word om vir elke kultivar die regte lootlengtes te genereer of te onderhou, terwyl rusbreekmiddels gebruik kan word om knopbreek te vervroeg en verhoog, en om die breba oes te vervroeg.

Resumo: No presente trabalho determinou-se no primeiro capítulo o crescimento através dos parâmetros: diâmetro do ramo, comprimento do ramo, número de folhas, número de entrenós e número de frutos a cada 21 dias, em plantas da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos' utilizando cobertura morta, composta por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar triturado, e irrigação, na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu-SP. E no segundo capítulo objetivou-se avaliar o tempo de translocação, a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo e em formação da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. No experimento tempo de alocação, as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores ... / Abstract: In this study determined the growth in the first experiment using the parameters: diameter branch, length branch, leaf number, number of internodes and number of fruit every 21 days, plant the fig tree 'Roxo de Valinhos' mulch using, composed of lither sugar cane, and irrigation in the experimental area in the Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, State University of São Paulo. In the second experiment it planned be quizzed, the time of the translocation and allocation of fotoassimilados, as well as, evaluate the relation spring-drain in the different organs like well as, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined breaks of time, in plants in reproductive stadium of the sort Ficus carica L. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. In experiment time allocation, where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment 13C determination. . Naturally the plant presents values of 13C relative enrichment of -27.92 ‰, allocating more than 90% of the dry mass and the total carbon in the woody part. The results obtained indicated that fig tree 'Roxo de ... / Orientador: Sarita Leonel / Coorientador: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: José Albertino Bendassolli / Banca: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: Erval Rafael Damatto Júnior / Banca:Antonio Evaldo Klar / Doutor