There are many methods to measure the physical fitness of athletes, including tests that can be applied in the field or in the laboratory. Much of the recent research with regard to fitness of team sport players has been undertaken using laboratory testing to measure aerobic power, anaerobic power and capacity, strength and flexibility. Field tests are an alternative method to measure the fitness of players without the expense, time and expertise required for the laboratory testing, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to establish procedures for the application of contemporary sports science practice for Indonesian female field hockey players, including determination of the precision of field tests of the physical and performance characteristics of field hockey players in Indonesia; determination of the physical and performance characteristics of Indonesian female field hockey players; identification of the performance demands and distance covered during competitive field hockey at the national level in Indonesia; comparison of the physical and performance characteristics of national level female field hockey players in Indonesia with those of club level players in Australia; and determination of the relationships between field and laboratory tests of physiological performance capacity for field hockey. Due to conversion problems, five paragraphs have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf. In conclusion, the present study found that the Indonesian female field hockey players (at the national level) were comparable to the Australian female field hockey players (at the club level) in some physical and performance test results. However, they were also different on other physical and performance characteristic measurements, with the Indonesian players generally have lower values, for other performance measurements.

Kiekviena sporto šaka, kiekviena rungtis turi savo specifinius, išskirtinius komponentus, požymius, bruožus, kurie atskleidžia tikrąją vienos ar kitos sporto šakos, rungties prigimtį ir galimybes (Karoblis, 2002; Stonkus, 2000). Nesant tyrimų ir jų išvadų, kokiais būdais veiksmingai ugdyti žolės riedulininkių sportinį meistriškumą kyla svarbi mokslinė problema: Kokie pagrindinai veiksniai determinuoja žolės riedulininkių sportinį meistriškumą? Darbe formuluojama tyrimo hipotezė, kad žolės riedulininkių sportinį meistriškumą reikšmingai determinuoja kelios veiksnių grupės. Pirma grupė – pagrindinių fizinių ypatybių (greitumo, jėgos, ištvermės) lygis. Antra grupė – techniniai-žaidybiniai gebėjimai. Trečia grupė – pagrindin��s asmenybės psichinės ypatybės: labiausiai dėmesio apimtis bei motyvacija sportui ir aukštų rezultatų siekimas. Tyrimo tikslas – teoriškai pagrįsti ir empiriškai ištirti žolės riedulininkių sportinį meistriškumą determinuojančius veiksnius. Darbe atliktų tyrimo rezultatų pagrindu buvo formuluojamos kelios pagrindinės išvados: ����� Tirtų žolės riedulininkių amžius, sportavimo stažas, ūgio ir kūno masės rodikliai bei gyvybinė plaučių talpa neturėjo įtakos jų sportiniam meistriškumui. • Beveik visi žolės riedulininkių greitumo rodikliai, kurie buvo matuoti pasirinktais testais, reikšmingai koreliavo su žaidėjų sportiniu meistriškumu. Tik vienas parametras, t.y., judesių dažnio santykis tarp pirmųjų 10 ir paskutiniųjų 10 Tepingo testo sekundžių, neturėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Every branch of sports, every event has its own specific, exclusive components, features, elements, which reveal the true nature and possibilities of one or another sport branch, event (Karoblis, 2002; Stonkus, 2000). In what way the mastership of sportswomen of field hockey should be trained as there are no any analyses or conclusions. The important scientific problem arises: what are the main factors determining sport mastership of sportswomen of field hockey? The research hypothesis, that several groups of factors determine the mastership of sportswomen of field hockey, is formulated in the work. The first group – the level of the main physical qualities (velocity, power, toughness). The second group – technical-playing abilities. The third group – main personal psychic features: mostly the comprehension of attention, motivation to sports and the ambition of high results. The aim of the work is to justify theoretically and examine empirically the factors determining sport mastership of sportswomen of field hockey. Several main conclusions were formulated according to the results of the performed research: • The age of examined sportswomen of field hockey, the sports experience, indexes of height and weight and vital capacity of lungs did not have any influence on their mastership. • Almost all velocity indexes, which were examined with certain tests, of sportswomen of field hockey, importantly correlated with sport mastership of players. Only one parameter, i.e. the... [to full text]

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among levels of trait and state anxiety, self-confidence, arousal and performance of athletes throughout a competition. A secondary purpose was to examine the usefulness of a variety of instruments used to obtain levels of anxiety, self-confidence, arousal, and performance. Trait anxiety was measured by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) (Martens, 1990) and levels of state anxiety and selfconfidence were measured using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, 1990). Pre-game and game arousal levels were distinguished by monitoring heart rates via heart rate monitors. Performance of each athlete was evaluated by the head coach. An overall rating or score was determined through the use of a Performance Rating Inventory which was developed specifically for this study.Thirteen members of the Ball State Field Hockey Team, ranging in ages from 18-22 years, agreed to participate in this study. Data was collected for 19 competitions from their regular season schedule. The SCAT was administered to the athletes in a non-competitive environment_ to determine trait anxiety levels. Levels of state anxiety (cognitive and somatic), self-confidence, arousal, and performance were obtained for every competition played.Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was used to determine the relationship among levels of trait and state anxiety and arousal to playing performance. Overall, there was no statistically significant relationships found among these levels. A follow-up analysis examined the data by the three most competitive and three least competitive games of the season. Group means were graphed according to pre-game and game arousal and no significant difference was shown between the two levels of competitiveness. Group means of the three subscales of the CSAI-2 (cognitive, somatic and self-confidence) were also graphed. Cognitive and somatic state anxiety levels were at its highest and self-confidence was at its lowest for the more competitive games and cognitive and somatic state anxiety were at its lowest and self-confidence was at its highest for the least competitive games. As a result of these findings, physiologically the athletes approached both types of games similarly. The difference was in the mental approach which ultimately could of been the difference in a win or a loss. / School of Physical Education

The importance of mental skills training (MST) is emphasized by previous/available research findings which show that by combining MST with physical training it enhances players’ ability to cope with the demands of the sport and subsequently results in better sport performance. The main aims of the present study (presented in two articles which can be read independently) were twofold. The first was to determine field hockey players’ perceived need for MST, and their perception regarding their ability to prepare psychologically for matches, as well as compile a general profile of their psychological skill for the total group and by gender. The second aim of the study was to determine the possible positional differences in mental skill levels among 91 South African tertiary institutions’ male field hockey. A total of one hundred and ninety seven (91 males and 106 females) South African field hockey players who competed in the 2008 University Sport of South Africa tournament participated in the study. The participants completed the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) and the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool–3 (OMSAT–3) questionnaires. The results from Article 1 showed significant gender differences from the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) according to which the males outperformed the females in the skills of concentration, activation and activation control. In addition, significant gender differences were observed for mental skills training (MST) measures for goal–setting and commitment in which the females outperformed the males, whilst the males fared better than the females in stress reaction. The hockey players perceived MST as important to enhance performance in field hockey. The players furthermore perceived their ability to prepare psychologically for matches as good, which contradicts the results from the questionnaires as the players showed poor mean scores for five of the six subscales of the PSI questionnaire. The results from article 2 showed that the goalkeepers had the lowest scores for seven of the 12 tested skills, whereas midfielders outperformed the other positions in six of the 12 subscales. It is clear from these results that MST is important for field hockey and therefore warrants the attention of all role players in field hockey. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The importance of mental skills training (MST) is emphasized by previous/available research findings which show that by combining MST with physical training it enhances players’ ability to cope with the demands of the sport and subsequently results in better sport performance. The main aims of the present study (presented in two articles which can be read independently) were twofold. The first was to determine field hockey players’ perceived need for MST, and their perception regarding their ability to prepare psychologically for matches, as well as compile a general profile of their psychological skill for the total group and by gender. The second aim of the study was to determine the possible positional differences in mental skill levels among 91 South African tertiary institutions’ male field hockey. A total of one hundred and ninety seven (91 males and 106 females) South African field hockey players who competed in the 2008 University Sport of South Africa tournament participated in the study. The participants completed the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) and the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool–3 (OMSAT–3) questionnaires. The results from Article 1 showed significant gender differences from the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) according to which the males outperformed the females in the skills of concentration, activation and activation control. In addition, significant gender differences were observed for mental skills training (MST) measures for goal–setting and commitment in which the females outperformed the males, whilst the males fared better than the females in stress reaction. The hockey players perceived MST as important to enhance performance in field hockey. The players furthermore perceived their ability to prepare psychologically for matches as good, which contradicts the results from the questionnaires as the players showed poor mean scores for five of the six subscales of the PSI questionnaire. The results from article 2 showed that the goalkeepers had the lowest scores for seven of the 12 tested skills, whereas midfielders outperformed the other positions in six of the 12 subscales. It is clear from these results that MST is important for field hockey and therefore warrants the attention of all role players in field hockey. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This research has investigated the behaviour of synthetic turf pitches for field hockey. A combination of mechanical and perceived data collection methods were used to provide an increased understanding of pitch behaviour. A methodology was developed to elicit perceptions from elite field hockey players. Part of the method was an inductive analysis of players responses during a participant led interview. This enabled the development of a 'structured relationship model' which Illustrated five general dimensions. Each general dimension was part of a hierarchical structure formed from base themes via players responses. Based on characteristics identified in the 'structured relationship model' a questionnaire was designed to quantify the Importance and preferences of certain playing characteristics for elite field hockey players. It was found that players thought 'surface consistency' and 'the ability to demonstrate deft skills' as the most Important surface characteristics it was also identified that given a choice the majority of players would like to play on a fast, low bouncing surface conducive to deft stickwork with 'high' underfoot grip, no ball spin and with a moderate hardness Monitoring during the construction of a world class water-based synthetic turf hockey pitch has shown the influence each layer on the overall pitch system. Novel equipment to the sports Industry was used to evaluate each layer during construction and a large amount of variability was identified across the pitch. it was identified that if the subgrade had a weak area of low stiffness then the subsequent layers above were also vulnerable to low measurements. This highlighted the Importance of quality control during construction A laboratory investigation using a combination of shockpad and carpet samples identified the Influence different systems had on the playing surface. During the investigation testing was conducted on the laboratory floor and in a prepared box constructed to Simulate a 'typical' pitch. it was identified that the layers below the shockpad had little Influence on the measurements. Conditions were monitored and it was identified the Importance water has on the behaviour of the surface lt was found to significantly reduce ball rebound height and rotational traction A series of site investigations using mechanical tests has shown the variability between pitches even at elite standard Six pitches were evaluated and a range of results were obtained and compared with the requirements from the international governing body for field hockey. A correlation between the artificial athlete Berlin and 2.25 kg Clegg impact hammer demonstrated that the Clegg hammer could be a valuable tool for surface assessment. A comparison of players perceptions and the mechanical measurements of six pitches were evaluated. lt was found that the perceived behaviour of ball rebound, underfoot traction and surface hardness correlated well with measured data. However, it was shown that players perceptions of surface pace did not correspond to measurements of ball roll distance. The three main sections of work comprising site data collection, laboratory testing and elicitation of players perceptions have been used together to provide a much greater understanding of the behaviour of synthetic turf pitches for field hockey.

There are six women's team sports recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA): field hockey, basketball, soccer, volleyball, lacrosse, and softball. Associated with each of these sports are polling procedures conducted to indicate national rankings in terms of quality of performance. These polls generally are referred to as "Top Twenty Polls." Questionnaires were designed and mailed to the coaches and selection committee members associated with the two study sports: basketball and field hockey. Respondents were to rate a series of questions pertaining to either basketball or field hockey as to the relative importance in the ranking process of the content of each question. Returned questionnaires were compiled and a frequency analysis done on the questions. Analysis showed there to be no difference between sports. or among divisions within a sport as to the selection methodology used to develop a Top Twenty Poll. A model was developed to provide unbiased information to the selection committees designed to allow for comparisons which might otherwise not be available. Following analysis, the following variables were chosen for the model: win/loss record against common opponents, scoring margin, strength of schedule during the season, "credible" losses, record for the week, record for the season, record against teams 1-10 in the top twenty poll, record against teams 11-20 in the top twenty poll, and a performance quality indicator statistic. / M.S.

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como ocorreu a trajetória da modalidade hóquei sobre a grama e indoor no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com base nas ações realizadas no primeiro mandato da Federação de Hóquei sobre a Grama e Indoor do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FHERS) entre os anos 2010 e 2014. Esta pesquisa histórico-documental foi feita por meio de revisão bibliográfica e pela análise de documentos e de fontes orais. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas com fundadores e dirigentes do primeiro e segundo mandatos da FHERS. As fontes revelaram que a trajetória da modalidade no estado está vinculada a clubes, escolas, projetos sociais e universidades. Estas instituições foram o alicerce para o desenvolvimento de cursos, oficinas, workshops, vivências e para a realização de atividades permanentes, tais como a prática nas aulas de educação física e em projetos de extensão (escolar e universitário), a criação da disciplina eletiva da modalidade na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) e a realização de festivais e campeonatos da modalidade. Em razão de o Brasil sediar os Jogos Pan-Americanos e os Jogos Olímpicos, a FHERS encontrou um ambiente propício para a implantação desse esporte no território sul-rio-grandense, visto que estavam disponíveis recursos financeiros tanto da esfera nacional quanto estadual, além da visibilidade dada ao esporte devido a esses megaeventos. / The study describes how the historical trajectory of the sport Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul through the actions accomplished in the first mandate of the Rio Grande do Sul State Field Hockey and Indoor Hockey Federation (FHERS) between 2010 and 2014. The historical documentary research was carried out through literature review, document analysis and oral sources. Six interviews were conducted with founders and leaders of the first and second mandate of FHERS. The sources revealed that the history of the sport in the state is linked to clubs, schools, social projects and Universities, which were the foundation for the development of courses, workshops, field work and the performance of ongoing activities, such as the practice in Physical Education classes and extension projects (school and University level), the creation of the elective subject at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the organization of festivals and championships. The FHERS found a favorable environment for the implementation of the sport in the Rio Grande do Sul State territory due to the incentive available in the national and state level as the resources and visibility given to the sport due of the Pan American and Olympic Games.

This thesis comprises one review paper and five experimental studies, all of which are presented in the form of journal article submissions. These six research papers attempt to further our understanding of the physiological and metabolic requirements of repeated-sprint activity, specific to field-based team sports. Although coaches and sport scientists have suggested that repeated-sprint ability is an important fitness component of team sports, this area of investigation has only become more common in the past 10 years.

Title: Influence of the function of the deep stabilization system of the spine on the accuracy and speed of shooting in the field hockey players Objectives: The main aim of the work was to clarify the effect of exercise aimed at improving the stabilization function of the spine on the accuracy and speed of the shot at field hockey. Another parcial goel was to improve the spinal stabilization function after the interventional program. Methods: The theoretical part is processed in the form of the research. In the practical part an experimental study is containing a sample of 13 probands aged 18-35, male, was created to obtain the data. In the initial measurement, the accuracy of the shooting and the speed of the shooting was measured using the Stalker Pro II radar. Stabilization function of the spine was tested using a test battery, assembled for the purpose of this work. Probands have performed the intervention program for 4 months, twice a week, under professional supervision. Then there was a control measurement. In conclusion, the initial and final results were compared. For processing the data was used a spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2010. The results were then processed into tables. Results: In the final measurement, all probands were able to improve the spinal stabilization function. The...