Martensitic phase transformation in NiTi shape memory alloys (SMA) occurs over a hierarchy of spatial scales, as evidenced from observed multiscale patterns of the martensitic phase fraction, which depend on the material microstructure and on the size of the SMA specimen. This paper presents a methodology for the multiscale tracking of the thermally induced martensitic phase transformation process in NiTi SMA. Fine scale stochastic phase field simulations are coupled to macroscale experimental measurements through the compound wavelet matrix method (CWM). A novel process for obtaining CWM fine scale wavelet coefficients is used that enhances the effectiveness of the method in transferring uncertainties from fine to coarse scales, and also ensures the preservation of spatial correlations in the phase fraction pattern. Size effects, well-documented in the literature, play an important role in designing the multiscale tracking methodology. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to verify the phase field simulations in terms of different statistical measures and to demonstrate size effects at the nanometer scale. The effects of thermally induced martensite phase fraction uncertainties on the constitutive response of NiTi SMA is demonstrated.

Electroporation (EP) is a physical non-viral technique used to deliver therapeutic molecules across the cell membrane. During electroporation an external electric field is applied across a cell membrane and it causes pores to form. These pores then allow the surrounding media containing the therapeutics to diffuse across the membrane. This technique has been specifically studied as a promising gene and drug delivery system. Colloidal particles have also proven to be promising for a variety of biological applications including molecular delivery, imaging, and tumor ablation, due to their large surface area and tunable properties. In more recent years researchers have explored the use of both electroporation and particles simultaneously. In this research, the main objective was to investigate and determine the role of sub-micron particles in the electroporation process. Presented in this dissertation are results from the synthesis and characterization of colloidal particles of various sizes and different compositions. The use of these dielectric and metallic particles during in vitro electroporation were investigated along with various other electrical parameters associated with EP such as pulse length, number of pulses, and field strength. Computationally, aspects such as particle composition and particle concentration were explored in an attempt to predict experimental outcomes.

<div> <div> <div> <p>The material responses and the deformation pattern of crystals are strongly influ- enced by their microstructure, crystallographic texture and the presence of defects of various types. </p> <p>In electronics, Sn coatings are widely used in circuits to protect conductors, reduce oxidation and improve solderability. However, the spontaneous growth of whiskers in Sn films causes severe system failures. Based on extensive experimental results, whiskers are observed to grow from surface grains with shallow grain boundaries. The underlying mechanism for these surface grains formation is crucial to predict potential whisker sites. A phase field model is coupled with a single crystal plasticity model and applied to simulate the grain boundary migration as well as the grain rotation process in Sn thin film, which are two possible mechanisms for surface grain formation. The grain boundary migration of three columnar grains is modeled and no surface grain is formed due to large plastic dissipation. In polycrystal Sn thin film, the nucleation of subgrains with shallow grain boundaries is observed for certain grain orientations on the film surface and the location of which corresponds to the regions with high strain energy density. From these simulations, it can be concluded that the grain rotation is the mechanism for whisker grain formation and the nucleated subgrains may be the potential whisker sites. </p> <p>Sn-based solders are also widely used in electronics packaging. The reliability and the performance of SAC (Sn-Ag-Cu) solders are of key importance for the miniaturiza- tion of electronics. The interfacial reaction between Cu substrates and Sn-based sol- ders forms two types of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn. </p> </div> </div> <div> <div> <p>During the operation, the interconnecting solders usually experience thermal loading and electric currents. These environmental conditions result in the nucleation of voids in Cu3Sn layer and the growth of the IMCs. A phase field damage model is applied to model the fracture behavior in Cu/Sn system with different initial void densities and different Cu3Sn thickness. The simulation results show the fracture location is dependent on the Cu3Sn thickness and the critical stress for fracture can be increased by lowering the void density and Cu3Sn thickness.<br></p></div></div></div><div><div><div> <p>In alloys, the stacking fault energy varies with the local chemical composition. The effects of the stacking fault energy fluctuation on the strengthening of alloys are studied using phase field dislocation method (PFDM) simulations that model the evolution of partial dislocations in materials at zero temperature. Some examples are shown to study the dependency of the yield stress on the stacking fault energy, the decorrelation of partial dislocations in the presence of impenetrable and penetrable particles. Simulations of the evolution of partial dislocations in a stacking fault energy landscape with local fluctuations are presented to model the responses of high entropy alloys. A strong size dependency is observed with a maximum strength when the mean region size approaches the average equilibrium stacking fault width. The strength of high entropy alloys could be improved by controlling the disorder in the chemical misfit. </p> </div> </div> </div>

No description available.

<p>A thermodynamically consistent coarsed-grained phase field model was developed to find the conditions under which a heterogeneous porous electrode can be treated as homogeneous in the description of Lithium-ions in rechargeable batteries. Four regimes of behavior under which the transport phenomena can be homogenized to describe porous LIBs were identied: regime (a), where the model is inaccurate, for physically accessible particle packings of aspect ratios smaller than c/a = 0.5 and electrode porosities between 0.34 to 0.45; regime (b), where the model is valid, for particles of aspect ratios greater than c/a = 0.7 and electrode porosities greater than 0.35; regime (c), where the model is valid, but the microstructures are physically inaccessible, and correspond to particles with aspect ratios greater than c/a = 0.7 and electrode porosities smaller than 0.34; and regime (d), where the model is invalid and the porous microstructures are physically inaccessible, and correspond to particles with aspect ratios smaller than c/a = 1 and electrode porosities smaller than 0.34.</p> <p>The developed formulation was applied to the graphite | LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 system to analyze the effect of microstructure and coarsed-grained long-range chemomechanical effects on the electrochemical behavior. Specically, quantiable lithium distribution populations in the cathode, as a result of long range interactions of the diffuse interface, charge effects and mechanical stresses were identified: i) diffusion limited population due to negligible composition gradients, ii) stress-induced population as a result of chemically induced stresses, and iii) lithiation-induced population, as a consequence of the electrochemical potential gradients.</p>

Title: Studies of Relaxor Ferroelectrics with Spontaneous Polar Nanoregions Author: Petr Ondrejkovič Institute: Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Supervisor: Ing. Jiří Hlinka, Ph.D., Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Abstract: The thesis is devoted to relaxor ferroelectrics with spontaneous polar nanoregions. We have investigated one of the canonical representatives, uniaxial strontium barium niobate, by means of neutron scattering, and also performed computer simulations with a model of a uniaxial ferroelectric with point defects. Neutron scattering studies of strontium barium niobate single crystals under a defined sequence of thermal and electric field treatments elucidate nature of distinct components of its transverse diffuse scattering. These components are associated mainly with the static ferroelectric nanodomain structure and the dynamic order-parameter (polarization) fluctuations. Moreover, high-resolution neutron backscattering experiments allowed us to resolve characteristic frequencies of the order-parameter fluctuations and prove that this component is caused by the same polar fluctuations that are responsible for the Vogel-Fulcher dielectric relaxation, the hallmark of relaxor ferroelectrics. The model system of a uniaxial ferroelectric with point...

A space camera is a promising candidate to address the non-stop rising interest for astrophysics research in the Compton regime. The MeVCube mission is intended to be launched in 2022, hosting an on-board Compton Camera. To better support the development of the instrument in this early stage, a series of feasibility studies to assess two potential launch orbits were performed. The studies were composed by a series of mission analysis simulations which permitted the characterisation of the orbital environments for the two orbital options. Several sources of background noise to the instrument were identified. The population of trapped protons and trapped electrons were simulated for the periods of Solar Minimum and Solar Maximum, as well as the levels of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux. The performance of trade-off studies concluded that an equatorial orbit is more preferable for reducing the influence of background noise. To better estimate the environment effects at the equatorial orbit, the number of particles which can penetrate the detector shielding were simulated. The next step was to perform a series secondary studies whose aim were to simulate the induced current on the electrodes, produced by the interactions occurring within the detector. The actualisation of these simulations required the study of photon interaction with matter, the various Cadmium-Zink-Telluride (CZT) types and the how they operate, and the use of a sophisticated software to perform the appropriate simulations. COMSOL, which allows the method of FEA, was chosen as the tool to perform the simulations. The geometry of the detector voxel was primarily designed in SIEMENS NX. The geometry was inserted into COMSOL, where a number of iterations were performed to finalise the appropriate mesh size, which ensured an accurate representation of the Electric field and the Weighting potential within the detector voxel. The induced current on the electrodes was decided to be calculated via MATLAB. As a verification step it was thought useful to firstly plot the weighting potential of the three electrodes under test; the chosen anode pixel, the steering grid and the cathode. The process revealed a series of numerical errors, most likely introduced by the type of mesh chosen or by the data manipulation process via MATLAB. Significant reduction of the numerical errors would lead to more accurate values for the induced current. Unfortunately, due to time constraints this was a task that was not completed. Solving this problem would be optimal for future studies with MATLAB, as the induced current on the electrodes can be correctly calculated based on charge transport within the detector bulk. / MeVCube, DESY

With power generation and consumption placed further away from each other, with for example increased offshore power production, the need for HVDC transmission systems increases. As voltage levels in the HVDC transmission system are raised, the losses can be decreased, enabling efficient power transfer over longer distances. Such an increase in voltage levels comes with questions regarding insulation performance due to increased electrical field stress in high voltage apparatus, particularly in and around cable terminations. Thus, physical measurements of electrical fields or voltage potentials in air are of interest to improve the understanding of the electrical fields around cable terminations as well as to verify and develop simulation models for use at ultra high voltage. In this thesis, different measurement systems and sensors for electrical field measurements are investigated, and their benefits and drawbacks are compared to a known previously implemented reference measurement system with known strengths and limitations. Two new conceptual measurement systems with a sensor concept and positioning system are developed and proposed for a set of given conditions, such as measurement around cable terminations in air. The first proposed system is based on a shutter field mill sensor placed on variable electric potential. The second system is based on the reference system's sensor design modified to remove the need for a large positioning system. The feasibility of the two measurement systems is investigated further utilizing a COMSOL model and a mechanical prototype. The simulation model is used for electrical field simulations around cable terminations in a 2D-axisymmetric geometry as well as a 3D geometry to verify the first measurement system. The mechanical prototype is utilized to test and verify the possibility of implementing the second system's positioning system. The two final proposed measurement systems can be further developed and used as a foundation for a future implemented measurement system. / Ökad elproduktion i form av exempelvis vindkraftsverk placerade till havs leder till elproduktion och konsumtion placerad med större avstånd från varandra, vilket skapar ett behov av HVDC transmissionssystemm. Genom att höja spänningsnivåerna i transmissionssystemet kan förluster minskar, vilket möjligör effektiv kraftöverföring över längre avstånd. En sådan ökning av spänningsnivåerna i transmissionssystemet kommer med obesvarade frågor angående isoleringsprestanda i högspänningsutrustningen på grund av en höjd elektrisk stress, med särskilt intresse gällande påverkan på kabelavslut. Därför är fysiska mätningar av elektriska fält eller potentialer i luft av intresse för att förbättra förståelsen av det elektriska fältet kring kabelavslut, samt att verifiera och utveckla simuleringsmodeller för användning vid ultrahög spänningspotentialer. I detta examensarbete har olika mätsystem och sensorer för elektriska fältmätningar utredits och deras fördelar och nackdelar jämförts med ett känt tidigare implementerat rereferensmätsystem med kända styrkor och begränsningar. Två nya konceptuella mätsystem med sensorkoncept med tillhörande positioneringssystem utvecklas och föreslås för en uppsättning givna förhållanden, som t.ex mätning kring kabelavslutningar i luft. Det första föreslagna systemet är baserat på en fältkvarnssensor placerad på variabel elektrisk potential. De andra systemet är baserat på referenssystemets sensordesign modifierad för att ta bort behovet av ett stort positioneringssystem. Genomförbarheten av de två mätsystem undersöks vidare med användning av en COMSOL-modell och en mekanisk prototyp. Simuleringsmodellen används för elektriska fält simuleringar kring ett kabelavslut i en 2D-axelsymmetrisk geometri samt i en 3D-geometri för att verifiera det första mätsystemet. Mekaniska prototypen används för att testa och verifiera möjligheten att implementera andra systemets positioneringssystem. De två föreslagna mätsystemen kan vidareutvecklas och användas som en grund för ett framtida implementerat mätsystem.

Las exigentes tolerancias de alineación en los componentes de los futuros colisionadores lineales de partículas requieren el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de alineación más precisas que las existentes. Este es el caso del Colisionador Lineal Compacto (Compact Linear Collider, CLIC), cuyos objetivos altamente restrictivos de alineamiento alcanzan los 10 um. Para poder lograr el máximo rendimiento del acelerador, es necesario que el posicionamiento de las estructuras que aceleran las partículas y de los campos que las guían cumplan las tolerancias de alineación para dirigir el haz a lo largo de la trayectoria diseñada. Dicho procedimiento consiste en relacionar la posición de los ejes de referencia de cada componente con respecto a objetos externos, o fiduciales, lo cual resulta muy tedioso y económicamente costoso. Los errores sistemáticos y aleatorios se van acumulando en cada paso del proceso y, en consecuencia, la precisión final de alineamiento es todo un desafío. En este contexto, nace el proyecto PACMAN (Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale), subvencionado por la Unión Europea en el programa FP7 de financiación para la investigación e innovación. El objetivo principal de PACMAN es investigar, desarrollar e implementar una solución integrada alternativa que incorpore todos los pasos de alineación en una misma ubicación, con el objetivo de mejorar la precisión de alineación de los componentes de los aceleradores, en concreto: las estructuras aceleradoras, los cuadrupolos y los monitores de posición de haz. La viabilidad de las soluciones desarrolladas y la precisión de alineamiento alcanzada deben de demostrarse en un banco de pruebas utilizando componentes de CLIC. La estrategia de PACMAN para alcanzar el objetivo técnico se divide en tres pasos. El primero consiste en la fiducialización de los componentes y sus soportes. El segundo paso es el ensamblaje de los componentes en dos tipos de soporte, uno compuesto por un monitor de posición de haz y un cuadrupolo, y otro con cuatro estructuras aceleradoras, tomando como referencia su centro electromagnético. Finalmente, ambos soportes se transportan al túnel para su alineación final utilizando técnicas de hilos tensados. En esta tesis doctoral, se describe el desarrollo de una nueva técnica no destructiva para localizar los ejes electromagnéticos de estructuras aceleradoras y su validación experimental. Para ello, se ha utilizado una estructura aceleradora de CLIC conocida como TD24. Debido a la complejidad mecánica de la TD24, su difícil acceso y su diámetro medio de iris de 5.5 mm, se desarrolla una nueva técnica denominada en esta tesis como 'el método perturbativo' y se realiza una propuesta experimental de validación. El estudio de viabilidad de este método, cumpliendo con los requisitos impuestos de precisión en la medida de 10 um, ha sido realizado con una campaña extensa de simulaciones de campos electromagnéticos en tres dimensiones utilizando la herramienta de software conocida como HFSS. Los resultados de simulación han permitido el desarrollo de un algoritmo muy completo de medidas y han proporcionado las especificaciones técnicas para el diseño conceptual de un banco de pruebas para la medida de los ejes electromagnéticos de la TD24. El preciso ensamblaje del banco de pruebas y sus correspondientes calibraciones, la incorporación de nuevos tratamientos de las medidas en el algoritmo final y la caracterización de fuentes de error en la medida, favorecieron la localización del centro electromagnético en la TD24 con una precisión menor a 1 um con un error estimado menor que 8.5 um, cumplimiendo con los objetivos de precisión establecidos. / In the next generation of linear particle accelerators, challenging alignment tolerances are required in the positioning of the components focusing, accelerating and detecting the beam over the accelerator length in order to achieve the maximum machine performance. In the case of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), accelerating structures, beam position monitors and quadrupole magnets need to be aligned in their support with respect to their reference axes with an accuracy of 10 um. To reach such objective, the PACMAN (Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometer Scale) project strives for the improvement of the current alignment accuracy by developing new methods and tools, whose feasibility should be validated using the major CLIC components. This Ph.D. thesis concerns the investigation, development and implementation of a new non-destructive intracavity technique, referenced here as 'the perturbative method', to determine the electromagnetic axes of accelerating structures by means of a stretched wire, acting as a reference of alignment. Of particular importance is the experimental validation of the method through the 5.5 mm iris-mean aperture CLIC prototype known as TD24, with complex mechanical features and difficult accessibility, in a dedicated test bench. In the first chapter of this thesis, the alignment techniques in particle accelerators and the novel proposals to be implemented in the future linear colliders are introduced, and a detailed description of the PACMAN project is provided. The feasibility study of the method, carried out with extensive electromagnetic fields simulations, is described in chapter 2, giving as a result, the knowledge of the theoretical accuracy expected in the measurement of the electromagnetic axes and facilitating the development of a measurement algorithm. The conceptual design, manufacturing and calibration of the automated experimental set-up, integrating the solution developed to measure the electromagnetic axes of the TD24, are covered in chapter 3. The future lines of research and developments of the perturbative method are also explored. In chapter 4, the most significant results obtained from an extensive experimental work are presented, analysed and compared with simulations. The proof-of-principle is completed, the measurement algorithm is optimised and the electromagnetic centre is measured in the TD24 with a precision less than 1 um and an estimated error less than 8.5 um. Finally, in chapter 5, the developments undertaken along this research work are summarised, the innovative achievements accomplished within the PACMAN project are listed and its impact is analysed. / En la generació pròxima d'acceleradors de partícules lineals, desafiant toleràncies d'alineament és requerit en el posicionament dels components que enfoquen, accelerant i detectant la biga sobre la longitud d'accelerador per tal d'aconseguir l'actuació de màquina màxima. En el cas del Colisionador Compacte Lineal (CLIC), accelerant estructures, monitors de posició de fes i imants necessiten ser alineats en el seu suport amb respectar a les seves destrals de referència amb una precisió de 10 um. Per assolir tal objectiu, el PACMAN (Metrologia de Components de l'Accelerador de partícules i Alineament al Nanometer Escala) projecte s'esforça per la millora de l'actual precisió d'alineament per mètodes nous en desenvolupament i eines, la viabilitat dels quals hauria de ser validada utilitzant els components de CLIC importants. Aquesta tesi concerneix la investigació, desenvolupament i implementació d'un nou no-destructiu tècnica interna, va referenciar ací mentre 'el mètode de pertorbació' per determinar les destrals electromagnètiques d'accelerar estructures mitjançant un cable estès, actuant com a referència d'alineament. De la importància particular és la validació experimental del mètode a través del 5.5 mm iris-roí obertura prototipus de CLIC sabut com TD24, amb característiques mecàniques complexes i accessibilitat difícil, en un banc de prova dedicat. En el primer capítol d'aquesta tesi, les tècniques d'alineament en acceleradors de partícules i les propostes novelles per ser implementades en el futur colisionador lineal és introduït, i una descripció detallada del projecte PACMAN és proporcionat. L'estudi de viabilitat el mètode de pertorbació, va dur a terme amb simulacres de camps electromagnètics extensos, és descrit dins capitol 2, donant com a resultat, el coneixement de la precisió teòrica esperada en la mida de les destrals electromagnètiques i facilitant el desenvolupament d'un algoritme de mida. El disseny conceptual, fabricació i calibratge del conjunt experimental automatitzat-amunt, integrant la solució desenvolupada per mesurar les destrals electromagnètiques del TD24, és cobert dins capitol 3. Les línies futures de recerca i desenvolupaments del mètode és també va explorar. Dins capitol 4, la majoria de resultats significatius van obtenir d'una faena experimental extensa és presentada, analitzat i comparat amb simulacres. La prova-de-el principi és completat, l'algoritme de mida és optimitzat i el centre electromagnètic és mesurat en el TD24 amb una precisió menys d'1 um i un error calculat menys de 8.5 um. Finalment, dins capitol 5, els desenvolupaments empresos al llarg d'aquesta faena de recerca és resumit, les consecucions innovadores van acomplir dins del projecte PACMAN és llistat i el seu impacte és analitzat. / Galindo Muñoz, N. (2018). Development of direct measurement techniques for the in-situ internal alignment of accelerating structures [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/100488 / TESIS