This study examined and compared the effect of two feedback methodologies (visual and traditional) on the degree of skill acquisition for the two field hockey skills, Indian dribble and moving drive. Forty-seven female physical education students, ages 12 to 14 years, practised two basic field hockey skills for four consecutive classes. The experimental group was presented with a prototypic example, video feedback (VF), and checklist analysis while the control group was taught by traditional feedback methods which included teacher and student demonstrations in conjunction with verbal feedback. Performance evaluations were made by comparing scores on the Russell (1989) Field Hockey Checklist of Critical Behaviours. Motivational and attitudinal aspects were compared by the use of a Learning Perceptions Questionnaire. An ANCOVA of the Indian dribble performances did not reveal a significant difference between the methodologies. Analysis of the degrees of improvement was made using two comparisons (a) percentage improvement calculations revealed a mean of 27% for the control group and 31% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale (1972) procedure indicated means of 7.42 and 7.24 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The ANCOVA of the moving drive indicated a significant difference (F=5.75, p<.05) between the methodologies in favor of the experimental group. The improvement comparisons revealed (a) mean scores of 10% for the control group and 32% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale procedure results revealed mean scores of 5 and 13 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The analysis of the Learning Perceptions Questionnaire revealed that the subjects in the experimental group perceived that the checklists helped them to focus on the correct and incorrect behaviours and that watching the prototypic example in conjunction with personal performances helped to improve their skill level, thus providing a motivational element. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

Die folgende Überlegung ist durch eine einfache und irritierende Beobachtung veranlaßt: Der Unterschied, der allgemein zwischen Kunst und Kunst wissenschaft, zwischen Religion und Religionswissenschaft, zwischen Musik und Musikwissenschaft etc. eingeräumt wird, scheint für die Philosophie nicht zu gelten. Was man an den Universitäten studieren kann, heißt weder Philosophiewissenschaft noch Philosophiegeschichte, sondern schlicht Philosophie. Bildlich ausgedrückt wird hier vom Katheder herab der Gegenstand seiner Behandlung gleichgemacht. Natürlich gibt es heute in den Universitäten keine Katheder mehr. Doch damit ist nicht die professorale Anmaßung verschwunden, die Philosophie als eine einfache, der eigenen Tätigkeit ähnliche Tätigkeit vorzustellen: als bloße Rede.

Many researchers have tried to find which demographic variables impact the risk an individual chooses to take when making financial investments. Studies have found different results, but a few variables that seem to impact the risk level are the field of study, gender, income, wealth, and age of the investor. We focus on the variable “field of study” in this report. Our research aims to find if students in Sweden from different fields of study invest in more or less risky assets. We did the research by gathering data from a Swedish university in Jönköping. We conducted and distributed a digital survey where students with different demographical backgrounds answered questions about their financial investments. The result shows that students studying business administration and economics programs invest at higher risk than students of other programs in the research when controlling for gender, age, income, wealth, and relationship status. We discuss that the higher risk-taking from these students has to do with their level of financial literacy. Previous studies have found that households with higher financial literacy invest more in the stock market. Business administration and economics students are likely to research financial literacy during their studies, leading to this result. Other previous studies do, however, contradict this conclusion. We have found no other significant patterns when investigating other fields of study. What we have found is, instead, that gender and total wealth impact risk-taking. Male students tend to invest with higher risk than female students, and students with higher value of their total assets tend to invest with higher risk than students with assets that are worth less.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Notwithstanding the possibilities offered by FET subjects in the field of Technology, the selection of these subjects is not very common which results in a shortage of skilled trade workers, impacting negatively on the country’s economic growth. The researcher was therefore interested to establish the determinants affecting Grade 9 learners’ selection of subjects in the field of Technology for the FET Phase in the Sedibeng area. By means of a literature and empirical study the aforementioned was investigated. In the literature study, which provided the foundation for the study, the rationale and value of Technology education and its infusion in the South African school curriculum were explored. This was followed by an examination of possible factors impacting on learners’ subject choice. The literature study was concluded by providing a concise outline of subject choices in the field of Technology as specified by the Department of Basic Education. The empirical study was based on a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design. The research consisted of two parts. A quantitative survey, using self developed questionnaires, was conducted in 17 schools among 10 Grade 9 Technology teachers and their learners (n=388) in two districts of the Sedibeng area. This was followed by a qualitative, phenomenological study in which three Technology subject facilitators working in the same area were interviewed. By applying a factor analysis, the quantitative research results revealed that central and peripheral factors affecting Grade 9 learners’ selection of subjects in the field of Technology for the FET Phase in the Sedibeng area could be distinguished. The central factors included the following: competent, compassionate teachers, the personal and developmental value of the subject, stimulation and the distribution of information regarding the subject. The range of subjects for the FET phase in the field of Technology offered by schools, the complexity level of subjects in the field of Technology, personal interest in a subject and future prospects offered by a subject constituted the peripheral factors. The qualitative findings were used to clarify, refine, explain and extend the quantitative results. The research participants in this part of the study indicated that much could still be done to enhance the competence and compassion of Technology teachers, that the value of Technology education should be better justified and that the availability and quality of resources in the field of Technology education deserves attention. There is thus evidence that much must still be done to make the selection of subjects in the field of Technology more attractive to learners.

Notwithstanding the possibilities offered by FET subjects in the field of Technology, the selection of these subjects is not very common which results in a shortage of skilled trade workers, impacting negatively on the country’s economic growth. The researcher was therefore interested to establish the determinants affecting Grade 9 learners’ selection of subjects in the field of Technology for the FET Phase in the Sedibeng area. By means of a literature and empirical study the aforementioned was investigated. In the literature study, which provided the foundation for the study, the rationale and value of Technology education and its infusion in the South African school curriculum were explored. This was followed by an examination of possible factors impacting on learners’ subject choice. The literature study was concluded by providing a concise outline of subject choices in the field of Technology as specified by the Department of Basic Education. The empirical study was based on a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design. The research consisted of two parts. A quantitative survey, using self developed questionnaires, was conducted in 17 schools among 10 Grade 9 Technology teachers and their learners (n=388) in two districts of the Sedibeng area. This was followed by a qualitative, phenomenological study in which three Technology subject facilitators working in the same area were interviewed. By applying a factor analysis, the quantitative research results revealed that central and peripheral factors affecting Grade 9 learners’ selection of subjects in the field of Technology for the FET Phase in the Sedibeng area could be distinguished. The central factors included the following: competent, compassionate teachers, the personal and developmental value of the subject, stimulation and the distribution of information regarding the subject. The range of subjects for the FET phase in the field of Technology offered by schools, the complexity level of subjects in the field of Technology, personal interest in a subject and future prospects offered by a subject constituted the peripheral factors. The qualitative findings were used to clarify, refine, explain and extend the quantitative results. The research participants in this part of the study indicated that much could still be done to enhance the competence and compassion of Technology teachers, that the value of Technology education should be better justified and that the availability and quality of resources in the field of Technology education deserves attention. There is thus evidence that much must still be done to make the selection of subjects in the field of Technology more attractive to learners.

As individuals, college students make choices that both reflect their past lives and constitute their futures. In this research I examine the ways five college sophomores built their lives in the complex world of a research university campus. Using case study analysis I look at how the students negotiated the considerable academic and social demands of their daily lives. College impact models and literature about theories of practice and decision making inform the analysis. Human agency and fields of practice help to explain the behaviors of these students. The research reveals that students take a myriad of paths to negotiate the intricacies of the college context and construct their lives, but that they are guided along those paths by their goals for the future. I interviewed five sophomores at a Doctoral/Extensive university repeatedly over one semester. I discovered that their families and their pre-college academic experiences mattered throughout their first few semesters as they learned to play the college game. Survival depended on their backgrounds, their skills, and the strategies they used to adapt to their new environment. The extent and quality of their interaction with peers, faculty, and other adults on campus also reflected their instrumentalism and indicated their efforts to find a space within the larger campus. Their adjustment to the field of the academy showed a commitment to vocational goals in the long and short term. My analysis illuminates the idiosyncratic process of choosing a major and the nature of a students commitment to a discipline. Taken together, these categories of student life show a complex building process with some similarities and many individual variations.

INTRODUÇÃO: os principais aspectos clínicos da esquistossomose mansônica (EM) são determinados pelas lesões vasculares e suas repercussões na hemodinâmica portal. O acesso não-invasivo a essas alterações tem importância fundamental na avaliação da morbidade da doença e na identificação de pacientes com maior risco de complicações. Este estudo de campo realizado em três áreas com níveis distintos de endemicidade, objetivou: a) verificar a viabilidade da USDoppler em estudos de campo; b) identificar os sinais de morbidade relacionados à EM e correlacioná-los com a endemicidade das áreas estudadas; c) determinar os valores dopplervelocimétricos do sistema vascular esplâncnico na EM; e d) determinar as alterações hemodinâmicas na EM. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: foram examinados por meio da US-Doppler, 554 pacientes esquistossomóticos, divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o local de realização do exame: área de baixa endemicidade (n=109); área de média endemicidade (n=255) e área de alta endemicidade (n=190). Avaliaram-se o fígado, o baço, a vesícula biliar, os vasos portais, as artérias hepática e esplênica, as veias hepáticas e os vasos colaterais. Para análise da morbidade da doença, foi utilizado o protocolo do Niamey Working Group (2000). O protocolo Doppler foi elaborado para fins específicos desta pesquisa. RESULTADOS: houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as frequências de: espessamento periportal, esplenomegalia, espessamento da parede da vesícula biliar, aumento do calibre dos vasos portais, redução do lobo direito e o nível de endemicidade das áreas. Não houve relação significativa entre a hipertrofia do lobo esquerdo e a endemicidade das áreas. Considerando-se os achados ultrassonográficos de espessamento periportal e/ou esplenomegalia, os pacientes foram alocados em quatro grupos de acordo com a forma de apresentação da doença. As formas hepatointestinal e hepatoesplênica foram mais frequentes na área de alta endemicidade, demonstrando associação significativa entre o nível de endemicidade e a gravidade da doença. A velocidade máxima de fluxo da veia porta apresentou valores normais na maioria dos casos. O fluxo hepatofugal, a trombose portal e a circulação colateral foram pouco frequentes e identificados apenas na área de alta endemicidade. A veia gástrica esquerda foi a colateral prevalente. As veias hepáticas apresentaram padrão de fluxo alterado em 1/4 dos casos, alteração essa relacionada à presença e à intensidade de espessamento periportal. A artéria hepática não apresentou alterações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados. As alterações da artéria esplênica (aumento do calibre, da velocidade de pico sistólico e do índice de resistividade) foram mais frequentes na área de alta endemicidade e na forma hepatoesplênica, com diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: a US-Doppler mostrouse viável e adequada para avaliação das alterações hemodinâmicas da EM em estudos de campo. Os sinais de morbidade detectados ultrassonograficamente são parâmetros fidedignos do nivel de endemicidade da EM, e, as informações funcionais do sistema portal obtidas pela US-Doppler, contribuem para o diagnóstico mais preciso das formas clínicas da doença nas áreas endêmicas / INTRODUCTION: The main clinical aspects of schistosomiasis mansoni (SM) are determined by vascular lesions and their effects on the portal hemodynamic. The non-invasive access to these alterations has fundamental importance in assessing the morbidity of the disease and in identifying patients at higher risk of complications. This field study, carried out in three areas with different levels of endemicity, aimed to: a) assess the feasibility of Doppler ultrasound (US) in fieldbased studies; b) identify the signs of morbidity related to SM and correlate them with the endemicity of the studied areas; c) determine the dopplervelocimetric values of the splanchnic vascular system in SM; and d) determine the hemodynamic changes in SM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Doppler US was performed in 554 patients with SM, divided into three groups according to the local of the examination: low endemicity area (n=109), medium endemicity area (n=255), and high endemicity area (n=190). The liver, the spleen, the gallbladder, the portal vessels, the hepatic and splenic arteries, the hepatic veins and collateral vessels were evaluated. The Niamey Working Group (2000) protocol was used for the disease morbidity analysis. The Doppler protocol was developed for the specific purposes of this study. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation between the frequency of: periportal thickening, splenomegaly, gallbladder wall thickening, dilatation of the portal vessels, right lobe atrophy and the endemicity level of the areas. No significant correlation between the left lobe hypertrophy and the endemicity level was observed. Taking into account the US findings of periportal thickening and/or splenomegaly, the patients were allocated in four groups according to the form of the disease. The hepatointestinal and hepatosplenic forms were more frequent in the high endemicity area, showing a significant association between the endemicity level and the disease severity. The maximum flow velocity in portal vein showed normal values in most cases. The hepatofugal flow, portal vein thrombosis and collateral vessels were infrequent and identified only in the area of high endemicity. The left gastric vein was the prevalent collateral. The hepatic veins flow pattern was abnormal in 1/4 of the cases, with significant relation to the presence and intensity of periportal thickening. The hepatic artery had no significant alterations in the evaluated parameters. The splenic artery changes (increase of its diameter, peak systolic velocity and resistive index) were more frequent in the high endemicity area and in the hepatosplenic form, with significant difference between the analysed groups. CONCLUSION: Doppler US proved to be feasible and appropriate for the evaluation of the SM hemodynamic changes in field-based studies. The morbidity signs detected by ultrasound are reliable parameters of the endemicity level of SM, and the functional information of the portal system obtained by Doppler US, contributes to a more accurate diagnosis of clinical forms of the disease in endemic areas

INTRODUÇÃO: os principais aspectos clínicos da esquistossomose mansônica (EM) são determinados pelas lesões vasculares e suas repercussões na hemodinâmica portal. O acesso não-invasivo a essas alterações tem importância fundamental na avaliação da morbidade da doença e na identificação de pacientes com maior risco de complicações. Este estudo de campo realizado em três áreas com níveis distintos de endemicidade, objetivou: a) verificar a viabilidade da USDoppler em estudos de campo; b) identificar os sinais de morbidade relacionados à EM e correlacioná-los com a endemicidade das áreas estudadas; c) determinar os valores dopplervelocimétricos do sistema vascular esplâncnico na EM; e d) determinar as alterações hemodinâmicas na EM. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: foram examinados por meio da US-Doppler, 554 pacientes esquistossomóticos, divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o local de realização do exame: área de baixa endemicidade (n=109); área de média endemicidade (n=255) e área de alta endemicidade (n=190). Avaliaram-se o fígado, o baço, a vesícula biliar, os vasos portais, as artérias hepática e esplênica, as veias hepáticas e os vasos colaterais. Para análise da morbidade da doença, foi utilizado o protocolo do Niamey Working Group (2000). O protocolo Doppler foi elaborado para fins específicos desta pesquisa. RESULTADOS: houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as frequências de: espessamento periportal, esplenomegalia, espessamento da parede da vesícula biliar, aumento do calibre dos vasos portais, redução do lobo direito e o nível de endemicidade das áreas. Não houve relação significativa entre a hipertrofia do lobo esquerdo e a endemicidade das áreas. Considerando-se os achados ultrassonográficos de espessamento periportal e/ou esplenomegalia, os pacientes foram alocados em quatro grupos de acordo com a forma de apresentação da doença. As formas hepatointestinal e hepatoesplênica foram mais frequentes na área de alta endemicidade, demonstrando associação significativa entre o nível de endemicidade e a gravidade da doença. A velocidade máxima de fluxo da veia porta apresentou valores normais na maioria dos casos. O fluxo hepatofugal, a trombose portal e a circulação colateral foram pouco frequentes e identificados apenas na área de alta endemicidade. A veia gástrica esquerda foi a colateral prevalente. As veias hepáticas apresentaram padrão de fluxo alterado em 1/4 dos casos, alteração essa relacionada à presença e à intensidade de espessamento periportal. A artéria hepática não apresentou alterações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados. As alterações da artéria esplênica (aumento do calibre, da velocidade de pico sistólico e do índice de resistividade) foram mais frequentes na área de alta endemicidade e na forma hepatoesplênica, com diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: a US-Doppler mostrouse viável e adequada para avaliação das alterações hemodinâmicas da EM em estudos de campo. Os sinais de morbidade detectados ultrassonograficamente são parâmetros fidedignos do nivel de endemicidade da EM, e, as informações funcionais do sistema portal obtidas pela US-Doppler, contribuem para o diagnóstico mais preciso das formas clínicas da doença nas áreas endêmicas / INTRODUCTION: The main clinical aspects of schistosomiasis mansoni (SM) are determined by vascular lesions and their effects on the portal hemodynamic. The non-invasive access to these alterations has fundamental importance in assessing the morbidity of the disease and in identifying patients at higher risk of complications. This field study, carried out in three areas with different levels of endemicity, aimed to: a) assess the feasibility of Doppler ultrasound (US) in fieldbased studies; b) identify the signs of morbidity related to SM and correlate them with the endemicity of the studied areas; c) determine the dopplervelocimetric values of the splanchnic vascular system in SM; and d) determine the hemodynamic changes in SM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Doppler US was performed in 554 patients with SM, divided into three groups according to the local of the examination: low endemicity area (n=109), medium endemicity area (n=255), and high endemicity area (n=190). The liver, the spleen, the gallbladder, the portal vessels, the hepatic and splenic arteries, the hepatic veins and collateral vessels were evaluated. The Niamey Working Group (2000) protocol was used for the disease morbidity analysis. The Doppler protocol was developed for the specific purposes of this study. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation between the frequency of: periportal thickening, splenomegaly, gallbladder wall thickening, dilatation of the portal vessels, right lobe atrophy and the endemicity level of the areas. No significant correlation between the left lobe hypertrophy and the endemicity level was observed. Taking into account the US findings of periportal thickening and/or splenomegaly, the patients were allocated in four groups according to the form of the disease. The hepatointestinal and hepatosplenic forms were more frequent in the high endemicity area, showing a significant association between the endemicity level and the disease severity. The maximum flow velocity in portal vein showed normal values in most cases. The hepatofugal flow, portal vein thrombosis and collateral vessels were infrequent and identified only in the area of high endemicity. The left gastric vein was the prevalent collateral. The hepatic veins flow pattern was abnormal in 1/4 of the cases, with significant relation to the presence and intensity of periportal thickening. The hepatic artery had no significant alterations in the evaluated parameters. The splenic artery changes (increase of its diameter, peak systolic velocity and resistive index) were more frequent in the high endemicity area and in the hepatosplenic form, with significant difference between the analysed groups. CONCLUSION: Doppler US proved to be feasible and appropriate for the evaluation of the SM hemodynamic changes in field-based studies. The morbidity signs detected by ultrasound are reliable parameters of the endemicity level of SM, and the functional information of the portal system obtained by Doppler US, contributes to a more accurate diagnosis of clinical forms of the disease in endemic areas