Small burnet (Sanguisorba minor scop.) Is a hardy, relatively long lived evergreen forb native to Eurasia that has potential to improve grazinglands and extend grazing into late fall and winter. Trials evaluating small burnet tolerance to spring and fall postemergence herbicide applications were conducted at the Utah State University Evans farm in Millville, UT. Two small burnet genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. Twelve treatments, clethodim, clopyralid, imazamox, 2,4DB, metribuzin, aminopyralid, pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, bromoxynil, dicamba, quinclorac, and an untreated were applied at moderate field use rates either spring or fall of the establishment year. Plots were rated for visual injury on a 0 to 100 scale where 0 = no injury and 100 = complete mortality. Ratings were done 7, 14, 60 days after treatment (DAT) and the spring following treatment. Seed yield, seed viability, and dry matter yield (DMY) were determined. Fall treatments of aminopyralid reduced seed yield 65%, seed germination 43%, and DMY 67%. Fall applied imazamox treatments reduced DMY by 36%, and seed yield by 33%, but did not impact germination. Visual injury was greatest from spring and fall applied aminopyralid treatments with ratings of 24% and 79%. Spring applied treatments did not impact seed yield or seed germination. Results suggest that clethodim, metribuzin, quinclorac, clopyralid, dimethenamid-P, bromoxynil, and pendimethalin cause little or no injury to small burnet.

L'ingénierie écologique a permis l'émergence de nouvelles technologies telles que la phytoremédiation, une approche de dépollution des sols basée sur l'utilisation des plantes. Cependant, jusqu'à présent, les mécanismes physiologiques et moléculaires qui contrôlent la dégradation des polluants organiques, en particulier les HAPs, restent très mal documentés chez les plantes supérieures. Dans ce travail, une approche intégrative et un profilage trancriptomique à l'échelle du génome entier ont permis d'étudier les premiers événements moléculaires impliqués dans la réponse, chez les plantes, à un stress provoqué par le phénanthrène. Un réseau de gènes susceptibles d'intervenir dans la perception, la dégradation et/ou la transformation des HAPs en molécules moins dangereuses a ainsi été identifié. D'autre part, nous avons pu montrer que le saccharose induit une tolérance à ce polluant, qui se traduit (i) par une activité transcriptionnelle très rapide, ce qui suggère un effet signalétique, (ii) une reconfiguration importante à l'échelle transcriptionnelle du génome exprimé, qui conduit à une mise en place des voies métaboliques de production d'énergie, de détoxification et de réparation cellulaire. Parallèlement, un site pilote de dépollution a été conçu et mis en œuvre, en exploitant les données obtenues au laboratoire. Cette expérimentation, sur deux ans, nous a permis de comparer l'efficacité de plusieurs espèces végétales mais aussi de tester l'effet protecteur du saccharose in-situ. Malgré l'obtention de résultats contrastés, cette étude confirme l'incidence de la nature des espèces végétales et des pratiques culturales sur l'efficacité de cette méthode de dépollution. Elle souligne également le rôle important de l'interaction plante-microorganismes du sol. / Ecological engineering strategies allowed the emergence of new technologies such as phytoremediation to clean up environmental pollution. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and hazardous molecules for natural ecosystems and human health. However, molecular mechanisms involved in PAHs detoxification in plant remain largely unknown. This work allowed to decipher the early plant response of phenanthrene induced stress through an integrative investigation using wide genome transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic approaches. Hence, a gene network was identified to be involved in the early perception and signalization of PAHs and putative degradation and/or transformation to harmless molecules. Additionally, we showed that sucrose mitigate phenanthrene induced stress, while Arabidopsis development was arrested and seedlings were unable to accumulate chlorophyll in the presence of high phenanthrene concentration, sucrose allowed growth and chlorophyll accumulation. These phenotypical changes were associated with (i) very early transcriptional regulation, suggesting a sucrose signaling effect (ii) reconfiguration of wide genome transcriptional changes, as metabolic, detoxification and cell repair pathways were induced. In parallel, based on previous results accumulated in controlled conditions. Field investigation allowed the evaluation of the ability of different plant species to clean up PAHs polluted soil. We also evaluate the impact of sucrose supply on natural phytoremediation efficiency. Despite contrasted results, this study confirms the incidence of the plant species and the cultural practices on the efficiency of this method. It also underlines the role of soil microorganisms and plant interactions.

Doctor of Philosophy / Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health / Edgar Chambers IV / Fortified blended foods (FBFs), which are the mixture of cereals and legumes fortified with micronutrients, have been widely used as supplementary foods for vulnerable populations such as infants and young children in developing countries around the world. The evaluation of current FBFs showed limited evidence on their effectiveness in treating childhood malnutrition, resulting the several recommendations on processing and formulation changes to improve their quality and ability to meet nutritional needs. Sensory properties are one of the important determinants for the success of the new FBFs. Therefore, sensory testing was conducted to determine the potential of novel FBFs to be used as supplementary food compared with FBF currently used in food aid programs. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed on novel FBFs along with the traditional FBF (Corn soy blend plus; CSB+) to determine sensory characteristics of each FBF. Results showed that novel FBFs had more pronounced toasted characteristics and higher sweetness than CSB+, due to the higher temperature during extrusion process and the addition of sugar in the novel formulation. In addition, novel FBFs that had higher amount of legumes (e.g. soybean, cowpea) in their formulations, especially for all sorghum cowpea blends, showed higher intensity in beany characteristics. Sensory shelf-life testing showed that novel FBFs could have shelf lives at least 2 years with no detection of off-note characteristics and these was comparable to the shelf life of the current FBF (CSB+). Sensory testing was also performed with target populations: children who eat the food and care givers who prepare it, during a 20-week field trial to determine the acceptability and preference of novel FBFs and current FBF. Results showed that all novel FBFs were highly preferred or accepted by children, even though, some of them might need longer time and more exposures to allow children to have more experience and be familiar with the food before being satisfied or preferred that food. In contrary, CSB+ that had bland flavor tended not to be well accepted and highly preferred by children compared to novel FBFs. Moreover, giving children more opportunities to consumed food prepared from CSB+ did not help to improve its acceptability or preference. Data from household visits and interview sessions showed that porridges prepared from novel FBFs required less cooking time than CSB+ and no additional ingredients needed to be added compared to CSB+ where sugar and milk were common additions. Finding from this research indicated that novel FBFs have high potential to be used successfully as supplementary food with comparable shelf life, and higher acceptability and preference to FBF currently used in food aid programs. In addition, the simple cooking of novel FBFs make them valuable to caregivers who have limited time and access to energy sources and nutrient-rich ingredients.

Transgenic plants in the US and abroad generated using genetic engineering technology are regulated with respect to release into the environment and inclusion into diets of humans and animals. For crops incorporating pharmaceuticals or industrial enzymes regulations are even more stringent. Notifications are not allowed for movement and release, therefore a permit is required. However, growing under permit is cumbersome and more expensive than open, non- regulated growth. Thus, when the genetically engineered pharmaceutical or industrial crop is ready for scale-up, achieving non-regulated status is critical. Regulatory compliance in the US comprises petitioning the appropriate agencies for permission for environmental release and feeding trials. For release without yearly permits, a petition for allowing non-regulated status can be filed with the United States Department of Agriculture with consultations that include the Food and Drug Administration and possibly the Environmental Protection Agency, the latter if the plant includes an incorporated pesticide. The data package should ensure that the plants are substantially equivalent in every parameter except for the engineered trait. We undertook a preliminary study on transgenic maize field-grown hybrids that express one of two cellulase genes, an exo-cellulase or an endo-cellulase. We performed field observations of whole plants and numerous in vitro analyses of grain. Although some minor differences were observed when comparing genetically engineered hybrid plants to control wild type hybrids, no significant differences were seen.

This paper presents the results of a Berlin research project in which a low emission urban delivery system was designed and tested in collaboration with different urban logistics stakeholders. First, the paper shows the developed concept that includes a macro-hub and corresponding micro-hubs, while the vehicle fleet consists of electric cargo bikes as well as an electric van. Second, the key results of the corresponding 6-month field trial are discussed. Parcels have been delivered to B2B recipients. To investigate the feasibility, the ecological and the economic impact of the developed concept, transport data was constantly collected during the field trial. Based on the data, average costs and emissions per parcel were calculated and compared to a conventional delivery system. Furthermore, managerial implications were derived. Finally, the limitations of the study and further research are summarized.

The purpose of this study was to describe the criteria that students reported using when selecting writing samples for an assessment portfolio. Specifically, the study involved content analysis of student responses to five prompts which asked the students to give selection criteria for writing samples in language arts portfolios prepared for assessment. The population consisted of twelve eighth grade students in three urban middle schools. The students were in classes that were participating in the New Standards Portfolio Assessment Field Trial. In addition to the responses to prompts, students also submitted writing samples to be scored using New Standards rubrics. The writing samples were evaluated to determine if the students successfully selected pieces of their writing to provide evidence of standards attainment. Through the analysis of the student responses to the prompts, two categories of selection criteria were noted. Public standards were the standards that corresponded with the criteria that were presented to the students through their use of New Standards performance standards, portfolio exhibit requirements, and entry slips. Personal standards were criteria that did not correspond to the published criteria presented to the students. Ten sub-categories were identified. These ten sub-categories became the instrument for analysis and tabulation of the students' reported criteria for selecting writing samples for their portfolios. Findings indicated that students were willing to use the public standards and that they used them more frequently than personal standards in justifying selections for the assessment portfolio. However, student identification of appropriate criteria did not guarantee that the writing samples that the student submitted received scores that would indicate standards attainment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deivis Fernandes Pirani.pdf: 1504986 bytes, checksum: e4989c06d3fc9c76df085862e18609d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-07 / This paper shows a field-trial investigation comparing the use of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols on web pages access considering the real user perspective and the transition period from IPv4 to IPv6. To perform this study, it was developed a testbed in which three adressing configurations of Internet Protocol, IPv4, IPv6, and Duas Stack (IPv4+IPv6), were used to access the top 100 world most visited web pages with an IPv6 enabled address. In addiction, several software tools were developed, that enabled more than 600 simultaneous accesses between IPv4, IPv6 and Dual Stack, to each of these pages. Those accesses were performed every hour during the period of a month, enabling to obtain more than 20 GB of information on the web access. Results showed that lower loading times obtained by IPv6 and Dual Stack are related to the partial acquisition of the content. In fact, for IPv6, the number of web pages with faster loading times goes from 57 to 20% when the average number of bytes obtained by IPv6 and the IPv4 is similar. For Dual Stack the number goes from 25 to 5% given the same conditions. It was also noted that 18 of the 100 pages which were considered, no content would be presented to the user in more than 50% of the performed accesses. Regarding the preference for IPv6 instead of IPv4, on Dual Stack it was observed that 90% of the acquired content for 27 of 100 web pages was made by IPv6. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de campo, comparativo, sobre a utiliza??o dos protocolos IPv4 e IPv6 no acesso a p?ginas web. Foi considerada a perspectiva de um usu?rio real deste tipo de servi?o, no atual per?odo de transi??o do IPv4 para o IPv6. Para que tal estudo pudesse ser realizado, foi desenvolvido um arranjo no qual tr?s configura??es de endere?amento do Protocolo de Internet, IPv4, IPv6 e Pilha Dupla (IPv4+IPv6), foram utilizadas nos acessos ?s 100 p?ginas web, com suporte ao I v6, mundialmente mais visitadas. Al?m disso, foram desenvolvidas uma s?rie de shell scripts que possibilitaram mais de 600 acessos simult?neos do IPv4, IPv6 e Pilha Dupla, a cada uma dessas p?ginas. Tais acessos foram executados de hora em hora, durante o per?odo de um m?s, possibilitando a obten??o de mais de 20 GB de informa??es relativas ao acesso web. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que os tempos de carregamento menores obtidos pelo IPv6 e pela Pilha Dupla, est?o relacionados com a aquisi??o parcial do conte?do. De fato, para o IPv6, o n?mero de p?ginas web com tempos de carregamento menores diminui de 57 para 20% quando a m?dia do n?mero de bytes obtidos pelo IPv6 e pelo IPv4 ? similar. Para a Pilha Dupla, dadas as mesmas condi??es, o n?mero diminui de 25 para 5%. Tamb?m foi observado que para 18 das 100 p?ginas web consideradas, nenhum conte?do foi apresentado ao usu?rio em mais de 50% dos acessos efetuados. Com rela??o ? prefer?ncia pelo IPv6 ao IPv4, na Pilha Dupla, observou-se que 90% da aquisi??o do conte?do, de 27 das 100 p?ginas web, ocorreu pelo IPv6.

Abstract In the last few years, location-awareness has emerged as a key technology for the future development of mobile, ad hoc and sensor networks. Thanks to location information, several network optimization strategies as well as services can be developed. However, the problem of determining accurate location, i.e. positioning, is still a challenge and robust algorithms are yet to be developed. In this thesis, we focus on the development of distance-based non-cooperative and cooperative algorithms, which is derived based on a non-parametric non- Bayesian framework, specifically with a Weighted Least Square (WLS) optimization. From a theoretic perspective, we study the WLS problem and establish the optimality through the relationship with a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator. We investigate the fundamental limits and derive the consistency conditions by creating a connection between Euclidean geometry and inference theory. Furthermore, we derive the closed-form expression of a distance-model based Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), as well as the formulas, that characterize information coupling in the Fisher information matrix. Non-cooperative positioning is addressed as follows. We propose a novel framework, namely the Distance Contraction, to develop robust non-cooperative positioning techniques. We prove that distance contraction can mitigate the global minimum problem and structured distance contraction yields nearly optimal performance in severe channel conditions. Based on these results, we show how classic algorithms such as the Weighted Centroid (WC) and the Non-Linear Least Square (NLS) can be modified to cope with biased ranging. For cooperative positioning, we derive a novel, low complexity and nearly optimal global optimization algorithm, namely the Range-Global Distance Continuation method, to use in centralized and distributed positioning schemes. We propose an effective weighting strategy to cope with biased measurements, which consists of a dispersion weight that captures the effect of noise while maximizing the diversity of the information, and a geometric-based penalty weight, that penalizes the assumption of bias-free measurements. Finally, we show the results of a positioning test where we employ the proposed algorithms and utilize commercial Ultra-Wideband (UWB) devices. / Tiivistelmä Viime vuosina paikkatietoisuudesta on tullut eräs merkittävä avainteknologia mobiili- ja sensoriverkkojen tulevaisuuden kehitykselle. Paikkatieto mahdollistaa useiden verkko-optimointistrategioiden sekä palveluiden kehittämisen. Kuitenkin tarkan paikkatiedon määrittäminen, esimerkiksi kohteen koordinaattien, on edelleen vaativa tehtävä ja robustit algoritmit vaativat kehittämistä. Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään etäisyyspohjaisten, yhteistoiminnallisten sekä ei-yhteistoiminnallisten, algoritmien kehittämiseen. Algoritmit pohjautuvat parametrittömään ei-bayesilaiseen viitekehykseen, erityisesti painotetun pienimmän neliösumman (WLS) optimointimenetelmään. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan WLS ongelmaa teoreettisesti ja osoitetaan sen optimaalisuus todeksi tarkastelemalla sen suhdetta suurimman todennäköisyyden (ML) estimaattoriin. Lisäksi tässä työssä tutkitaan perustavanlaatuisia raja-arvoja sekä johdetaan yhtäpitävyysehdot luomalla yhteys euklidisen geometrian ja inferenssiteorian välille. Väitöskirjassa myös johdetaan suljettu ilmaisu etäisyyspohjaiselle Cramér-Rao -alarajalle (CRLB) sekä esitetään yhtälöt, jotka karakterisoivat informaation liittämisen Fisherin informaatiomatriisiin. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan uutta viitekehystä, nimeltään etäisyyden supistaminen, robustin ei-yhteistoiminnallisen paikannustekniikan perustaksi. Tässä työssä todistetaan, että etäisyyden supistaminen pienentää globaali minimi -ongelmaa ja jäsennetty etäisyyden supistaminen johtaa lähes optimaaliseen suorituskykyyn vaikeissa radiokanavan olosuhteissa. Näiden tulosten pohjalta väitöskirjassa esitetään, kuinka klassiset algoritmit, kuten painotetun keskipisteen (WC) sekä epälineaarinen pienimmän neliösumman (NLS) menetelmät, voidaan muokata ottamaan huomioon etäisyysmittauksen harha. Yhteistoiminnalliseksi paikannusmenetelmäksi johdetaan uusi, lähes optimaalinen algoritmi, joka on kompleksisuudeltaan matala. Algoritmi on etäisyyspohjainen globaalin optimoinnin menetelmä ja sitä käytetään keskitetyissä ja hajautetuissa paikannusjärjestelmissä. Lisäksi tässä työssä ehdotetaan tehokasta painotusstrategiaa ottamaan huomioon mittausharha. Strategia pitää sisällään dispersiopainon, joka tallentaa häiriön aiheuttaman vaikutuksen maksimoiden samalla informaation hajonnan, sekä geometrisen sakkokertoimen, joka rankaisee harhattomuuden ennakko-oletuksesta. Lopuksi väitöskirjassa esitetään tulokset kokeellisista mittauksista, joissa ehdotettuja algoritmeja käytettiin kaupallisissa erittäin laajakaistaisissa (UWB) laitteissa.

130 ABSTRACT This Master's degree thesis deals with the problematics of the military criminal law in the Czechoslovak Republic between 1918 and 1938. I have chosen this theme for several reasons. First of these reasons is, that this subject mingles two legal disciplines - legal history and criminal law. Concurrently it is a topic, that has not yet been widely written up. The reason is that in both law disciplines combined in the theme of interwar criminal law, it is a marginal area of interest. Existing works in most cases focus only on a constituent parts of the problematics. In the second group of works the topic was chosen too widely and the character of resulting outputs was enumeratives, withnout providing context. The purpose of this tesis is to provide a global view on the matter of our military criminal law in the begining of 20th century and within this view then further focus on its dominant elements. The work is based mainly on the legislation effective in the given period, and the commented wordings. Another valuable source for the elaboration of the thesis were historical publications, although recent papers were not excluded. On several occasions the work marginally mentiones the comparison with the interwar general criminal law. In the topics of the military criminal law, whose legislation or...

An injection technique, in which undisturbed soil cores are labelled with ³²P to study dissolution of phosphate fertilisers in the soil, was evaluated in field and glasshouse trials. When ³²P was injected between 0-150 mm depths of the undisturbed soil columns and fertilisers applied at the surface, the amounts of fertiliser P dissolved, as measured by the increases in the exchangeable P pools, were overestimated. Three possible reasons were suggested: (i) the interaction between surface-applied fertiliser, ³²P injected through the whole soil column, and the vertical decline in root density, (ii) the decline of specific activity in the exchangeable P pool due to losses of ³²P to nonexchangeable P pools and continuous addition of P from fertiliser dissolution, and (iii) non-uniform distribution of ³²P vis-a-vis ³¹P phosphate. The injection technique may be employed to assess the effectiveness of phosphate fertilisers by introducing a concept, the fertiliser equivalent (FE). The FE is a measure of the amounts of soil exchangeable P that the fertilisers are equivalent to in supplying P to plants, when applied at the specific location. Soluble single superphosphate (SSP) applied at the surface of undisturbed grassland soil cores (Tekapo fine sandy loam), was much more effective than surface-applied unground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) and 30% acidulated NCPR with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR) within the 56 day period of plant growth. An isotopic dilution method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was developed to study the rates of dissolution (F in) and retention (F out) of phosphate fertilisers in the soil in growth chamber experiments. The estimation of F in and F out required labelling of the soils with carrier-free ³²P and determination of the corresponding values of the specific activities of the exchangeable P pools, SA₁ and SA₂, and the sizes of the exchangeable P pools, Q₁ and Q₂, at times t₁ and t₂. Most of the phosphate in the monocalcium phosphate (MCP) solution entered the exchangeable P pool immediately after addition to the soils (Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam), and there was little further phosphate input. With increasing periods of incubation, the phosphate was quickly transformed to less rapidly exchangeable forms. In the soils treated with ground North Carolina phosphate rock (<150 µm, NCPR) or partially acidulated (30%) NCPR with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR), the initial exchangeable P pools were not as large as those in the soils treated with MCP, but were maintained at relatively stable concentrations for extended periods, due to the continuous dissolution of PR materials and to lower rates of pretention. An increase in P-retention caused a slight rise in the rate of PR dissolution, but also a rise in the rate of P-retention by the soil. The rate of dissolution was higher at a lower application rate in relative terms, but smaller in absolute terms. The trends in the changes of plant-available P in the soils, measured by the water extractable P, Bray I P and Olsen P, correspond to those predicted by the F in and F out values. The average rates of dissolution between 1-50 and 50-111 days estimated by the F in, however, were higher than those estimated by extractions with 0.5 M NaOH followed by 1 M HCl, and with 0.5 M BaCl₂/TEA. This is partly because the Fin values reflect a plant growth effect on PR dissolution. The relative agronomic effectiveness of NCPR and NCPAPR with respect to MCP was higher after 50 and 111 days of incubation than after 1 day. The F in values were included in all the two-variable models constructed by stepwise regression to describe the relationship between plant P uptake and soil measurements. The amounts of variation in plant P uptake accounted for by the regression model was significantly improved by including F in in the model. This indicates the importance of fertiliser dissolution rates in affecting soil P supply, when phosphate fertilisers differing in solubility are applied.