Title: Short-term loyalty program at the filling station OMV Czech republic Goals: In general terms to present loyalty programs, which have become a necessary part of many companies in the last years. These companies struggle with the competitors, they try to keep their customers and also to get new ones. The goal is to clarify making of the loyalty program and describe the steps and methods which are associated with the creation together with the introduction of loyalty programs. Another aim of this thesis is to introduce OMV company and its short-term loyalty program, which was taking place at the OMV Czech republic filling station at the turn of year 2012 and 2013. Based on the interviews and SWOT analysis certain improvements have been proposed. Method: For the theoretical background were used studies of specialized literature from marketing and economics. For the final recommendation were used method interview and SWOT analysis. Results: We have introduced the important procedures and methods which are used in creating of loyalty programs. Subsequently, we have analyzed specific loyalty program LIORA, in which we have found several positive and negative aspects. We have also approached the possible threats, which may arise during similar activities. All these knowledge can be applied to the...

The objective of this thesis is to frame the scope of application of the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods and other instruments of private international law relating to the international sales contract. In this field the gaps in the Vienna Convention are analysed and methods to fill them are explored. The first chapter introduces the key terms of international trade law. First, the types of legal provisions are listed and then the sales contract is defined under both, the Czech law and the Vienna Convention. In the second chapter I focus on the overview of the development of international uniform sales law and on further sources of law, which are important for international transactions. Besides the Convention itself, I study the Rome I Regulation, the uniform principles of international contract law and the Common European Sales Law. The third chapter advances to the core of the thesis, the gaps in the Vienna Convention. After defining the gaps and characterising them, I formulate the basic principles underlying the Convention, which are to be used to fill the internal gaps. In the last, fourth chapter I selected three gaps in the Vienna Convention: interest rate, set off and the form of the contract. One by one, I explain their nature and all approaches to the gap-filling with...

Thesis advisor: George R. Meyerhoff / Recent advances in normal surface algorithms enable the determination by computer of the hyperbolicity of compact orientable 3-manifolds with zero Euler characteristic and nonempty boundary. Recent advances in hyperbolic geometry enable the determination by computer of the Dehn paternity relation between two orientable compact hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Presented here is an exposition of these developments, along with prototype implementations of one of these determinations in software. These have applications to two questions about Mom technology. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Mathematics.

Em três experimentos realizou-se o mapeamento da mancha cega do olho direito para se investigar se o completamento perceptivo que ocorre nela distorce a percepção de tamanho de barras. Em todos os experimentos, o mapeamento da mancha cega foi realizada pelo método dos estímulos constantes; os tamanhos das barras podiam nunca interceptar a mancha cega, interceptá-la parcialmente ou interceptá-la por completo; e as barras eram apresentadas pelo método PEST para se determinar o ponto de igualdade subjetiva, e conseqüentemente, o erro constante. No Experimento I as barras eram horizontais e comparadas no nível do ponto de fixação em condição monocular com o olho direito. Elas eram apresentadas por 100, 300 ou 400 ms, aos pares, simultânea e simetricamente localizadas no hemicampo direito e esquerdo em relação ao ponto de fixação. Os resultados desse experimento indicaram uma assimetria lateral nas comparações de tamanho da barra menor e que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce efetivamente o tamanho percebido. No Experimento II as barras eram verticais e podiam ser apresentadas também por 100, 300 ou 400 ms, aos pares, simultânea e simetricamente em relação ao ponto de fixação em cinco excentricidades nos hemicampos do olho direito em condição monocular. As barras nas excentricidades menor e maior não interceptavam a mancha cega e as barras de tamanhos maior e intermediário nas excentricidades intermediárias incidiam nas regiões periféricas e central da mancha cega. Os resultados indicaram também que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce a percepção de tamanho e que em algumas excentricidades em que a barra padrão foi apresentada no hemicampo esquerdo evidencia-se uma assimetria lateral na comparação de tamanhos. No experimento III, o mapeamento da mancha cega do olho direito e as comparações das barras verticais foram realizados em condição dicótica. As barras foram apresentadas aos pares e seqüencialmente, expostas por 100 ms cada e com um intervalo de 200 ms entre suas apresentações. Elas foram apresentadas em cinco excentricidades no hemicampo direito de cada olho, similar ao Experimento II, de maneira que as comparações de tamanho envolvessem somente o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo. Os resultados indicaram também que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce o tamanho percebido. Os três experimentos sugerem que existe assimetria ao se comparar tamanhos, embora tênue, quando se envolvem ambos hemisférios cerebrais e que a explicação associativa proposta por Trypathy et al. (1995) é a alternativa que melhor explica o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega. / Three experiments were carried out to investigate whether the filling-in in the blind spot can distort perceived size. In these experiments, the method of constant stimuli was applied to map the blind spot of the right eye; the lengths of the bars could never intercept the blind spot, intercept it partially or intercept it totally; and the PEST method was applied to determine the point of subjective equality, and then, the constant error. In Experiment I, the lengths of two horizontal bars were compared at the level of fixation point of the right eye under monocular viewing conditions. These bars were presented simultaneously for 100, 300 or 400ms and they were located symmetrically to each other from the fixation point. Results suggested that the filling-in in the blind spot did not distort perceived length, and that there was lateral asymmetry in comparing bars which lengths do not intercept the blind spot. In Experiment II, two vertical bars were presented simultaneously also for 100, 300 or 400ms and symmetrically from the fixation point at five eccentricities in the visual hemifields of right eye in monocular viewing conditions. Bars at the farther and closest eccentricity never intercepted the blind spot, and the bars at intermediate eccentricities could intercept the central and peripheral regions of the blind spot. Results also indicated that the filling-in in the blind spot did not distort perceived size, and that there was lateral asymmetry in comparing size as the standard bar was at the left visual hemifield. In Experiment III, the blind spot of the right eye was mapped and length bar comparisons were done in dichotic conditions in such way that only the left brain was involved. Two vertical bars were presented at five eccentricities like in Experiment II, but they were presented sequentially for 200 ms with an interval of 400 ms between presentations. Results also indicated that the filling-in did not affect perceived size. These three experiments suggest that there is a weak lateral asymmetry in size comparisons due to the inter-hemispheric brain effect and that the associative explanation proposed by Trypathy et al. (1995) is the best alternative to explain the filling-in in the blind spot.

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho microbiológico de uma linha de processamento e envase asséptico de caldo de cana acidificado. Para este fim foram identificados pontos críticos de controle em uma planta piloto instalada no Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, no campus de Pirassununga/SP. Inicialmente o caldo de cana foi extraído e acidificado com ácido cítrico a um valor de pH equivalente a 4,3. A bebida acidificada foi pasteurizada a 95 °C / 30 s, resfriada a 10 °C e acondicionada assepticamente em garrafas plásticas seladas por indução. O envase do produto foi conduzido em uma cabina de fluxo de ar unidirecional ISO classe 5. As garrafas foram descontaminadas por aspersão de ácido peracético a 0,05% (v/v), por 20 s a 45 ºC. Os selos e as tampas foram esterilizados a 121 ºC / 15 min. Realizaram-se três processamentos de caldo de cana, em datas distintas, tendo sido caracterizada a matéria-prima e avaliados a qualidade microbiológica do caldo recém-extraído; a água de enxágue final da linha de processamento e envase, após a sua desinfecção com solução de ácido peracético (0,1% v/v) a 50 ºC durante 40 min; a embalagem e o produto final. Testes de escala hedônica de 7 pontos foram aplicados para avaliar a aparência, o aroma e o sabor da bebida processada. Os valores médios de pH, de acidez titulável e de sólidos solúveis determinados na matéria-prima foram equivalentes a 5,1; 0,061%(m/v) e 22,3 ºBrix, respectivamente. As médias das contagens de micro-organismos mesófilos aeróbios totais e de bolores e leveduras no caldo in natura foram equivalentes a (6,26 e 5,20) logUFC/mL, respectivamente. As médias das contagens na água de enxágue final (pasteurizada) da linha de processamento e envase foram inferiores a 1 UFC/mL. As contagens de mesófilos, de bolores e leveduras nas embalagens foram igualmente inferiores a 1 UFC/embalagem. As médias das contagens de mesófilos aeróbios e de bolores e leveduras na bebida acidificada e pasteurizada foram equivalentes a (2,63 e < 1) logUFC/mL, respectivamente. As médias de notas obtidas nos testes de escala hedônica de 7 pontos variaram entre 5,8 e 6,1; demonstrando a elevada aceitação do caldo de cana acidificado. Concluiu-se que a planta de processamento avaliada mostrou-se apta ao processamento de caldo de cana acidificado, estocado sob refrigeração. / This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological performance of a pilot plant designed for acidified sugarcane juice processing. For this purpose, critical control points in a pilot plant were identified. The juice was extracted in a stainless steel electric cylinder mill and then acidified with citric acid until attaining the pH of 4.3. Next, it was pasteurized in a plate heat exchanger at 95 ºC/30 s and then cooled to 10 ºC before being filled into a plastic bottle and induction sealed. Product\'s filling was performed in an ISO class 5 unidirectional air-flow cabin. Bottles were decontaminated by 0.05% peracetic acid (PAA) spray, at 45 ºC for 20 s. Seals and caps were sterilized at 121 ºC/15 min. Three batches of acidified sugarcane juice were carried out. The qualities of the raw material, rinse water of the processing and filling line (after sanitation with 0.1% PAA at 50 ºC for 40 min), packaging and end product, were all microbiologically evaluated. Seven-point hedonic scale tests were used to evaluate the sensory acceptance of the product. The mean values of pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids content determined in raw sugarcane juice were 5.1, 0.061%(w/w) and 22.3 ºC, respectively. The total aerobic mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts in natural fresh sugarcane juice were (6.26 and 5.20) logCFU/mL, respectively. The mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts taken, in both rinse water samples of the processing line and the bottles, were lower than 1 logCFU/mL. The mesophilic and the molds and yeasts mean counts in acidified and pasteurized sugarcane juice were (2.63 and lower than 1) logCFU/mL, respectively. A beverage with a high sensory acceptance with average scores ranging from 5.8 to 6.1 was achieved. The findings indicated that the procedures that were evaluated met standards for acidified sugarcane juice to be produced then stored under refrigeration.

O presente estudo avaliou ex vivo a permeabilidade das paredes dentinárias de canais radiculares, após a remoção de três diferentes associações de materiais obturadores. Para tanto, 36 pré-molares uni-radiculares extraídos, com comprimento e aspectos anatômicos semelhantes, tiveram a cirurgia de acesso à câmara pulpar realizada, preparo do canal radicular até instrumentos ProTaper F4 e obturação com uma das seguintes associações de materiais: G1 - guta-percha e cimento Fill Canal (n=10); G2 - guta-percha e cimento AH-Plus (n=10); G3 - Resilon e cimento Epiphany (n=10). Seis espécimes tiveram seus canais preparados mas não foram obturados para fins de controle positivo. Após 24 horas em estufa, os canais foram desobturados, com instrumentos rotatórios NRT para retratamento, limas do tipo K #40 e solvente de óleo de casca de laranja. Terminada a desobturação, os espécimes foram impermeabilizados e submetidos ao teste de impregnação de azul de metileno 1% por 24 horas. Os dentes foram então lavados em água corrente por 24 horas, tiveram sua coroas amputadas e as raízes seccionadas horizontalmente em fatias de 1mm. Uma secção de cada terço radicular foi selecionada e fotografada, e o percentual de dentina corada em cada secção foi calculada por meio de um software de análise gráfica. Os resultados demonstraram diferença significativa entre os grupos experimentais e o grupo controle (p<0,05), contudo, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos experimentais (p>0,05). Concluiu-se assim que o tipo de material obturador utilizado não influencia na permeabilidade dentinária após sua remoção. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate ex vivo the permeability of root canal dentin walls after the removal of three different combinations of filling materials. To this end, 36 extracted human single-rooted premolars, with similar length and anatomy, had surgery access to the pulp chamber, root canal preparation was performed to F4 ProTaper instruments and filling with one of the following associations of filling materials: G1 - gutta-percha and Fill Canal cement (n = 10); G2 - gutta-percha and AH Plus cement (n = 10); G3 - Resilon cones and Epiphany cement (n = 10). Six specimens were prepared but its canals were not filled for positive control. After 24 hours at 37 ° C, the canals were desobturated, making use of NRT rotary instruments , # 40 K-type files and orange oil based solvent. After the removal of the filling material, specimens were sealed and tested for impregnation of dye in 1% methylene blue for 24 hours in the absence of vacuum. The teeth were then washed in running water for 24 hours, had their crowns amputated and the roots sectioned horizontally into 1 mm slices. For each root third , one section was selected and photographed, the images were stored on computer and the percentage of stained dentin in each section was calculated using a graphical analysis software. The results showed a statistically significant difference between experimental groups and control group (p <0.05). However, there was no statistical difference between experimental groups (p> 0.05). Thus, it was concluded that the type of filling material does not influence dentin permeability after its removal.

Grande parte dos insucessos dos tratamentos endodônticos ocorre por falha nas restaurações provisórias ou definitivas, em função da microinfiltração coroa-ápice. Sabe-se que, muitos pacientes realizam esse tratamento, mas não têm condições de restaurar o dente imediatamente, aumentando o risco de falhas nesse período intermediário, pela penetração de bactérias ou fluídos bucais até o canal radicular. Nos últimos anos, têm-se buscado, após o tratamento endodôntico, realizar o selamento intracoronário imediato, visando assim uma maior longevidade dessa terapia, até que se realize a restauração definitiva, ou até mesmo após esta. Diversas substâncias estão sendo testadas com o objetivo de avaliar essa penetração e existem diversos métodos disponíveis, para se avaliar a efetividade do selamento, como o de penetração de corantes e bactérias. Ultimamente, o método de filtração de fluído, que foi desenvolvido inicialmente para avaliar a permeabilidade dentinária, mas que posteriormente foi adaptado para uso em outras áreas, tem sido bastante utilizado para avaliar a microinfiltração em dentes tratados endodonticamente. Esse método é considerado quantitativo, não destrutivo, pela capacidade de se utilizar os mesmos espécimes em diferentes períodos de tempo, apresentando assim vantagens sobre os demais. Em função disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar, através do método de filtração de fluído, a permeabilidade de diferentes materiais utilizados no selamento intracoronário: o IRM, o Adper Scothbond Multi Purpose Plus e o Adper Single Bond 2, em dentes humanos unirradiculares obturados com cimento AH Plus e cones de guta percha, comparando-as entre si e também com a capacidade de selamento do novo sistema Epiphany, sendo as avaliações realizadas em períodos de 15, 30 e 60 dias. Após a aplicação do teste não paramétrico de Kruskall-Wallis e de Friedman, diferenças significantes foram encontradas entre os quatro grupos, sendo que o Grupo do IRM apresentou as maiores médias de filtrações em todos os períodos, e os grupos selados com os dois sistemas adesivos as menores. O sistema Epiphany apresentou médias iniciais baixas, mas sofreu um aumento significante dos seus valores de filtrações no último período, provavelmente por não ter recebido nenhum material selador secundário. / Great part of endodontic treatment fails because of failures in provisory or definitive restoration, permiting a coronal microleakage. For these reasons, in last years, there is a preocupation in sealing intra-coronal cavity after the treatment, to have in view a longer longevity. So many materials are being used for this purpose. Recently it has been developed by Pashley, D.H. and his collaborators, a so called \"Fluid Transport method and capillary flow\" by the method of fluid transport. This method was inicitially developed for measuring dentinal permeability and is now used for studying the microleakage of root filling materials throuhg seal of intra-coronal fillings. It is not a destructive and quantitative method that permits the observation of the same specimens in different periods of time. The aim of the present study is to evalute the fluid infiltration and permeability of intracoronal sealers, using two Endodontics cements. 40 human teeth were divided into two grups. Group I, with 30 teeth, canals were filled with gutta-percha cones and AH Plus cement. Group II, with 10 teeth, canals were filled with Epiphany System. Four millimeters of the material was placed on the pulp chamber floor. Group I was divided in three groups: In Group IA, after canal filling, pulp chambers were filled with temporary filling IRM. In Group IB, pulp chambers were sealed with Socth Bond Multi Purpose Plus and Group IC, pulp chambers were sealed with Adper Singlebond. In Group II no sealing was made in pulp chambers of teeth. The fluid filtration for each group was compared by Kruskal-Wallis test. In the 15 days period, low filtration indexes had been observed in all groups, but Group IC presented the lowest level of filtration results. In the 30 days period, IA group behaved as expected, the IRM permiting the larger filtration. The groups IB, IC e II, perminting layer filtration than in the 15 days period. In the 60 days period, the group II presented higher level of filtration but the groups IB e IC presented the lost results of filtration, could being considered equally efficients, and the group IA demonstred the poorest results. In conclusion all groups showed filtration in 15, 30 and 60 days period.

Em três experimentos realizou-se o mapeamento da mancha cega do olho direito para se investigar se o completamento perceptivo que ocorre nela distorce a percepção de tamanho de barras. Em todos os experimentos, o mapeamento da mancha cega foi realizada pelo método dos estímulos constantes; os tamanhos das barras podiam nunca interceptar a mancha cega, interceptá-la parcialmente ou interceptá-la por completo; e as barras eram apresentadas pelo método PEST para se determinar o ponto de igualdade subjetiva, e conseqüentemente, o erro constante. No Experimento I as barras eram horizontais e comparadas no nível do ponto de fixação em condição monocular com o olho direito. Elas eram apresentadas por 100, 300 ou 400 ms, aos pares, simultânea e simetricamente localizadas no hemicampo direito e esquerdo em relação ao ponto de fixação. Os resultados desse experimento indicaram uma assimetria lateral nas comparações de tamanho da barra menor e que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce efetivamente o tamanho percebido. No Experimento II as barras eram verticais e podiam ser apresentadas também por 100, 300 ou 400 ms, aos pares, simultânea e simetricamente em relação ao ponto de fixação em cinco excentricidades nos hemicampos do olho direito em condição monocular. As barras nas excentricidades menor e maior não interceptavam a mancha cega e as barras de tamanhos maior e intermediário nas excentricidades intermediárias incidiam nas regiões periféricas e central da mancha cega. Os resultados indicaram também que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce a percepção de tamanho e que em algumas excentricidades em que a barra padrão foi apresentada no hemicampo esquerdo evidencia-se uma assimetria lateral na comparação de tamanhos. No experimento III, o mapeamento da mancha cega do olho direito e as comparações das barras verticais foram realizados em condição dicótica. As barras foram apresentadas aos pares e seqüencialmente, expostas por 100 ms cada e com um intervalo de 200 ms entre suas apresentações. Elas foram apresentadas em cinco excentricidades no hemicampo direito de cada olho, similar ao Experimento II, de maneira que as comparações de tamanho envolvessem somente o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo. Os resultados indicaram também que o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce o tamanho percebido. Os três experimentos sugerem que existe assimetria ao se comparar tamanhos, embora tênue, quando se envolvem ambos hemisférios cerebrais e que a explicação associativa proposta por Trypathy et al. (1995) é a alternativa que melhor explica o completamento perceptivo na mancha cega. / Three experiments were carried out to investigate whether the filling-in in the blind spot can distort perceived size. In these experiments, the method of constant stimuli was applied to map the blind spot of the right eye; the lengths of the bars could never intercept the blind spot, intercept it partially or intercept it totally; and the PEST method was applied to determine the point of subjective equality, and then, the constant error. In Experiment I, the lengths of two horizontal bars were compared at the level of fixation point of the right eye under monocular viewing conditions. These bars were presented simultaneously for 100, 300 or 400ms and they were located symmetrically to each other from the fixation point. Results suggested that the filling-in in the blind spot did not distort perceived length, and that there was lateral asymmetry in comparing bars which lengths do not intercept the blind spot. In Experiment II, two vertical bars were presented simultaneously also for 100, 300 or 400ms and symmetrically from the fixation point at five eccentricities in the visual hemifields of right eye in monocular viewing conditions. Bars at the farther and closest eccentricity never intercepted the blind spot, and the bars at intermediate eccentricities could intercept the central and peripheral regions of the blind spot. Results also indicated that the filling-in in the blind spot did not distort perceived size, and that there was lateral asymmetry in comparing size as the standard bar was at the left visual hemifield. In Experiment III, the blind spot of the right eye was mapped and length bar comparisons were done in dichotic conditions in such way that only the left brain was involved. Two vertical bars were presented at five eccentricities like in Experiment II, but they were presented sequentially for 200 ms with an interval of 400 ms between presentations. Results also indicated that the filling-in did not affect perceived size. These three experiments suggest that there is a weak lateral asymmetry in size comparisons due to the inter-hemispheric brain effect and that the associative explanation proposed by Trypathy et al. (1995) is the best alternative to explain the filling-in in the blind spot.

O presente estudo investigou a aplicação de dois tipos de AnSBBR (reatores anaeróbio com biofilme e operados em batelada e batelada alimentada sequenciais: com recirculação da fase líquida e com agitação) para produção de biohidrogênio tratando água residuária sintética (a base de soro de leite e lactose, respectivamente). O AnSBBR com recirculação da fase líquida, que foi o estudo principal do presente trabalho, apresentou problemas na produção de hidrogênio utilizando soro de leite como substrato. Algumas alternativas, como adaptação da biomassa com substratos puros de degradação mais fácil, controle do pH em valores muito baixos e diferentes formas de inoculação foram testadas, entretanto, sem obtenção de sucesso. A solução do problema foi obtida ao refrigerar o meio de alimentação a 4ºC para evitar a fermentação no frasco de armazenamento, retirar a ureia e a suplementação de nutrientes, e realizar lavagens periódicas do material suporte para retirada de parte da biomassa. Dessa forma eliminaram-se indícios de produção de H2S por possível ação de bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS) e atingiu-se uma produção estável de hidrogênio sem, entretanto, eliminar completamento o metano, que foi produzido em baixas concentrações. Depois de atingida a estabilidade, investigou-se a influência da concentração afluente de substrato, do tempo de enchimento e da temperatura na produção de biohidrogênio no AnSBBR com recirculação da fase líquida tratando soro de leite. O estudo da concentração afluente apresentou um ponto ótimo para a concentração de 5400 mgDQO.L-1, atingindo valores de 0,80 mol H2.mol-1 lactose e de 660 mL H2.L-1.d-1. O estudo do tempo de enchimento apresentou resultados similares para as condições analisadas. Com relação à temperatura, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a temperatura mais baixa testada de 15ºC (1,12 mol H2.mol lactose-1 e 1080 mL H2.L-1.d-1), sendo que na temperatura mais alta testada (45&#176;C) não ocorreu produção de hidrogênio. Para o AnSBBR com agitação mecânica, que foi um estudado complementar realizado pelo fato da lactose ser o principal complemento do soro de leite, o desempenho do biorreator foi avaliado de acordo com influência conjunta do tempo de ciclo (tC &#8211; 2, 3 e 4 h), da concentração afluente (CSTA &#8211; 3600-5400 mgDQO.L-1) e da carga orgânica volumétrica aplicada (COAV &#8211; 9,3, 12,3, 13,9, 18,5 e 27,8 mgDQO.L-1.d-1). Foram obtidos excelentes resultados: consumos de carboidratos (lactose), com valores médios sempre acima de 90&#37; e uma produção estável de biohidrogênio em todas as condições estudadas, com metano em baixas concentrações apenas na condição de maior COAV. A diminuição do tC apresentou tendência clara de melhora sobre o RMCRC,n (rendimento molar entre hidrogênio produzido e carboidrato removido) apenas para as condições com menor concentração CSTA, havendo uma relação direta entre CSTA, e RMCRC,n em todos os valores de tC, exceto para o tempo de ciclo de 3 h, exatamente onde ocorreu produção de metano. O melhor valor de RMCRC,n obtido na operação com lactose (1,65 mol H2.mol Carboidrato-1) foi superior aos obtidos em outros trabalhos utilizando a mesma configuração de reator e sacarose como substrato. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que a maioria dos clones analisados foi semelhante à Clostridium. Além destes, clones filogeneticamente semelhantes com a Família Lactobacilaceae, especificamente Lactobacillus rhamnosus foram observados em menor porcentagem no reator, assim como clones com sequências semelhantes a Acetobacter indonesiensis. / The present study investigated the application of two types of AnSBBR (anaerobic reactors with biofilm and operated in batch and fed-batch sequences: with recirculation of the liquid phase and with agitation) for biohydrogen production treating synthetic wastewater (cheese whey and lactose-based, respectively). The AnSBBR with recirculation of the liquid phase, which was the main study of this work, presented problems in the hydrogen production using cheese whey as substrate. Some alternatives, such as adaptation of the biomass with pure substrates of easier degradation, pH control at very low values and different forms of inoculation were tested but without achieving success. The solution of the problem was obtained by cooling the feed medium at 4ºC to prevent fermentation in the storage flasks, removing the urea and the nutrient supplementation, and performing periodic washing of the support material for the removal of part of the biomass. Thus, H2S production evidences by possible action of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were eliminated, reaching a stable production of hydrogen without eliminate the presence of methane completely, which was produced in low concentrations. After reaching the stability, it was investigated the influence of the influent concentration of the substrate, the influence of the filling time and the influence of the temperature on the production of biohydrogen in an AnSBBR with recirculation of the liquid phase treating cheese whey. The study of the influent concentration showed an optimum point for the concentration of 5400 mgDQO.L-1, reaching values of 0.80 mol H2.mol-1lactose and 660 mL H2.L-1.d-1. The study of the filling time showed similar results for the analyzed conditions. With respect to the temperature, the best results were obtained with the lowest temperature tested of 15ºC (1.12 mol H2.mol-1lactose and 1080 mL H2.L-1.d-1), while the highest temperature tested (45ºC) didn\'t produce hydrogen. For the AnSBBR with mechanical stirring (which was an additional study that was performed by the fact that the lactose is the main component of the cheese whey) the performance of the bioreactor was evaluated in accordance with the joint influence og the cycle time (tC - 2, 3 and 4 h ), the influent concentration (CSTA - 3600-5400 mgDQO.L-1) and the applied volumetric organic load (COAV - 9.3, 12.3, 13.9, 18.5 and 27.8 mgDQO.L-1.d-1). Excellent results were obtained: consumption of carbohydrates (lactose) always above 90% and a stable production of biohydrogen in all conditions studied, with low methane concentrations just in the condition with the biggest COAV. The decrease in the tC showed a clear trend of improvement of the RMCRC,n (molar yield between the hydrogen produced and removed carbohydrate) only for the conditions with the low influent concentration (CSTA). There was a direct relationship between CSTA and RMCRC,n in all values of tC, except for the cycle time of 3 hours, exactly in which there was methane production. The best value of RMCRC,n obtained in the operation with lactose (1.65 mol H2.mol-1Lactose) was superior to those obtained in other studies using the same reactor configuration and sucrose as substrate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority of the analyzed clones was similar to Clostridium. In addition, clones phylogenetically similar to Lactobacilaceae family, specifically Lactobacillus rhamnosus, were observed in a small proportion in the reactor, as well as clones with similar sequences of Acetobacter indonesiensis.

Le combustible nucléaire pressenti pour les réacteurs de quatrième génération à neutrons rapides refroidis au sodium présente différentes caractéristiques qui le différencient du combustible utilisé dans les Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisée, notamment : une structure homogène (U,Pu)O2, une géométrie annulaire et une forte teneur en PuO2. Le procédé de fabrication des pastilles de combustible comprend la réalisation d’un mélange UO2/PuO2 par cobroyage suivie d’une mise en forme par pressage. Cependant, le mélange UO2/PuO2 cobroyé n’a pas les propriétés adaptées à un remplissage reproductible des moules de presses annulaires. Il s’agit donc d’identifier une opération intermédiaire, entre le cobroyage et la mise en forme, pour faciliter le remplissage des moules. Pour orienter le choix de cette opération, une étude à effets séparés a été réalisée sur des granulés d’UO2, considérés représentatifs de la poudre broyée en première approche. Les caractéristiques physiques cibles qui ont été étudiées sont la granulométrie et la morphologie (état de surface) de la poudre. Ainsi, des mélanges de granulés de tailles différentes ont été caractérisés pour évaluer l'influence de la quantité de fines (particules inférieures à 100 μm) sur les propriétés rhéologiques. En parallèle une intercomparaison entre les cellules de cisaillement de volumes et de types différents (Cellule de Schulze et FT4) a été effectuée afin d’avoir un bon compromis entre la quantité de poudre utilisée et la qualité des résultats. Un premier objectif a été de déterminer quelle proportion de fines est acceptable. Par ailleurs, pour évaluer l’effet de l’état de surface des granulés, une opération de type sphéroïdisation a été réalisée. Elle conduit à modifier la rugosité des granulés. Il a été montré que le taux de fines et la rugosité de surface sont deux paramètres influents qui permettent de modifier les propriétés rhéologiques. Notamment dans le cadre de ces travaux, la présence de fines de moins de 100 μm ne semble pas avoir d’impact négatif sur la mise en écoulement jusqu’à une proportion proche de 10%m. Par contre d’autres propriétés telle que la perméabilité sont sensibles à la proportion de fines même en dessous de 10%m. Une opération de sphéroïdisation permet d’améliorer les propriétés de mise en écoulement de la poudre même au-delà de 10%m de fines. Ces résultats font apparaitre deux modes d’action possibles qui sont la sélection granulométrique et la sphéroïdisation, cette dernière semblant la plus adaptée pour notre application. / The nuclear fuel for the fourth generation sodium-cooled fast neutron reactors presents characteristics which differentiate it from that used in Pressurized Water Reactors: a homogeneous structure (U,Pu)O2, an annular geometry and a high content of PuO2. The manufacturing process of the fuel pellets starts with the realization of a UO2/PuO2 mixture by co-grinding followed by forming by pressing. However, the UO2/PuO2 mixture does not exhibit the suitable properties for a reproducible filling of annular press moulds. An intermediate operation, between the co-grinding and the shaping, is necessary to facilitate the filling of the moulds. To direct the choice of this operation, a separate effects study was carried out on UO2 granules, considered as representative of the crushed powder in a first approach. The investigated target physical characteristics are the powder size distribution and morphology. Therefore, mixtures of granules of various sizes were characterized to evaluate the influence of the quantity of fines (particles with a size lower than 100 μm) on the rheological properties. In parallel an intercomparison study between shear cells of different volumes and types (Schulze cell and FT4) was carried out in order to have a good compromise between the quantity of powder used and the quality of the results. A first objective was to determine the proportion of fines acceptable. Then to evaluate the effect of the surface quality of the granules, an operation of spheroidization was carried out. This resulted in modifying the granules roughness. It has been shown that both the fines ratio and the surface roughness are influential parameters that make it possible to modify the rheological properties. In particular within the framework of this study, the presence of fines with a size lower than 100 μm does not seem to have a negative impact on incipient flow up to about 10 w%. On the contrary, other properties such as permeability are sensitive to the fines amount, even below 10 w%. A spheroidization stage enables to improve incipient flow properties of the powder even above 10 w% of fines. These results lead to two possible action modes, which are the grain size selection and the spheroidization, the latter being the most adapted for our application.