Engine development is now driven by cost, performance, governmental regulations and customer demands. Several of the requirements have tribological associations. Tribological improvements which consist in lowering friction and improving wear resistance in engines, will play a major role to increase reliability and life cycle. The components studied here are parts of the valvetrain mechanism of heavy-duty Diesel engines. The injection cam is one of the most problematic parts of the camshaft, as it is subjected to high pressures from the fuel injector. Lubrication is of significant importance in the prevention of cam failure caused by wear. However, the satisfactory lubrication of the cam and roller contact has proved to be one of the most difficult tribological design challenges to take up. For a lubricated contact, the degree of separation between surfaces has a very strong influence on the type and amount of wear. This degree of separation is termed as specific film thickness ; its value provides a measure of the severity of asperities interaction in the lubricated contact. In this report, attention is drawn on the evaluation of oil film thickness in the cam-roller contact, in order to predict regimes of lubrication and thus to identify the probable wear zones of the injection cam. Then, confrontation with experimental results is performed(observation of worn cam surfaces). Future work to achieve is to discover the influence of the different parameters on oil film thickness, by performing a multivariate analysis. The next step will focus on modelling the wear of injection cams, and finally establishing quantified correlations between wear and specific film thickness.

<p>The focus of this study is to synthesize a novel hinged polymer actuator. The linking molecule (hinge) is phenazine with interconnected dipyrrole units.</p>

Multiphase flows occurring in pipelines with a serpentine configuration is an important phenomenon, which can be encountered in heat exchangers used in a variety of industrial processes. More specifically, in many industrial units such as a large cracking furnace in a refinery, the tubes are arranged in a serpentine manner and are relatively short. As flow negotiates round the 180o bend at the ends of the tubes, the generated centrifugal force could cause flow maldistribution creating local dry spots, where no steady liquid film is formed on the adjacent straight sections of the pipe. As a result, events including coking, cracking and overheating of heat transfer surfaces may occur and lead to frequent shutdown of the facilities. Consequently, this could increase operating costs and reduce production revenue. Thus, it is desirable to know the effect that the bends exert on the flow in the straight part of the pipe. Apart from this, knowledge of the bend effects on the flows in the pipeline could also be important for the design of other pipelines for gas/liquid transport, e.g. offshore gas and oil pipelines. Quite a large number of studies have been found in the literature. The majority of them were for two-phase flow with small diameter pipes (i.d. ≤ 50 mm). However, studies with large diameter pipes (i.d. ≥ 100 mm), have increasingly been considered in recent years as problems related to large diameter vertical pipes are being encountered more and more often in industrial situations. This thesis studies the effect of 180o bends on the characteristics and development of gas-liquid two-phase flows in large diameter downward and upward pipes. The study particularly focuses on the influence of serpentine configuration on flow structure, cross-sectional void distribution and circumferential liquid film profiles and their development along the downward and upward sections. It was found that both the top and bottom bends have considerable impacts on flow behaviour, although to varying degrees. These impacts were highly dependent on the air and water flow rates. For sufficient flow rates, the bends were observed to create flow maldistribution in the adjacent straight section, due to the effects of centrifugal force. The air moved towards the inner zone of the bend and the water towards the outer zone, while a lesser quantity of water was identified on the other surfaces of the pipe. Investigation of the film thickness development in the downward and upward sections showed that, the liquid film behaviour close to the bends was significantly different from those located further away. This can be attributed to the centrifugal force of the bends. Examination of the power spectral density (PSD) along the downward and upward sections showed that, the shape of PSD located in the adjacent section to the bends, was substantially different from those located further away. Furthermore, several flow regime maps were generated which showed that, in addition to bubbly, intermittent and annular flows, unstable flows existed along the upward section, particularly for low gas and water flow rates. In this study it was found that, the lower bend was periodically blocked by the liquid and then blown through by the accumulated air. The data obtained from this study were compared with different theoretical correlations found in the existing literature. Some discrepancy between the results of the current study and those of previous published materials was noted. Updated correlations were presented which provided well results when they applied for the data obtained from the current study and previous studies.

The problem of condensation of steam on a vertical tier of horizontal tubes is investigated by both analytical and experimental methods in this study. A computer program is written to perform the analysis of laminar film condensation on the horizontal tubes. The program is capable to calculate condensate film thickness and velocity distribution, as well as the heat transfer coefficient within the condensate. An experimental setup was also manufactured to observe the condensation phenomenon. Effects of tube diameter and temperature difference between steam and the tube wall on condensation heat transfer have been analytically investigated with the computer program. Experiments were carried out at different inclinations of the tier of horizontal tubes. Effects of the steam velocity and the distance between the horizontal tubes are also experimentally investigated. Results of the experiments are compared to those of the studies of Abdullah et al., Kumar et al. and Nusselt as well as to the analytical results of the present study.

EFFECTS OF OFF-CENTER ANGLE ON THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ON VERTiCAL TIER OF MULTIPLE SPHERICAL SURFACES Kaya, Ebubekir M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cemil Yamali December 2004, 112 pages The purpose of this study is to investigate the laminar film condensation phenomenon of steam on a vertical tier of multiple spherical surfaces by using both analytical and experimental methods. The analytical heat transfer results were obtained by following the Nusselt type of analysis and represented graphically. In addition, in order to observe the real behavior of the film condensation, an experimental setup was manufactured and experiments were done. In analytical section / mass flow rate, (mean) velocity, film thickness, local heat flux and local heat transfer coefficient values were obtained and plotted as depending on angular position. Moreover, mean heat flux and mean heat transfer coefficient variations were presented with respect to diameter of the sphere and sub-cooling. On the other hand, for the experimental section, heat flux and mean heat transfer coefficient values were obtained and expressed as depending on sub-cooling. To see the effects of off-center angle, setup was inclined for different angles and experiments were repeated for each inclination angle. At the end of the study, mean heat transfer coefficients belong to analytical and experimental studies were compared to each other as well as to the literature.

No description available.

A theory is developed to explain the dependence of carrier transport in a thin semiconducting film on film thickness, magnetic field strength, and the dominant bulk scattering mechanism. This theory is based on the solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation in relaxation time form. The semiconductor is assumed to be bounded and nondegenerate with spherical energy surfaces and a scalar effective mass, It is also assumed to be flat banded with totally diffuse scattering at the surface. Classical Boltzmann statistics are used for equilibrium. The dependence of the relaxation time on the carrier energy is approximated by a power law equation. The principle improvement over similar theories is the treatment of the dependence of the relaxation time on carrier energy. The power law approximation for this dependence is valid for randomizing and elastic scattering mechanisms.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The focus of this study is to synthesize a novel hinged polymer actuator. The linking molecule (hinge) is phenazine with interconnected dipyrrole units. / South Africa

abstract: Crumb rubber use in asphalt mixtures using wet process technology has been in practice for years in the United States with good performance history; however, it has some drawbacks that include the need for special blending equipment, high rubber-binder temperatures, and longer waiting time at mixing plants. Pre-treated crumb rubber technologies are emerging as a new method to produce asphalt rubber mixtures in the field. A new crumb rubber modifier known as Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) is one such technology. RAR (industrially known as “RARX”) acts like an Enhanced Elastomeric Asphalt Extender to improve the engineering properties of the binder and mixtures. It is intended to be used in a dry mixing process with the purpose of simplifying mixing at the asphalt plant. The objective of this research study was first to perform a Superpave mix design for determination of optimum asphalt content with 35% RAR by weight of binder; and secondly, analyse the performance of RAR modified mixtures prepared using the dry process against Crumb Rubber Modified (CRM) mixtures prepared using the wet process by conducting various laboratory tests. Performance Grade (PG) 64-22 binder was used to fabricate RAR and CRM mixtures and Performance Grade (PG) 70-10 was used to fabricate Control mixtures for this study. Laboratory tests included: Dynamic Modulus Test, Flow Number Test, Tensile Strength Ratio, Axial Cyclic Fatigue Test and C* Fracture Test. Observations from test results indicated that RAR mixes prepared through the dry process had excellent fatigue life, moisture resistance and cracking resistance compared to the other mixtures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

O desenvolvimento de novos sistemas cerâmicos propicia a possibilidade de escolha do tipo de restauração que se deseje utilizar. Entretanto, os benefícios advindos deste progresso devem ser avaliados frente à possibilidade de comportamento clínico insatisfatório. Este trabalho se propõe a avaliar infra-estruturas cerâmicas quanto à influência do ajuste interno na adaptação, o desajuste vertical após a simulação da cimentação, a espessura de película nas superfícies axiais e oclusal e a ocorrência de assentamento oblíquo. Um troquel-padrão metálico com preparo para coroa total em pré-molar superior foi confeccionado e trinta troquéis de gesso foram obtidos e dividos em três grupos de dez espécimes cada. Sobre os troquéis de gesso foram confeccionadas infra-estruturas metálicas para o grupo MC, infra-estruturas cerâmicas In-Ceram Zirconia, para o grupo IZ, e Procera AllZircon, para o grupo PZ. As infra-estruturas tiveram sua posição, em relação ao troquel-padrão, mensurada durante ajuste interno e simulação da cimentação com silicone de consistência fluida (cimento-análogo). A película de cimento-análogo abaixo das infra-estruturas foi seccionada no sentido vestíbulo-lingual e mensurada nas paredes axiais e oclusal. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que: 1) o ajuste interno das infra-estruturas metalo-cerâmicas e In-Ceram Zirconia resultou em redução do desajuste vertical; 2) o desajuste vertical das infra-estruturas Procera AllZircon foi estatisticamente diferente das infra-estruturas metalo-cerâmicas e In-Ceram Zirconia; 3) a espessura de película das infra-estruturas Procera AllZircon foi significantemente maior que das infra-estruturas metalo-cerâmicas e In-Ceram Zirconia; 4) todas as infra-estruturas apresentaram assentamento oblíquo. / The development of new ceramic systems creates the possibility of choice above the type of restoration one could mean to choose. Thus, benefits from this progress must be appraised on the possibility of unsatisfactory clinical behavior. This work intends to evaluate ceramic copings to the influence of internal adjustment on adaptation, vertical misfit after cementation, film thickness of axial and occlusal surfaces and occurrence of oblique seating. A metallic superior premolar analogue with full crown preparation was yield and thirty casts were obtained and divided into three groups of ten specimens each. Metal copings were yield for group MC and ceramics copings of In-Ceram Zirconia and Procera AllZircon were yield for group IZ and group PZ, respectively. The copings had their position, in relation to the metallic analogue, measured during adjustment and cementation with light body silicon. Cement film, below the copings, was sectioned and measured at the axial and occlusal surfaces. The analysis of the results demonstrated that: 1) internal adjustment of metal and In-Ceram Zirconia copings reduced the vertical misfit; 2) vertical misfit after cementation of Procera AllZircon copings was statistically different from metal and In-Ceram Zirconia copings; 3) film thickness of Procera AllZircon copings was significantly greater than metal and In-Ceram Zirconia copings; 4) all copings presented oblique seating.