Hydraulic fracturing is a popular stimulation method in tight gas and shale gas reservoirs that uses a viscous fluid to fracture the reservoir rock and uniformly transport proppant to create a highly conductive path that is kept open by the proppant after fracturing. This method is used to improve the productivity of the otherwise low permeability reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing, though in general beneficial, is a complex process that has a number of challenges in fracturing design and execution. This research focuses on studying the damage caused by the fracturing fluid (gel) to the fracture and the conditions to remove the damage. Guar gum and its derivatives have been the most commonly used polymers to increase the viscosity of fracturing fluids. The fracturing fluid gets dehydrated under pressure leaving behind a highly concentrated unbroken residue called filter cake which causes permeability impairment in the proppant pack, resulting in low fracture conductivity and decreased effective fracture length. This study seeks to characterize filter cakes. By measuring its thickness and with the leak off volume, the concentration and yield stress of the filter cake can be estimated. The thickness of the filter cake was measured with a precise laser profilometer. Correlations are proposed to estimate filter cake properties (thickness, concentration and yield stress) based on pumping conditions (pump rate, time and net pressure) and rock properties. With these properties known, a required flow back rate of the reservoir fluid can be estimated to clean up the filter cake modeled as a non-newtonian fluid exhibiting a yield stress. Typical field conditions were referenced and scaled down in the lab to closely represent the field conditions. Recommendations are provided on gel damage based on the observation of the study.

Filter cake characterization is very important in drilling and completion operations. Heterogeneity of the filter cake plays a key role in the design of chemical treatments needed to remove the filter cake. The objectives of this study are to characterize the filter cake under static and dynamic conditions, evaluate the using of polylactic acid and chelating agents to remove calcium carbonate-based filter cake, assess glycolic acid to remove Mn3O4-based filter cake, and evaluate ilmenite as a weighting material for water-based drilling fluid. In order to characterize the filter cake, computer tomography (CT) was used in combination with the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) to analyze the filter cake. A modified HPHT filter cell was developed to perform the filtration tests. A see-through-cell was used to check the compatibility of different chemicals that were used to remove the filter cake. The results obtained from the CT scan showed that the filter cake was heterogeneous and contained two layers with different properties under static and dynamic conditions. Under static conditions, the formation of filter cake changed from compression to buildup; while under dynamic conditions, the filter cake was formed under continuous buildup. Polylactic acid was used as a component of the drilling fluid components and the results obtained showed that the drill-in fluid had stable rheological properties up to 250˚F over 24 hrs. The removal efficiency of the filter cake was nearly 100% and the return permeability was about 100% for Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone cores, when using a weight ratio of polylactic acid to calcium carbonate 3 to 1. GLDA (pH 3.3) and HEDTA (pH 4) can be used to remove the filter cake in one step without using α-amylase enzyme solutions. GLDA (20 wt% in a 200 g solution and pH of 3.3) and HEDTA (20 wt% in a 200 g solution and pH 4) had 100% removal efficiency of the filter cake using Indiana limestone and Berea sandstone cores. Chelate solutions, GLDA (pH of 3.3 - 13) and HEDTA (pH of 4 and 7) were incompatible with α-amylase enzyme solutions over a wide range of temperatures. CT results showed that no formation damage was observed when using chelating agents as a breaker to remove the calcium carbonate filter cake. Manganese tetraoxide-based filter cake had a removal efficiency of 85% after 20 hrs soaking with glycolic acid (5 wt%) after soaking with α-amylase for 24 hrs, and 89% after reaction with acid mixture (1 wt% HCl and 7 wt% glycolic acid) for 16 hrs. for both methods, the retained permeability was 100% for Indiana limestone cores and 120% for Berea sandstone cores, which indication maximum productivity of these formations. Ilmenite-based filter cake was ideal for HPHT applications, 0.2 in. thickness and 12 cm3 filtrate under dynamic conditions. The filtrate volume was reduced by adding a minor amount of CaCO3 solids that improved the particles packing. No sag problem was observed when using the micronized ilmenite in water-based drilling fluids. Ilmenite has a negative zeta potential in alkaline media and had a stable dispersion in water at pH > 7.

Submitted by FELIPE BIONDI FERNANDES DE LIMA null (felipebiondifl@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-30T09:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Felipe Lima.pdf: 1358380 bytes, checksum: 92c13f7913a30b1b6c60782eb9349c6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-30T14:52:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_fbf_me_jabo.pdf: 1358380 bytes, checksum: 92c13f7913a30b1b6c60782eb9349c6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T14:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_fbf_me_jabo.pdf: 1358380 bytes, checksum: 92c13f7913a30b1b6c60782eb9349c6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / A utilização de resíduos da indústria sucroenergética como substrato para a formação de mudas pré-brotadas torna o processo de produção cana-de-açúcar sustentável, sendo os próprios resíduos utilizados para uma nova geração da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter um substrato, composto por resíduos da indústria sucroenergética, adequado para a produção de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de três substratos isolados: torta de filtro, cinza e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, os quais foram comparados a um substrato testemunha. Os tratamentos foram homogeneizados seguindo a proporção volume:volume e destas misturas foram realizadas as caracterizações físicas e químicas. Realizou-se o plantio dos minirrebolos em tubetes de 180 cm³, respeitando a densidade de cada material, e, então, os materiais foram levados para casa de vegetação por 90 dias. As mudas foram avaliadas quanto ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea, radicular, porcentagem de brotação e análise químicas das folhas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dezoito repetições. Foi realizada a análise de variância e, quando significativa, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade; foi realizado análise de correlação entre todos os resultados. As mudas cultivadas no substrato T2/10-C2/10-B6/10 apresentaram maior desenvolvimento da parte aérea e radicular, maior facilidade para retirada do tubete, menor densidade e maior quantidade de nutrientes. / The use of waste of sugarcane industry as substrate for the formation of pre-sprouted seedlings makes the process of sugarcane sustainable production, the waste itself used for a new generation of culture. This study aimed to obtain a substrate, composed of waste from sugarcane industry, suitable for the production of pre-sprouted of sugarcane seedlings. The treatments were a combination of three insulated substrates: filter cake, ash and bagasse sugarcane, which were compared to a control substrate. The treatments were homogenized following the ratio volume: volume mixtures of these and the physical and chemical characterizations were carried out. There was the planting of “minirrebolos” in tubes of 180 cm³, respecting the density of each material, and then the materials were taken to a greenhouse for 90 days. The seedlings were evaluated for the development of shoot, root, sprouting percentage and chemical analysis of the leaves. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eighteen repetitions. Analysis of variance was performed and, when significant, the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability; correlation analysis was performed between all results. Seedlings grown in substrate T2/10-C2/10-B6/10 presented further development of root and shoot, easier to remove the cartridge, lower density and higher amount of nutrients.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T12:47:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor Bezerra de Almeida Junior.pdf: 333433 bytes, checksum: 136fccca22048987420e5fe5c8243fd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor Bezerra de Almeida Junior.pdf: 333433 bytes, checksum: 136fccca22048987420e5fe5c8243fd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The use of organic wastes plays an important role in agriculture due to its potential for diminishing yield costs and minimize environmental impacts. The work was carried out to evaluate the effect of mineral fertilizer and filter cake doses on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) yield and soil chemical characteristics. The experimental was conducted in a greenhouse, in design was the casualized blocks with three replications, in a factorial outline (5x3), with five doses of filter cake (0; 9,25; 18,5; 27,75 e 35 g pot-1) and three levels of mineral fertilizer (0; 50 e 100% of the recommended dose). The results showed that cake filter addition favored soil fertility, increasing the contents of both macro and micronutrients and decreasing Al concentration. Filter cake promoted corrected soil acidity while mineral fertilizer acidified the soil. Sugarcane plants responded to filter cake application by increasing the uptake of phosphorus, potassium and copper. The use of filter cake associated with mineral fertilization is recommended in order to increase sugarcane yield while reducing costs with mineral fertilizers. / A utilização dos resíduos orgânicos assume relevante importância nos dias atuais, devido a sua potencialidade de reduzir custos de produção e minimizar impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de fertilizantes orgânico e mineral na cultura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) e nos atributos químicos do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento blocos casualizados com três repetições,arranjo fatorial 5 x 3, representando cinco doses de torta de filtro (0; 9,25; 18,5; 27,75 e 35 g vaso-1) e três níveis de fertilizante mineral (0; 50 e 100% da dose recomendada). Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação de torta de filtro promoveu melhoria na fertilidade do solo, por aumentar os teores de macro e micronutrientes no solo, e reduzir os teores de Al. A torta de filtro promoveu ação corretiva da acidez do solo, enquanto os fertilizantes minerais promoveram a acidificação do solo. As plantas de cana-de-açúcar responderam a aplicação da torta de filtro por aumentar o acúmulo de fósforo, potássio e cobre na parte aérea das plantas. Recomenda-se o uso de torta de filtro associado à adubação mineral, como maneira de maximizar o efeito sobre a produtividade e reduzir custos com fertilizantes minerais.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-03T12:10:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Luiz Nunes de Oliveira.pdf: 831947 bytes, checksum: 99a48498cc62d5306d1df10cb02c56c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Luiz Nunes de Oliveira.pdf: 831947 bytes, checksum: 99a48498cc62d5306d1df10cb02c56c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-30 / Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Is currently considered one of the most important crops in the Brazilian social and economic. In Pernambuco, the sugar cane industry occupies an important agricultural area with high sugar and ethanol, generating many direct and indirect jobs. For increased productivity becomes necessary the use of management technologies that foster the development of culture. Currently, the productivity of plants has been basically ensured by the use of mineral fertilizers soluble, which may result in environmental risk and high production cost. It has been common in plants using sugarcane filter cake as a way to increase the nutrition of plants, and consequently the yield. However, an alternative to replacement of the NPK fertilizer mixture is soluble commercial rock biofertilizer with addition of elemental sulfur Acidithiobacillus inoculated with the bacteria in admixture with organic matter inoculated with free-living bacteria diazotrophic NFB 10001. The objective of this study was to evaluate, against the commercial soluble fertilizer (NPK) and by whether or not the filter cake, the effect of biofertilizer mixed (BNPK), production and technological characteristics of sugar cane, as well as evaluation of the input chemical characteristics of soil. The experiment was a randomized block design with four replications. The survey was conducted in an area belonging to the Usina Santa Teresa, located in the city of Goiás, forest area north of the state of Pernambuco in the geographical coordinates 07 º 33 'S and 35 º 00' W and altitude of 13 m. It was cultivated variety RB 92579 sugarcane ajacentes in two areas, one with and one without filter cake on the foundation. The rock biofertilizer (BPK) is produced by mixing parts of apatite and biotite in the presence of Acidithiobacillus and sulfur, while the production of biofertilizer mixture was made by mixing BNPK worm humus and inoculated with free living diazotrophic 1:3 ratio, respectively. The mixture of the soluble fertilizer (FNPK) was performed using ammonium sulfate (20% N), single superphosphate (20% P2O5) and anhydrous potassium (60% K2O), according to the analysis of soil and the recommendation for the culture . The application of filter cake, in general, positive influence on plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, yield and technological characteristics of sugar cane, and the BNPK in larger doses presented the best results, the BNPK showed results similar to commercial fertilizer in supplying soluble N, P, K, Ca and Mg of sugarcane having its effect enhanced by the application of filter cake on the foundation, the BNPK was equivalent to commercial fertilizer in the supply of N, P and K the soil, but also demonstrated a greater ability to supply Ca and Mg, and the filter cake helped to increase these nutrients in the soil in all treatments. / A cana de açúcar (Saccharum spp.) atualmente é tida como uma das culturas mais importantes no cenário socioeconômico brasileiro. Em Pernambuco, a indústria da cana de açúcar ocupa uma elevada área agrícola com relevante produção de açúcar e etanol, gerando diversos empregos diretos e indiretos. Para a elevação da produtividade se faz necessário à utilização de tecnologias de manejo que favoreçam o desenvolvimento da cultura. Atualmente a produtividade das plantas tem sido garantida basicamente pela utilização de fertilizantes minerais solúveis, o que pode resultar em risco ambiental e elevação do custo de produção. Tem sido comum nas usinas de cana de açúcar a utilização de torta de filtro como forma de elevar a nutrição das plantas e consequentemente a produtividade da cultura. No entanto, uma alternativa para substituição da mistura NPK com fertilizantes comerciais solúveis é o biofertilizante de rochas com adição de enxofre elementar inoculado com a bactéria Acidithiobacillus em mistura com matéria orgânica inoculado com bactéria diazotrófica de vida livre NFB 10001. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, frente ao fertilizante comercial solúvel (NPK) e mediante aplicação ou não de torta de filtro, o efeito do biofertilizante misto (BNPK), na produção e características tecnológicas da cana de açúcar, bem como na avaliação do insumo nas características químicas do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A pesquisa foi realizada em área pertencente à Usina Santa Tereza, localizada no Município de Goiana, zona da mata norte do Estado de Pernambuco nas coordenadas geográficas 07º33' S e 35º00' W e altitude de 13 m. Foi cultivada a variedade RB 92579 de cana de açúcar em duas áreas adjacentes, uma com e outra sem torta de filtro em fundação. O biofertilizante de rochas (BPK) foi produzido pela mistura de partes iguais de apatita e biotita na presença de Acidithiobacillus e enxofre, enquanto que a produção do biofertilizante misto se deu pela mistura de BNPK e húmus de minhoca inoculado com bactéria diazotrófica de vida livre na proporção de 1:3, respectivamente. A mistura dos fertilizantes solúveis (FNPK) foi realizada utilizando: sulfato de amônio (20% de N); superfosfato simples (20% de P2O5) e cloreto de potássio (60% de K2O), de acordo com a análise do solo e a recomendação para a cultura. A aplicação de torta de filtro, de maneira geral, influenciou positivamente na altura de plantas, diâmetro de colmo, matéria seca da parte aérea, produtividade e características tecnológicas da cana de açúcar, tendo o BNPK nas maiores doses apresentado os melhores resultados; o BNPK mostrou resultados semelhantes ao fertilizante comercial solúvel no fornecimento N, P, K, Ca e Mg à cana de açúcar tendo seu efeito potencializado pela aplicação de torta de filtro em fundação; o BNPK apresentou equivalência ao fertilizante comercial no fornecimento de N, P e K ao solo, como também demonstrou maior capacidade de fornecimento de Ca e Mg, tendo a torta de filtro contribuído para elevação destes nutrientes no solo em todos os tratamentos estudados.

Orientador: Daniel Barrera-Arellano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_JuliceDutra_M.pdf: 4059439 bytes, checksum: 28428ec58afcd84da3b0d3863f3e1f0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A cera de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) obtida da torta de filtro, um subproduto da indústria de açúcar e álcool, tem despertado grande interesse devido ao grande potencial de aplicação em diversos segmentos industriais, incluindo a indústria farmacêutica. O Brasil é o maior produtor de cana e maior exportador de açúcar do mundo, o que o torna um potencial produtor de cera de cana dado o grande volume de torta de filtro disponível. A cera de cana é composta de uma mistura de ésteres de cera, triacilgliceróis, esteróis, ácidos e álcoois graxos de cadeia longa, apresentando alto ponto de fusão e composição química extremamente complexa, o que dificulta seu manuseio e análise. É uma fonte de ácidos graxos alifáticos primários de cadeia longa, os quais têm apresentado efeitos antiplaquetários, antitrombóticos e de redução do colesterol sanguíneo, comprovados através de diversos estudos realizados em animais e humanos. Neste trabalho foi estudada a obtenção de um Concentrado de Ácidos Graxos de Cadeia Longa (CAGCL), denominado D-003, através de um processo simplificado contendo 3 etapas: saponificação da cera, extração com etanol anidro a quente e acidulação dos sais de ácidos graxos para obtenção do concentrado. Foram avaliados o rendimento e pureza dos concentrados obtidos e estes derivatizados por três metodologias distintas para posterior análise cromatográfica. Houve variações nos resultados entre as metodologias de derivatização utilizadas, porém pôde-se ter uma noção da faixa de concentração de ácidos e álcoois presentes nos concentrados estudados. Os CAGCL apresentaram rendimento, em massa, ao redor de 40% em relação à cera clarificada e purificada. O concentrado que apresentou maior teor de ácidos graxos (38,9%) foi extraído 3 vezes com etanol à quente, utilizando relação cera saponificada:etanol 1:5-1:3-1:3 (p/v). A obtenção do CAGCL utilizando o processo simplificado proposto é viável tecnicamente, com pureza dependente da quantidade de extrações e volume de etanol empregado. Para a correta e segura quantificação dos concentrados de ácidos graxos é indispensável o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica para este tipo de amostra / Abstract: The sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) wax obtained from filter cake, a byproduct of the sugar and alcohol industries, has attracted great interest due to the large potential for application in various industrial sectors, including the pharmaceutical industry. Brazil is the largest sugar cane producer and sugar exporting country in the world, making it a potential sugar cane wax producer due to the large volume of filter cake available. Sugar cane wax is composed of a mixture of wax esters, triacylglycerols, sterols, long chain fatty acids and alcohols with a high melting point and extremely complex chemical composition, making handling and analysis difficult. It is a source of long-chain aliphatic primary fatty acids which have shown anti-platelet effects, anti-thrombotic and cholesterollowering effects, demonstrated by several studies in animals and humans. This research was conducted to obtain long chain fatty acids concentrate (LCFAC), called D-003, through a simplified process involving three steps: saponification of the wax; extraction with hot anhydrous ethanol and acidulation of fatty acids salts. The yield and purity of the concentrates were evaluated using three different derivatization methods before gas chromatographic analysis. Differences between the methods were detected, but the range of these results provides a prediction of the concentration range of acids and alcohols present in the concentrates. The LCFAC had yield around 40% in comparison to the clarified and purified wax. The concentrate with the highest fatty acids content (38.9%) was extracted 3 times with hot ethanol, using the proportion of saponified wax: ethanol 1:5-1:3-1:3 (w/v). LCFAC using the simplified process proposed is technically viable, but purity depends on the amount of extraction and volume of ethanol used. For the accuracy and safe measurement of concentrated fatty acids the development of an analytical methodology appropriate for this kind of sample is essential / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

In South Africa, the ferrochromium industry produces approximately 100,000 t bag house filter dust and slurry, while the stainless steel industry produces 24,000 t of dust annually [17,39]. The toxic substances in these wastes potentially pose a threat to the environment and human health, especially Cr (VI) due to its toxic, carcinogenic, highly soluble and strongly oxidizing properties. Therefore, the existence and treatment of wastes from stainless steel and ferrochrome production remain a challenge and an issue of concern. The increase of environmental legislation globally and the trend towards sustainable development are drives for alternatives to landfill. In the present thesis, the characteristics, formation mechanisms, leachability and stabilisation of the Cr (VI)-containing electric furnace dust and filter cake were investigated using various techniques such as XRD, XRF, TG/DTA, XPS, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, Raman spectrometer and UV/Vis spectrometer. The electric furnace dust and filter cake are very fine particles. Stainless steel dust forms by the entrainment of charge materials, evaporation or volatilisation of elements and ejection of slag and metal by spitting or the bursting of gas bubbles. It was found that ferrochrome dust is formed by the ejection of slag and metals droplets from the electrode hole, the entrainment of charge materials, vaporisation as well as the formation and precipitation of compounds from vaporised species in the off-gas duct. Filter cake contains crystal phases (CaF2 and CaSO4 ) and metal rich amorphous phases. It is formed due to super saturation and precipitation. Leaching experiments on the wastes showed that Cr (VI) rapidly leaches out by distilled water. Bricks were produced by mixing wastes (stainless steel plant dust, ferrochrome dust and filter cake) and clay. The optimum sinter parameter was found to be 1100oC and 5 hours for a 50wt% SPD-50wt% AS mixture in the brick. The leachability of Cr(VI) is strongly influenced by the mass%CaO/mass%SiO2 ratio and alkali metal oxides content in the wastes. The emission factors from the stabilised wastes (SPD, FCD1, FCD2 and FC) are similar to those reported for the cement industry. Semi-dynamic leaching tests indicated that the predominant leaching mechanisms of chromium species are initial surface wash-off followed by matrix diffusion. / Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Even though the Brazilian ethanol and sugar production system (based on sugarcane industry) have been providing large amounts of bioenergy, the extensive amounts of organic wastes generated cannot be ignored when it comes to sustainability. Using these biomasses to produce biomethane through anaerobic digestion has been proven as a promising way to tackle this issue. This study investigated the biomethane potential of the co-digestion of these biomasses: SF (sugarcane straw : filter cake = 8:2), SFV (sugarcane straw : filter cake : vinasse = 1:4:45), and D (digestate separated from AD of SFV). Three treatments autoclaving (AU), alkaline (AL) treatment using 6% (w/w) NaOH and the combination of these two (AUAL) were then conducted on SF and SFV as pre-treatments; on D as post- treatments. In the biomethane potential tests of untreated material, the highest methane yield was achieved by SFV with 275.28 ± 11 N ml CH4/g VS, followed by SF with 223.25 ± 10 N ml CH4 g-1 VS, substrate D also resulted in a methane potential of 144.69 ± 2 N ml CH4 g-1 VS. As pre-treatments, AL and AUAL both showed increase in methane yield (between 36.0% and 49.1%) and methane production rate. As post-treatments, AU, AL and AUAL showed distinctive results in methane production, with 33.8%, 99.8% and 128.8% increase, respectively. In comparison with pre-treatment, post-treatment showed a better performance in increasing methane production. The following feeding experiments performed in continuous stirred-tank reactors showed that AL treatment led to an average of 248% increase in methane yield. / Sugarcane waste: towards a zero C emission in the Brazilian bioenergy sector

Submitted by ROBERTA MENDES DOS SANTOS null (santos-rm@outlook.com) on 2017-03-14T16:56:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Roberta Mendes dos Santos.pdf: 1334238 bytes, checksum: 868a0ebdbaf85c1d72e9669b9c4e9827 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-20T22:32:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes-santos_r_me_jabo.pdf: 1334238 bytes, checksum: 868a0ebdbaf85c1d72e9669b9c4e9827 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T22:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes-santos_r_me_jabo.pdf: 1334238 bytes, checksum: 868a0ebdbaf85c1d72e9669b9c4e9827 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Bactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas podem promover aumento na biometria vegetal, na absorção de nutrientes e sua atuação pode ser incrementada pela disponibilização de carbono e energia, fornecidos via adubação. Desta forma, o experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus pumilus em mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar e ação das mesmas bactérias associadas à adubação com vinhaça, torta de filtro e o composto de torta de filtro no cultivo inicial de cana-de- açúcar em vasos ao ar livre. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. Na fase 1 foram utilizadas MPB e os tratamentos constituídos por: T1= Sem inóculo, T2= B. subtilis, T3= B. pumilus e T4= B. subtilis + B. pumilus, realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. No final do período de formação das MPB que foi de 60 dias, foram aferidas as massas seca de parte aérea, de raízes e total e ainda feita contagem do número de bactérias totais no substrato. Na fase 2, os fatores em estudo foram quatro inoculações, sendo T1= Sem inóculo, T2= B. subtilis, T3= B. pumilus e T4= B. subtilis + B. pumilus com quatro tipos de adubações: A1= Adubação mineral (AM), A2= AM + vinhaça, A3= AM + torta de filtro e A4= AM + composto de torta de filtro, combinados em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: dados biométricos das plantas, massa seca de parte aérea, raízes e total, contagem do número de bactérias totais, fósforo solúvel, amônio e nitrato no solo. Na fase de MPB o uso das bactérias promoveu aumento de massa seca de raízes e total. Na fase em vasos, os tratamentos que receberam os inóculos, tiveram incremento na altura e diâmetro das plantas com destaque para o B. pumilus que proporcionou também maior massa seca de raízes e total. Nas análises realizadas no solo, observou-se que a adição das bactérias promoveu uma menor concentração de nutrientes no solo e provavelmente uma maior assimilação pelas plantas. Os tratamentos que receberam vinhaça associada à adubação mineral prejudicaram o desenvolvimento das plantas com menores valores para os dados biométricos e menor massa seca de todas as partes da planta, enquanto que no solo aumentou a concentração de amônio e número de bactérias totais. A inoculação bacteriana em MPB e em plantas de cana-de-açúcar no seu período inicial promoveu um maior desenvolvimento das plantas e poderia ser utilizada para o aumento da produtividade agrícola nessa cultura. / Plant growth rhizobacteria might promote an increase of biometric plant and their action can be optimized by availability of carbon and energy, provided via organic fertilization. In this way, the experiment was carried out with aim to evaluate the fertilization effect with cane´s wastes and promoted bacteria inoculation at initial seedling of sugar cane. The experiment was divided at two phases. Phase 1 were utilized Pre-Sprouted-Seedlings (PSS) and the treatments were T1 = control, T2 = Bacillus subtilis, T3 = B. pumilus and T4 = B. subtilis + B. pumilus. The design was randomized blocks with four repetitions. At the final period of PSS formation, were measured the shoot, root and total dry matter and also total bacteria of substrate. At the phase II the factors analysed were four kind of inoculations being T1= no inoculum, T2= B. subtilis, T3= B. pumilus and T4= B. subtilis + B. pumilus with four kind of fertilizations: F1= mineral fertilization (MF), F2= MF + vinasse, F3= MF + filter cake and F4= MF + filter cake compost, combined with 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four repetitions. The evaluated parameters were: plants biometric data, shoot, root and total dry matter, total bacteria counting, soluble phosphorus, ammonium and nitrate levels into soil. At the PSS phase the use of bacteria promoted the increasing of root and total dry matter. At the phase 2 the treatments which received inoculas had higher height and plant´s diameter and also higher root and total dry matter, with emphasis on B. pumilus, which provided greater. Treatments that serve vineyard associated with mineral fertilization have hampered the development of plants with lower biometric data and lower dry mass of all parts of the plant, while not increasing the size of a number of total bactéria. At the soil analysis, it was observed, that the addition of bacteria promoted a lower nutrients levels into soil and likewise higher plant assimilation. The bacterial inoculation on PSS and on sugar cane at initial development period promoted higher plant development and it could be used to increase of cane yield.

Three effective solutions to dissolve the filter cake created by water-based drilling fluids weighted with Mn3O4 particles were developed. Hydrochloric acid at concentration lower than 5 wt% can dissolve most of Mn3O4-based filter cake. Dissolving the filter cake in two-stage treatment of enzyme and organic acid was effective and eliminated the associated drawbacks of using HCl. Finally, combining low and safe concentration of HCl with an organic acid in one-stage treatment was very effective. Hydrochloric acid (10-wt%) dissolved 78 wt% of Mn3O4-based filter cake at 250°F after 28 hours soaking time. However, Chlorine gas was detected during the reaction of 5 to 15-wt% HCl with Mn3O4 particles. At 190°F, 1- and 4-wt% HCl dissolved most Mn3O4 particles (up to 70-wt% solubility). Their reactions with Mn3O4 particles followed Eq. 8 at 190°F, which further confirmed the absence of chlorine gas production at HCl concentrations lower than 5-wt%. EDTA and DTPA at high pH (12) and acetic, propionic, butyric, and gluconic acids at low pH (3-5) showed very low solubilities of Mn3O4 particles. GLDA, citric, oxalic, and tartaric acids produced large amount of white precipitation upon the reactions with Mn3O4 particles. Similarly, DTPA will produce damaging material if used to dissolve Mn3O4-based filter cake in sandstone formation. At 4-wt% acid concentration, lactic, glycolic, and formic acids dissolved Mn3O4 particles up to 76 wt% solubility at 190°F. Malonic acid at lower concentration (2-wt%) dissolved 54 wt% of Mn3O4 particles at 190°F. Manganese tetraoxide particles were covered with polymeric material (starch), which significantly reduced the solubility of filter cake in organic acids. Therefore, there was a need to remove Mn3O4-based filter cake in two-stage treatment. Enzyme-A (10-wt%) and Precursor of lactic acid (12.5-wt%) dissolved 84 wt% of the filter cake. An innovative approach led to complete solubility of Mn3O4 particles when low and safe concentration of HCl (1-wt%) combined with 4-wt% lactic acid at 190°F. HCl (1-wt%) combined with lactic acid (4-wt%), dissolved 85 wt% of the Mn3O4-based filter cake after 18-22 hours soaking time at 250°F in one stage treatment.