PAIVA, Victoria Régia Arrais de. Dilemas e perspectivas de institucionalização das finanças solidárias: a experiência dos bancos comunitários no Ceará. 2015. 339f. –Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T18:56:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_vrapaiva.pdf: 5717247 bytes, checksum: 1ab3c2d140cec37a49915cac64c31e79 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-18T19:16:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_vrapaiva.pdf: 5717247 bytes, checksum: 1ab3c2d140cec37a49915cac64c31e79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T19:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_vrapaiva.pdf: 5717247 bytes, checksum: 1ab3c2d140cec37a49915cac64c31e79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The process of institucionalization of the experiences about solidary finances focalizing the communitarian banks happened due the public financing of the Federal Government since 2013. It intends to understand the singularity, the dynamics and the reach of these practices in the context of the financial mundialization. It emphasizes the combative strategies to the poverty. These strategies are based on the financial inclusion by the microcredit. The main question of this thesis is to analyse the aspects of the process of the constitution of the political and institutional organization of these experiences. I asked as they caused a complex net of social relations involving the State, the Market and the society, striking again on the public policies. It was based on the difused model by Palmas Bank, since 1998, and more recently, by Palms Institute. The communitarian, joinly with solidary credit and the rotative, and solidary founds configurate a set of practices and social representations designated the therm solidary finances. The supervisiors principles of this work are based on solidary economy. The field work was based on the communitarian banks placed in low IDH territories. These banks were managed by linked entities and communitarian associations, syndicates and women groups, young and familiar agricultores. These banks are the Dendê sol Bank (Fortaleza), Paju Bank (Maracanau) and the Quinamuiu one (Tauá). The field inversion counts with the presence in the headquarters of the Palmas bank and Institute (Fortaleza). I Also participated in events and I realized readings of vast and especialized bibliografy. According to a multidisciplinar approach involving Political Sociology, Antropology and the analysis of public policies, I explored the research investigations according to the references of the study of case method described for Gluckman (2010) and situational analysis from Van Velsen (2010). The results indicated that the institucionalization process of the communitarian banks created mutual relations among government organizations and the civil society joinning diferent logics of action. This fact create dilemmas and different perspectives of instituciolnalization mainly, in the bounds and cleavages between the financial inclusion and the economic democracy, social, politic and cultural aspects in the analysed experiences in order to invent alternatives to the financial mundialization. / O processo de institucionalização das experiências em finanças solidárias com foco em bancos comunitários desencadeado pelo fomento público do Governo Federal brasileiro desde 2003 é o tema desta tese que visa compreender a singularidade, a dinâmica e o alcance destas práticas num contexto de mundialização financeira, notadamente marcado por estratégias de combate à pobreza baseadas na inclusão financeira pela via do microcrédito. A questão central da tese é analisar os meandros do processo de constituição e organização político-institucional dessas experiências, indagando como elas originaram uma complexa rede de relações sociais envolvendo o Estado, o mercado e a sociedade, com rebatimento nas políticas públicas. Fundamentados num modelo difundido pelo Banco Palmas, desde 1998 e, mais recentemente, pelo Instituto Palmas, os bancos comunitários, juntamente com as cooperativas de crédito solidário e os fundos rotativos solidários configuram um conjunto de práticas e representações sociais designado pelo termo finanças solidárias, cujos princípios orientadores baseiam-se na economia solidária. O trabalho de campo se deu em três bancos comunitários localizados em territórios de baixo IDH, geridos por entidades vinculadas a associações comunitárias, sindicatos e grupos de mulheres, jovens e agricultores familiares. São eles: o Banco DendêSol (Fortaleza), o Banco Paju (Maracanaú) e o Banco Quinamuiú (Tauá). A imersão em campo contou ainda com a minha presença em diversos momentos na sede do Banco e Instituto Palmas (Fortaleza) para a realização de entrevistas, além da participação em eventos e leitura de ampla bibliografia especializada. Por meio de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, envolvendo a sociologia política, a antropologia e a análise de políticas públicas, exploro os achados da pesquisa segundo os referenciais do método do estudo de caso detalhado segundo Gluckman (2010) e a análise situacional de acordo com Van Velsen, (2010). Os resultados indicam que o processo de institucionalização dos bancos comunitários gerou laços de reciprocidade entre organizações governamentais e da sociedade civil, conjugando diferentes lógicas de atuação, fato que acarreta dilemas e distintas perspectivas de institucionalização, fundamentalmente, nas fronteiras e clivagens entre a inclusão financeira e a democracia econômica, reposicionando as tensões entre os aspectos econômicos, sociais, políticos e culturais nas experiências analisadas, com vistas a inventar alternativas à mundialização financeira.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo mensurar a importância das cooperativas de crédito na inclusão financeira da população brasileira, através de um índice, tendo como base o ano de 2015. Inicialmente são expostos os motivos pelos quais existem os intermediários financeiros, sua origem e seus benefícios. Em seguida é realizada uma introdução sobre o tema “inclusão financeira”, abordando sua importância, bem como descrita uma forma de mensuração do nível de inclusão financeira de uma região e as principais ações realizadas pelo governo brasileiro nesse assunto. Após isto é apresentada a estrutura do sistema financeiro brasileiro, com breve descrição das funções das principais instituições fiscalizadoras e operadoras. Na sequência é esclarecido o que é uma cooperativa de crédito, bem como as diferenças que este tipo de instituição possui em relação aos bancos e a sua relação com a inclusão financeira. Por fim, é analisada a importância das cooperativas de crédito no Brasil, tendo como base um índice de inclusão financeira, considerando a importância dessas instituições através do impacto dos números no índice brasileiro em relação a outros países e também às diferentes regiões e extratos da população brasileira, onde se constata que, apesar do crescimento do cooperativismo de crédito no Brasil nos últimos anos, essas instituições ainda possuem baixa influência na inclusão financeira da população quando comparado a outros países. Todavia, possuem grande importância para regiões menos assistidas pelas instituições financeiras tradicionais, como é o caso dos municípios com população menor e com maior relevância da população rural. Tais fatos demonstram que é importante para o crescimento da inclusão financeira o fomento a essas instituições e que há grande potencial de crescimento do setor no Brasil, tendo em vista a sua representatividade em outros países do mundo. / This paper aims at measuring the importance of Credit Unions in the financial inclusion of the Brazilian population through an index, using the year 2015 as a basis for data collection. Firstly, the reasons why there are financial intermediaries, their origin and benefits are shown. Subsequently, an introduction of the theme “financial inclusion” is made, with an approach about its importance, as well as a description of a way of measuring the level of financial inclusion of a region and Brazil’s government’s attitude towards this subject. After that, the structure of the Brazilian financial system is presented, with a brief description of its functions and main inspection institutions and operators. Then, the concept of Credit Unions is explained, as well as the differences between this kind of institution and banks, and also how it is related to the financial inclusion. Lastly, the importance of these unions in Brazil is analyzed using an index of financial inclusion as a basis, considering the importance of these institutions through the impact of these numbers in the Brazilian index when compared to other countries’. It’s also compared to the different regions and extracts of the Brazilian population, where it is verified that, despite the growth of Credit Unions in Brazil in the last few years, these institutions still have little influence in the financial inclusion when compared to other countries’ results. However, they mean a lot to regions that are less assisted by traditional financial institutions, which is the case of cities with smaller population and with greater relevance of the rural population. Such facts demonstrate that for the growth of financial inclusion in Brazil, it is important to give support to those institutions, and that this sector has a big chance of growing in Brazil, considering its representativeness in other countries around the world.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo mensurar a importância das cooperativas de crédito na inclusão financeira da população brasileira, através de um índice, tendo como base o ano de 2015. Inicialmente são expostos os motivos pelos quais existem os intermediários financeiros, sua origem e seus benefícios. Em seguida é realizada uma introdução sobre o tema “inclusão financeira”, abordando sua importância, bem como descrita uma forma de mensuração do nível de inclusão financeira de uma região e as principais ações realizadas pelo governo brasileiro nesse assunto. Após isto é apresentada a estrutura do sistema financeiro brasileiro, com breve descrição das funções das principais instituições fiscalizadoras e operadoras. Na sequência é esclarecido o que é uma cooperativa de crédito, bem como as diferenças que este tipo de instituição possui em relação aos bancos e a sua relação com a inclusão financeira. Por fim, é analisada a importância das cooperativas de crédito no Brasil, tendo como base um índice de inclusão financeira, considerando a importância dessas instituições através do impacto dos números no índice brasileiro em relação a outros países e também às diferentes regiões e extratos da população brasileira, onde se constata que, apesar do crescimento do cooperativismo de crédito no Brasil nos últimos anos, essas instituições ainda possuem baixa influência na inclusão financeira da população quando comparado a outros países. Todavia, possuem grande importância para regiões menos assistidas pelas instituições financeiras tradicionais, como é o caso dos municípios com população menor e com maior relevância da população rural. Tais fatos demonstram que é importante para o crescimento da inclusão financeira o fomento a essas instituições e que há grande potencial de crescimento do setor no Brasil, tendo em vista a sua representatividade em outros países do mundo. / This paper aims at measuring the importance of Credit Unions in the financial inclusion of the Brazilian population through an index, using the year 2015 as a basis for data collection. Firstly, the reasons why there are financial intermediaries, their origin and benefits are shown. Subsequently, an introduction of the theme “financial inclusion” is made, with an approach about its importance, as well as a description of a way of measuring the level of financial inclusion of a region and Brazil’s government’s attitude towards this subject. After that, the structure of the Brazilian financial system is presented, with a brief description of its functions and main inspection institutions and operators. Then, the concept of Credit Unions is explained, as well as the differences between this kind of institution and banks, and also how it is related to the financial inclusion. Lastly, the importance of these unions in Brazil is analyzed using an index of financial inclusion as a basis, considering the importance of these institutions through the impact of these numbers in the Brazilian index when compared to other countries’. It’s also compared to the different regions and extracts of the Brazilian population, where it is verified that, despite the growth of Credit Unions in Brazil in the last few years, these institutions still have little influence in the financial inclusion when compared to other countries’ results. However, they mean a lot to regions that are less assisted by traditional financial institutions, which is the case of cities with smaller population and with greater relevance of the rural population. Such facts demonstrate that for the growth of financial inclusion in Brazil, it is important to give support to those institutions, and that this sector has a big chance of growing in Brazil, considering its representativeness in other countries around the world.

FinTech play a pivotal role in facilitating access to financial products and services. At the moment, the country characteristics that facilitate the use of FinTech are not adequately identified in the literature. This paper attempts to contribute to the understanding of which country characteristics facilitate the use of FinTech and how FinTech can drive sustainable economic development. Based on a sample of 62 developing countries, the 3SLS regression results find a positive effect of the quality of infrastructure and business ecosystem on the use of FinTech. Moreover, the results provide support for a positive significant effect of use of FinTech on financial inclusion and of financial inclusion on sustainable economic development. These findings provide new insight into which country conditions influence the use of FinTech and how improvements in the use of FinTech do affect the level of sustainable economic development.

La presente investigación aporta a la literatura económica sobre inclusión financiera. La importancia de su estudio radica en las implicancias de esta variable sobre el crecimiento económico y la reducción de la pobreza, ya que brinda mayores oportunidades a las personas para decidir sobre sus finanzas. La principal contribución es analizar la relación que existe entre la inclusión financiera y sus principales determinantes en economías emergentes de América Latina elegidas por el ranking 2019 de economías emergentes del MSCI, siendo estas: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Asimismo, determinar las principales barreras que se perciben como razones para ser excluidos del sistema financiero. De esta manera, mediante el proceso de especificación se determinó un modelo Probit como la mejor representación; y, con el proceso de estimación de este (utilizando los datos del Global Findex Data en conjunto con Gallup), se llegó a la conclusión que las principales variables que influyen para que una persona pueda aumentar la probabilidad de ser incluido financieramente son: el género de una persona, la edad, los ingresos, el nivel de educación alcanzado y el país de origen del encuestado. Mientras que, las principales barreras para ser excluido financieramente son: que un familiar tenga una cuenta financiera y la desconfianza que se tiene hacia el sistema financiero. / This research contributes to the economic literature on financial inclusion. The importance of its study lies in the implications of this variable on economic growth and poverty reduction, as it gives people greater opportunities to decide on their finances. The main contribution of this research is to analyze the relationship between financial inclusion and its key determinants in Emerging Economies of Latin America chosen by the 2019 ranking of MSCI emerging markets, being the following countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Furthermore, determining the main barriers that are perceived as reasons to influence the probability to be part of financial exclusion. Thus, by means of the specification process, a Probit model was determined as the best representation; and, with the process of estimating this using the Global Findex Data in conjunction with Gallup, it was concluded that the main variables that have influence to be part of financial inclusion are: the gender of a person, age, income, level of education attained and the country of origin of the respondent. While the main barriers to being excluded financially are: a family member has a financial account and the distrust of the financial system. / Trabajo de investigación

“Over the past ten years, ITCs have become an important element in sustaining economic growth and poverty reduction through increasing efficiencies, enabling the delivery of social services, or creating new sources of income and employment” (Fourati, 2009, p. 37) . m-banking is one such technological development that has a potential to increase economic participation by low-income consumers. This research examines the factors influencing the adoption of mobile banking by low-income consumers in South Africa, with a special focus on the banking needs of the poor. The research framework was adapted from Tan and Teo (2000) and assessed the impact of these nine variables on the intention to adopt m-banking: relative advantage, compatibility with values, compatibility with banking needs, compatibility with cell phone use experience, complexity, “trialibility”, risk, self-efficacy and support. Data for this study was collected through a physical hardcopy survey in Soweto, in Gauteng.The research found that low-income consumers will consider adopting m-banking as long as it is offers them an improved way over the current mechanisms of managing their money, it is compatible with their financial services needs and they consider themselves as having the necessary skills to use it. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This research is concerned with understanding the role of consumer behaviour in microinsurance. There are notable factors such as premium flexibility, household income and marital status which serve as demand determinants of microinsurance; however the ultimate challenge is to influence consumer behaviour enabling growth of this insurance product. An established microinsurance sector results in the financial inclusion of low income consumers currently situated at the Bottom of the Pyramid, this is followed by economic development and subsequently economic growth for the broader society.Data was collected using a questionnaire from participants residing in East Bank, Alexandra, a South African township with a significant number of households in the LSM 1-4. The questionnaire collected data relating to basic financial services, characteristics of the Bottom of the Pyramid, as well as short term microinsurance demand.The findings show an immediate need towards the understanding of consumer behaviour by microinsurance stakeholders, including government and the private sector. It is only through innovation, partnership and low income consumer understanding that the desired levels of microinsurance demand will be attained. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Le numérique continue d'impacter l'allocation optimale des ressources. Cette thèse analyse ses apports, notamment celui du m-paiement dans les économies en développement. Elle s'est particulièrement intéressée aux propriétés de ce dispositif en matière d'inclusion financière et de régulation du secteur informel dans un contexte de développement économique. Cette thèse a recouru à diverses méthodes : descriptive, théorique et statistique. Le premier chapitre a analysé les nouvelles considérations dans la régulation du secteur informel. Le deuxième chapitre a examiné la contribution de l'argent mobile à l'atténuation des lacunes de la microfinance traditionnelle. Le troisième chapitre a construit un modèle qui analyse différentes options pour contrôler la taille du secteur informel. Le quatrième chapitre a étudié la question de l'interopérabilité internationale des dis-positifs de m-payment dans une région économique. Nos résultats indiquent que la régulation du secteur informel devrait passer par la création d'incitations com-patibles et indirectes ; l'argent mobile attenue certaines lacunes de la microfinance traditionnelle ; le m-payment associé aux nouvelles formes de microcrédit aug-mente à la fois la taille du secteur formel et le bien-être ; le secteur du m-payment dans la région est assez mature pour être totalement interconnecté. Compte tenu de l'importance de la financiarisation et de l'intégration du secteur informel au développement économique, nos analyses ont des implications pour les organisa-tions internationales, publiques et privées. / Digital technologies continue to to impact the optimal allocation of resources. This thesis analyzes its contributions, especially those contiguous to m-payment, in de-veloping economies. It is particularly interested in the properties of this device in terms of financial inclusion and regulation of the informal sector in the context of economic development. This thesis uses various methods: descriptive, theoretical and statistical. The first chapter analyzed new considerations in the regulation of the informal sector. The second chapter examined the contribution of mobile money to mitigating the shortcomings of traditional microfinance. The third chap-ter has built a model that analyzes different options for controlling the size of the informal sector. The fourth chapter studied in general the strategic development of an innovation and in particular the positive inputs to the implementation of the international interoperability of m-payment devices in an economic region. Our results indicate that regulation of the informal sector should shift the cre-ation of compatible and indirect incentives; mobile money mitigates some of the shortcomings of traditional microfinance; m-payment associated with new forms of microcredit increases both the size of the formal sector and welfare; m-payment sector in the region considered is mature enough to be fully interconnected. Given the importance of financialization and the integration of the informal sector into economic development, our analyzes have implications for international, public and private organizations.

Masters of Commerce / The literature on financial inclusion and poverty connections has received considerable attention recently. There exist a scarcity of local studies examining the relationship between financial inclusion (FI) and poverty. Precisely, there is a lack of local studies who previously used FinScope data to investigate the mentioned relationship in South Africa. This study is motivated to fill the gap. To achieve the aims, the study will source data from FinScope (a secondary data) for the periods of 2011 and 2016. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke indices were used to measure the level of poverty, while the lower-bound poverty (LBPL) line was used to differentiate the poor from the non-poor. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also applied to derive the financial inclusion index (FII). Probit regressions were run to measure the likelihood of being poor and being financially excluded. Ordinary Least Squares were run to identify the nature of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. Lastly, bivariate regression was also run to test the relationship between poverty and financial exclusion. The empirical findings indicated that the South African financial system is inclusive. Unemployment and financial language restricted financial service access. The frequently used financial services were borrowing and funeral cover. Black African female with low education residing in rural areas and unemployed were poorer. The rich elderly white man from the urban areas of the Western Cape and Gauteng who are highly educated, were more likely to be financially included. The regression analysis showed that the female was more likely to be financially included yet poor. It is also found that Gauteng residents were less likely to be poor. Also, individuals from a bigger household were less likely to be excluded. The other results showed that individuals with higher real per capita income enjoyed much lower probability of being financially excluded, and they are mainly white individuals living in urban areas.

Digitalization is increasing in our society and continues to move in that direction. The shift from traditional banks to online banks is becoming more popular, and with an online bank, the international markets open. Although previous research about internationalization exists, there is no in-depth research on the specific topic of online banks. This study aims to provide information regarding how online banks internationalize, to understand the underlying factors for the process better as well as provide recommendations for both online banks but also traditional banks. Factors such as motivators, the entrepreneur, and resources are investigated to find an answer to the given research question. The way of internationalization is connected to the already pre-existing strategies of global or regional markets. The third theoretical concept that is applied to understand the internationalization process is which path of internationalization is used, either Born Global or Born Regional. This thesis is a qualitative study with a deductive approach. The empirical findings are derived from case studies through semi-structured interviews, and the sampling selection is online retail banks operating in Europe, with more than one million customers. The selected cases are Revolut, N26, Monzo, and Monese, where one interview per bank is conducted. The interviewee’s understanding of the subject is gathered in the empirical findings, through summarizing the transcription of the actual interviews. The researchers are analyzing the internationalization process and present both similarities and differences between the cases and connect it to the prevalent theories. In conclusion, some statements are drawn that highlight the importance of traditional banks to follow the new shift towards more simplified banking with understandable products that aim to help the people. This study, therefore, contributes not only to the theoretical understanding of the subject, but it also offers practical implications both for traditional and online retail banks