Microfinance has generally been acclaimed as one way to reduce poverty through the provision of financial services targeting the previously “unbankable” poor. Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are amongst society’s most excluded groups financially and the absence of PWDs within mainstream Microfinance urges Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) to directly engage in Microfinance. The practices by such alternative actors are suggested to be generally rejected because they risk being inefficient and failing. The objective of this study is to analyse examples of how DPOs in Nepal practice Microfinance and whether they generally follow recommended best practices. The correlation with what is perceived as best practices provide evidence to suggest whether the DPOs’ practices should be generally rejected or motivated as plausible and justified accordingly. To accomplish this, a well-justified analytical framework of recommended best practices for DPOs engaged in Microfinance is created, and field research is undertaken in Nepal, April-May 2014. It can be concluded that recommended best practices are followed at a general level; however, the extent varies within and between the analysed practices. The results provide sufficient evidence to suggest that the practices are plausible and justified accordingly, and should not be generally rejected.

Submitted by Daniel Cypas (danielcypas@gmail.com) on 2018-10-27T15:13:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2018.10.21 - Dissertação (Daniel Cypas) - Final.pdf: 1808238 bytes, checksum: a50cf163824bceed9e3f9103e6ede9e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-10-29T21:14:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018.10.21 - Dissertação (Daniel Cypas) - Final.pdf: 1808238 bytes, checksum: a50cf163824bceed9e3f9103e6ede9e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-10-31T12:16:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2018.10.21 - Dissertação (Daniel Cypas) - Final.pdf: 1808238 bytes, checksum: a50cf163824bceed9e3f9103e6ede9e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-31T12:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018.10.21 - Dissertação (Daniel Cypas) - Final.pdf: 1808238 bytes, checksum: a50cf163824bceed9e3f9103e6ede9e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Inclusão financeira é reconhecida como fator de redução de pobreza e contribuição para o crescimento econômico. Não obstante, em 2017, havia 1,7 bilhões de adultos no mundo fora do sistema financeiro. No Brasil, este número era de quase 50 milhões. A evolução do meio de pagamento para um instrumento eletrônico (ou digital) tem trazido muitos benefícios, tais como maior eficiência em termos de velocidade de processamento, redução de custo de transação, segurança, transparência, além de oferecer significativo potencial inclusivo. Esse trabalho buscou entender se o cartão pré-pago, utilizado no Brasil para pagamento eletrônico do frete, tem os elementos necessários para funcionar como instrumento de inclusão financeira do caminhoneiro. Por meio de uma estratégia de pesquisa qualitativa, com aplicação de questionário, combinado com entrevistas, pode-se conhecer o caminhoneiro em termos de inclusão financeira, entender sua relação com o sistema bancário, com atenção especial aos serviços de pagamento, poupança, seguro e crédito. Ao final, foi possível constatar que o cartão pré-pago é um instrumento aceito pelo caminhoneiro, funciona como provedor de serviços de pagamento, pode funcionar como intermediário na oferta de produtos de seguros e investimentos, e tem condições de direcionar o crédito (uma das principais alavancas de melhoria social na base da pirâmide) de forma eficiente. Portanto, o cartão pré-pago possui os elementos para funcionar como instrumento de inclusão financeira. Por ser importante elo da cadeia logística, o cartão pode ainda beneficiar a cadeia como um todo. Entretanto, constatou-se que há dois grandes desafios a serem endereçados: reduzir a informalidade do setor, fomentando a adoção do cartão pré-pago; e viabilizar mecanismos de concessão de crédito ao caminhoneiro a partir da empresa emissora do cartão. / Financial inclusion is widely recognized as a critical factor for poverty reduction and contribution to economic growth. Nevertheless, by 2017, there were 1.7 billion adults worldwide outside the financial system. In Brazil, this number was almost 50 million. The evolution of the payment method to an electronic (or digital) instrument has brought many benefits, such as efficiency in terms of processing speed, transaction cost reduction, security, transparency, and offer significant inclusive potential. This work sought to understand if the prepaid card, used in Brazil for electronic payment of freight, has the necessary elements to work as an instrument of financial inclusion of the truck driver. Through a qualitative research strategy, with questionnaire, combined with interviews, we were able to get to know the truck driver in terms of financial inclusion, understand their relationship with the banking system, paying special attention to payment services, savings, insurance and credit. In the end, it was possible to verify that the prepaid card is an instrument accepted by the truck driver, works as a payment service provider, can act as an intermediary in the supply of insurance products and investments, is able to direct credit (one of the main drivers of social improvement at the bottom of the pyramid) efficiently. Therefore, the prepaid card has the elements to work as an instrument of financial inclusion. Because it is an important link in the logistics chain, the prepaid card can still benefit the chain as a whole. However, it was verified that there are two major challenges to be addressed: eliminate informality in the sector, encouraging the adoption of the prepaid card; and make it possible to grant credit to the truck driver through the card issuer company.

Financial inclusion is a public policy objective that fosters development through access to financial services for all. Financial inclusion can be defined as access, usage and quality of financial services. Inclusion of individuals and small enterprises has made considerable progress but it has also reached excesses in some situations. Regulatory changes and technological innovation have helped the expansion of financial services. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we expand the large body of research that focuses on financial inclusion based on access to credit, through our analysis of payments. We provide an unique analysis of the quality dimension of payments, which we define as a catalyst between the access and usage dimensions. Second, we provide a detailed analysis of the Brazilian payment market, which transacts close to $400bn per year, in the scarce literature on developing countries. Third, we isolate the determinants of electronic payments through statistical methods, including a principal component analysis and auto regressive models (SARIMA, SARIMAX), which have not yet been used by researchers. We find that four macro characteristicshave a strong explanatory power: bank credit card lending, active population, retail sales and cash-in-circulation. Suprisingly, we find that cash-in-circulation presents a positive relationship with electronic payments, suggesting a possible distrust of citizens towards the banking system, high levels of informality, and shedding a new light on the precautionary principle described by Keynes. Our analysis is based on monthly deflated card payment data for Brazil from January 2007 to March 2017. / A Inclusão financeira é um objetivo de política pública que procura desenvolvimento através do acesso de todos aos serviços financeiros. Esse conceito pode ser definido com as suas três dimensões de acesso, uso e qualidade dos serviços. A inclusão de indivíduos e empresas conheceu uma melhora significativa, e em algum casos, apresentou excessos. Adaptações regulatórias e inovação tecnológica serviram de pano de fundo para a inclusão. Apresentamos as três contribuições da nossa pesquisa. Primeiro, existe ampla literatura sobre inclusão financeira com foco em crédito, e apresentamos um estudo original sobre pagamentos e sua dimensão de qualidade, definida como o catalisador entre acesso e uso. Segundo: nossa pesquisa apresenta uma análise única do setor de pagamentos no Brasil, um setor com faturamento de mais de R$1.2 trilhões de reais anuais, no âmbito da escassa literatura sobre economias em desenvolvimento. A terceira contribuição apresenta os determinantes dos meios de pagamentos eletrônicos, usando modelos estatísticos originais, como componentes principais e modelos auto regressivos (SARIMA, SARIMAX), que não tinham sido usados na literatura de inclusão financeira. Identificamos quatro características com significância para explicar meios eletrônicos: crédito bancário, população ativa, vendas do varejo e dinheiro em posse das famílias. De maneira surpreendente, dinheiro em posse das famílias apresentou correlação positiva com meios eletrônicos, sinalizando uma desconfiança dos consumidores com o setor bancário ou um maior grau de informalidade da economia brasileira, e trazendo uma interpretação original ao princípio de precaução descrito por Keynes. Nossa pesquisa se baseou em dados agregados e deflacionados de pagamentos para o Brasil entre Janeiro de 2007 e Março de 2017.

Ce travail de recherche a été mené afin de contribuer à l’enrichissement des connaissancesrelatives à l’inclusion financière. Partant du postulat que la pérennité d’une activité estconditionnée par son équilibre économique, que celui-ci soit construit sur la base de moyensprivés, publics ou mixtes, nous avons interrogé la relation entre inclusion financière etpopulations précarisées sous l’angle des effets des business models des services financiers, ennous limitant au marché français.Nous démontrons qu’en dépit d’une réglementation française apparemment protectrice pour leconsommateur et à visée inclusive, les modèles bancaires actuels entretiennent l’exclusion.L’amélioration des conditions d’accès et d’usage des populations précaires aux servicesfinanciers est donc conditionnée par des évolutions que le marché seul ne peut organiser.Nous concluons de surcroît que les dispositifs publics ou associatifs expérimentés pour luttercontre l’exclusion bancaire ne correspondent aux besoins des exclus que pour certains profils,dans certains contextes. De plus, l’hypothèse de pérennité de leurs modèles économiques nepeut être confirmée.Enfin, nous avançons et justifions qu’en matière de services financiers, un modèleéconomique soutenable et inclusif est conditionné par des transformations socioéconomiques.La première tient en l’officialisation de l’accès à la monnaie en tant que serviced’intérêt général, la seconde procède de la réhabilitation de la valeur de l’épargne. L’inclusionfinancière n’a pas vocation à résoudre le problème du niveau des ressources mais, au constatde besoins récurrents en crédit de liquidité, elle progresse lorsque se diffusent des offres quiévitent de détériorer les conditions de vie de l’emprunteur. Tel est l’objectif du modèle quenous proposons. / This research was conducted in order to contribute to the enrichment of knowledge onfinancial inclusion. Starting from the premise that the sustainability of a business depends onits economic balance, whether built on the basis of private, public or mixed resources, wequestioned the relationship between financial inclusion and deprived populations focusing onthe effects of the financial services’ business models, limiting ourselves to the French market.We demonstrate that despite a French regulation, seemingly protective for consumers andinclusive-oriented, current banking models maintain exclusion. Improving the conditions ofaccess to and use of financial services by insecure people is conditioned by developments thatthe market alone cannot organize.We conclude further that measures tested by the Government or the voluntary sector to fightagainst banking exclusion do only match the needs of excluded people for certain profiles, incertain contexts. Moreover, the assumption of the sustainability of their business modelscannot be confirmed.Finally, we argue and justify that, as regards financial services, a sustainable and inclusiveeconomic model is conditioned by socio-economic transformations. The first one refers to theformalization of the access to the currency as a service of general interest, the second onecomes from the rehabilitation of the value of savings.Financial inclusion is not intended to address the problem of resource level, but consideringthe finding of recurring liquidity credit needs, it progresses when offers that avoid damagingthe living conditions of the borrower are spread. This is the objective of the proposed model. / Esta investigación se realizó con el fin de contribuir al enriquecimiento de los conocimientossobre la inclusión financiera. Partiendo de la premisa de que la sostenibilidad de una empresadepende de su estabilidad económica, que ésta sea construida sobre la base de recursosprivados, públicos o mixtos, cuestionamos la relación entre inclusión financiera y poblacionesdesfavorecidas en términos de efectos de los modelos de negocio de los servicios financieros,limitándonos al mercado francés.Se demuestra que a pesar de una legislación francesa aparentemente protectora para losconsumidores y a finalidad inclusiva, los modelos bancarios actuales mantienen la exclusión.Mejorar las condiciones de acceso a y de uso de los servicios financieros por parte de laspersonas en situación de precariedad está condicionado por evoluciones que el mercado por sísolo no puede organizar.Concluimos además que los dispositivos públicos o asociativos experimentados para lucharcontra la exclusión bancaria sólo coinciden con las necesidades de los excluidos para ciertosperfiles, en ciertos contextos. Por otra parte, la hipótesis de la continuidad de sus modelos denegocio no se puede confirmar.Por último, se argumenta y justifica que en lo que se refiere a los servicios financieros, unmodelo económico sostenible e integrador está condicionado por transformacionessocioeconómicas. La primera se halla en la formalización del acceso a la moneda como unservicio de interés general, la segunda procede de la rehabilitación del valor de los ahorros. Lainclusión financiera no pretende resolver el problema del nivel de recursos pero, considerandoque las necesidades de crédito de liquidez estén recurrentes, se mejora cuando se difundenofertas que evitan influir negativamente en las condiciones de vida de los deudores. Este es elobjetivo del modelo propuesto.

Trazar políticas públicas en la educación financiera es imprescindible para fomentar la inclusión de los ciudadanos hacía el acceso, uso y la calidad de los productos y/o servicios financieros puestos a su disposición, sin importar su ubicación geográfica, condición social o económica, ni mucho menos su género. Estudios revelan que la mayoría de adultos sin bancarización son mujeres, teniendo en cuenta que las desigualdades de género en el ámbito financiero responden a inequidades que tienen origen en otros contextos como el político, social, familiar o laboral. Así, la brecha creada debido al género adiciona obstáculos a las mujeres que dificultan su acceso y uso de productos y/o servicios en el mercado financiero. Aunque el desarrollo de la mujer emprendedora conlleva importantes contribuciones en el empoderamiento de las niñas y mujeres, a partir de su talento y liderazgo, la promoción de empleo en favor del desarrollo económico, la participación política y la reducción de desigualdades sociales en el país; el Estado peruano no ha desplegado acciones ni programas específicos para fortalecer la educación financiera de este sector, por lo que su investigación, análisis y fomento tiene importancia en el interés público de inclusión, así como en el crecimiento económico sólido del país, generando bienestar social. De acuerdo a las cifras obtenidas y a la encuesta realizada, las mujeres emprendedoras de Lima Metropolitana tienen alta frecuencia de uso de medios de pago digitales a propósito de sus negocios, posicionándose en canales idóneos y cercanos a ellas para propiciar la educación financiera que incremente sus conocimientos y capacidades en la materia. En tal sentido, corresponde al Estado, promoviendo la participación del sector privado, trabajar estrategias basadas en herramientas idóneas como las mencionadas para eliminar los factores de baja transparencia y la inexistente o muy compleja información que rige a los productos, en aras de atender correctamente sus necesidades y, por tanto, impulsar la confianza del usuario respecto del sistema financiero, pilar de su toma de decisiones. / Drawing up public policies in financial education is essential to promote the inclusion of citizens towards access, use and the quality of financial products and / or services made available to them, regardless of their geographical location, social or economic condition, not much minus your gender. Studies reveal that the majority of unbanked adults are women, taking into account that gender inequalities in the financial sphere respond to inequities that originate in other contexts such as political, social, family or work. Thus, the gap created due to gender adds obstacles to women that hinder their access and use of products and / or services in the financial market. Although the development of women entrepreneurs entails important contributions in the empowerment of girls and women, based on their talent and leadership, the promotion of employment in favor of economic development, political participation and the reduction of social inequalities in the country; The Peruvian State has not deployed specific actions or programs to strengthen financial education in this sector, so its research, analysis and promotion is important in the public interest of inclusion, as well as in the solid economic growth of the country, generating social well-being. According to the figures obtained and the survey carried out, women entrepreneurs in Metropolitan Lima have a high frequency of use of digital means of payment regarding their businesses, positioning themselves in suitable channels and close to them to promote financial education that increases their knowledge and capabilities in the field. In this sense, it is the responsibility of the State, promoting the participation of the private sector, to work on strategies based on suitable tools such as those mentioned to eliminate the factors of low transparency and the non-existent or very complex information that governs the products, in order to correctly attend to their needs and, therefore, boost user confidence in the financial system, a pillar of their decision-making. / Tesis

The purpose of this study is to map different understandings of the formalization of the informal financial sector in the developing world. Utilizing a qualitative approach and interview methodology, this study focuses on the case of South Africa and maps different perceptions about the formalization process by operators in the informal economic sector, which are in turn contrasted with the perceptions of experts and policymakers in the field. The issue at hand is a deeper understanding of how and why different groups perceive formalization in different ways. Some of the main findings of this study confirm that there are different understandings of formalization that can be found amongst different groups in South Africa, that the overall positive understanding of formalization efforts are greater than the negative ones, and that formalization efforts are formulated more inclusive than informal operators believe they are. The theoretical contribution of this study is to state that moral arguments play a bigger role in individuals economical decision-making processes than the economy itself shapes individuals' moral behavior. In addition, the findings are of relevance for the design and implementation of financial inclusion policies in the developing world.

El presente estudio evalúa la relación existente entre la inclusión financiera y el crecimiento económico explicada a través de las cooperativas de crédito como agentes de inclusión. Esta relación se establece mediante variables financieras como factores que pueden producir una influencia permanente sobre la tasa de crecimiento económico y se introducen variables reales de la economía que están involucradas a lo largo del proceso de crecimiento. Se considera importante que el sistema financiero tenga una estructura sólida e inclusiva para ser sostenible en el tiempo y para ello los productos y servicios financieros tienen la capacidad para promover la acumulación de capital y la productividad de inversión. El enfoque de este análisis toma en cuenta variables financieras como créditos, depósitos (ambos medidos como porcentaje del PBI) y número de sucursales durante el periodo 2004 a 2018. Para ello, se utiliza la técnica de Método Generalizado de Momentos (GMM), cuyos resultados sugieren que las variables escogidas para medir la inclusión financiera influyen en el crecimiento económico. / This study evaluates the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth explained through credit unions as agents of inclusion. This relationship is established through financial variables as factors that can produce a permanent influence on the economic growth rate and real variables of the economy that are involved throughout the growth process are introduced. It is considered important for the financial system to have a solid and inclusive structure to be sustainable over time, and for this, financial products and services have the capacity to promote capital accumulation and investment productivity. The focus of this analysis takes into account financial variables such as loans, deposits (both measured as a percentage of GDP) and number of branches during the period 2004 to 2018. For this, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique is used, which results suggested that the variables chosen to measure financial inclusion have an influence economic growth. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación describe a las Fintech orientadas al segmento de créditos personales para millennials en Perú. Las Fintech o financieras tecnológicas son plataformas que brindan préstamos en línea de montos menores que fluctúan entre S/. 500 y S/. 3000 y hasta en 6 cuotas. Los préstamos analizados están orientados a millennials en su mayoría estudiantes y recién egresados con pocos ingresos e historial crediticio de Lima Metropolitana. El ecosistema Fintech es amplio, encontrándose en este, empresas tecnológicas con modelos de negocios disruptivos que buscan democratizar el acceso a servicios de calidad sin importar distancias y/o conocimientos y en el que se encontrará una web amigable, con información transparente. El estudio cuantitativo demostró que los millennials conocen de préstamos en línea, aunque muy pocos han aplicado a una de estas ya que la principal entidad a la que acuden para solicitar un préstamo son los bancos, así mismo el estudio cualitativo mostró que la solicitud de crédito de los millennials son capital de trabajo, consolidación de deudas y pago de algún imprevisto puntual. La investigación demostró como las Fintech brindan oportunidades a millennials promoviendo la bancarización y por consecuencia la inclusión financiera de estos que actualmente es sólo un 39%; además de ir creando un historial crediticio que a futuro les permitirá acceder a productos más eficientes y competitivos. Se logró determinar que el papel de la Fintech influye favorablemente en la inclusión financiera de millennials mediante créditos personales en el Perú, durante el periodo 2018. / This paper describes the main orientations to the personal lending segment for millennials in Peru. The fintech or financial technology are online platforms that provide smaller amounts of money which fluctuate between S /. 500 and S /. 3000 and up to 6 installments. The analyzed loans are focus on millennials, mostly students and graduates with low income and credit history from Lima. The Fintech ecosystem is wide, with disruptive business models seeking to democratize the access to quality services no matter distances and lack of knowledge because you can enter to these platforms from a smartphone and you will see in a friendly web, with transparent information for any user. The quantitative study showed that millennials know about online lending websites, although few have been applied because the place where they go to request a loan are the banks; moreover, the qualitative study give us great lights about the reasons of Credit requests from millennials; for instance, working capital, consolidation of debts and payment of some unforeseen event. The research demonstrated how Fintech provided opportunities for millennials despite of the characteristics of this age group, promoting the access to banking services and therefore the financial inclusion of these population which is currently only 39%; beside the opportunity of getting a credit history that allow you can access to efficient and competitive products. It was possible to determine that the role of Fintech favorably influences the financial inclusion of millennials through personal loans in Peru, during the 2018 period. / Tesis

M-PESA (a mobile banking service in Kenya) was introduced to offer a person-to-person money transfer service. Its extensive adoption and appropriation for purposes other than person-to-person transfers has influenced the technology providers (Safaricom) to widen their services beyond their original intentions. M-PESA provides a wide range of financial services including services for people who were previously unbanked. Users of M-PESA can now pay different utilities, those without credit cards can purchase products online, others can repay loans to microfinance institutions, pay insurance premiums, withdraw money from ATMs, use it as Point of Sale Payment and open savings accounts. This research examines the existence of “bi-directional” influences between technology and society by taking M-PESA business users as a case. It specifically investigates how M-PESA as a technology has influenced the business environment in Kenya and how the design of M-PESA has in turn been influenced by its adoption. The research adopts the Adaptive Structuration Theory as the theoretical framework and interpretive case study research as a methodological approach. Interviews with different stakeholders in the industry were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using Diachronic Analysis. The results of the research show that there is a “bi-directional” influence between technology and people as they affect each other over time. Mobile technologies shape the way businesses operate, allowing them to provide new services and improve existing ones. At the same time, usage and adoption trends affect the design of mobile technologies. Over time, technology is adapted to accommodate the new needs of businesses and other needs in the wider community. This research shows that the impact of technology depends not only on its functionality but also on its use and appropriation in society. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Informatics / unrestricted

Este trabajo analiza la inclusión financiera como un factor para modificar las condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos en los diferentes países alrededor del mundo. Formar parte de la inclusión financiera implica acceder y utilizar los productos y servicios financieros que ofrecen las instituciones financieras. Este texto está organizado en seis capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se aborda la inclusión financiera desde la perspectiva de la oferta y la demanda. Por un lado, la oferta aborda el uso de herramientas tecnológicas que permitirán a las instituciones financieras la creación de productos y servicios para los excluidos, mientras que, por el lado de la demanda, implica trabajo en la educación de los usuarios. El segundo capítulo expone las barreras tanto voluntarias como involuntarias que impiden el acceso a la inclusión financiera: la distancia, infraestructura, la asimetría de la información, entre otros. El tercer capítulo aborda los determinantes de la incorporación financiera: género, educación, edad, nivel de ingresos, idioma y religión. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrolla los efectos de la inclusión financiera como la reducción de la pobreza, fuente generadora de empleo, costo de capital más económico y la innovación de nuevo productos financieros. En el quinto capítulo, se presentan las mediciones y modelos para la inclusión financiera; entre estos, se encuentran el uso del análisis de componentes principales, mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, regresión lineal simple entre otros. Asimismo, en el sexto capítulo, se expone el papel de la inclusión financiera en las microfinanzas. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones de la investigación. / This work analyzes financial inclusion as a factor to modify the living conditions of citizens in different countries around the world. Being part of financial inclusion involves accessing and using financial products and services offered by financial institutions. This text is organized into six chapters. In the first chapter, financial inclusion is approached from the perspective of supply and demand. On the one hand, the offer addresses the use of technological tools that will allow financial institutions to create products and services for the excluded, while, on the demand side, it involves work in the education of users. The second chapter exposes both voluntary and involuntary barriers that prevent access to financial inclusion: distance, infrastructure, asymmetry of information, among others. The third chapter addresses the determinants of financial incorporation: gender, education, age, income level, language and religion. In the fourth chapter, the effects of financial inclusion are developed, such as the reduction of poverty, a source of employment, a cheaper cost of capital and the innovation of new financial products. In the fifth chapter, the measurements and models for financial inclusion are presented; Among these are the use of principal component analysis, ordinary least squares, simple linear regression, among others. Also, in the sixth chapter, the role of financial inclusion in microfinance is exposed. Finally, the conclusions of the investigation are presented. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional