The theme of this dissertation is financial inclusion, defined by the staff of the Central Bank of Brazil as a |process of effective access and use the population of financial services tailored to your needs, contributing to their quality of life.| In recent years, this topic is gaining prominence in the world and in Brazil, mainly because of the benefits provided by the virtuous circle of financial inclusion. Aiming to contribute to the debate on this issue, this thesis aimed to measure the degree of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe, checking the differences that drive the federation, on the subject. For this, we measured the index of financial inclusion (IFI), according to the methodology adopted by the staff of the Central Bank of Brazil, in the Report on Financial Inclusion number 2, from the use of indicators of supply and demand to the National Financial System (NFS), the micro-regional and municipal cutouts for the year 2010. The results were as follows. First, the degree of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe, measured by IFI was low, taking as a basis the index scale. Second, the micro Sergipe showed low level of financial inclusion, with the exception of the region of Aracaju. Thus, it was found that there were significant differences in the degree of financial inclusion among the micro-regional, especially when they were compared with the microregion of Aracaju. The highlight of the latter was due mainly to the dynamism of socioeconomic capital of Sergipe. In municipal clipping, it was found that the municipalities in Sergipe analyzed also showed low level of financial inclusion, with the exception of the city of Aracaju. Third, the state of Sergipe presented as more inclusive than the Para, although the latter presented internal inequalities smaller in comparison with the state of Sergipe. This greater inclusion in the state of Sergipe occurred because it showed better social and economic indicators. Moreover, the territory of Sergipe benefited from more favorable geography, with their locations closer to the capital, and thus more likely to lower transaction costs. The paper concludes that the level of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe is low and shows strong internal differences, is the cutout microregional, whether in municipal, showing that, just as there were socioeconomic differences also existed different degrees of financial inclusion within the territory Sergipe. Thus, to make the state of Sergipe more inclusive, it is necessary that policymakers look more into the state to adopt policies to inclusive financial system. / O tema da presente dissertação é a inclusão financeira, definida pela equipe do Banco Central do Brasil, como um processo de efetivo acesso e uso pela população de serviços financeiros adequados às suas necessidades, contribuindo para sua qualidade de vida . Nos últimos anos, esse tema vem ganhando destaque no mundo e no Brasil, principalmente, por causa dos benefícios proporcionados pelo círculo virtuoso da inclusão financeira. Com o intuito de colaborar com o debate sobre esse tema, a presente dissertação objetivou mensurar o grau de inclusão financeira no estado de Sergipe, verificando as divergências nessa unidade da federação, no assunto. Para isso, foi mensurado o índice de inclusão financeira (IIF), conforme metodologia adotada pela equipe do Banco Central do Brasil, no Relatório de Inclusão Financeira nº 2, a partir da utilização de indicadores de oferta e de demanda ao Sistema Financeiro Nacional (SFN), nos recortes microrregional e municipal, para o ano de 2010. Os resultados encontrados foram os seguintes. Primeiro, o grau de inclusão financeira do estado de Sergipe, medido pelo IIF foi baixo, tomando-se como base a escala do índice. Segundo, as microrregiões sergipanas apresentaram baixo grau de inclusão financeira, com exceção da microrregião de Aracaju. Assim, constatou-se que houve divergências significativas no grau de inclusão financeira entre as microrregionais do estado, em especial, quando elas foram comparadas com a microrregião de Aracaju. O destaque desta última deveu-se, principalmente, ao dinamismo socioeconômico da capital sergipana. No recorte municipal, constatou-se que os municípios sergipanos analisados também apresentaram baixo grau de inclusão financeira, com exceção da cidade de Aracaju. Terceiro, o estado de Sergipe apresentou-se mais inclusivo que o do Pará, embora este último tenha apresentado desigualdades internas menores no comparativo com o estado de Sergipe. Essa maior inclusão no estado sergipano ocorreu porque ele apresentou melhores indicadores econômico-sociais. Além disso, o território sergipano foi beneficiado por sua geografia mais favorável, com suas localidades mais próximas à capital e, assim, mais propícias a menores custos de transação. O trabalho conclui que o nível de inclusão financeira no estado de Sergipe é baixo e apresenta fortes divergências internas, seja no recorte microrregional, seja no municipal, mostrando que, assim como houve diferenças socioeconômicas significativas, também existiram diferentes graus de inclusão financeira dentro do território sergipano. Assim, para tornar o estado de Sergipe mais inclusivo, é preciso que os policymakers olhem mais para o interior do estado ao adotarem políticas públicas inclusivas ao Sistema Financeiro Nacional.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 180313DissertaçãoDSCOvffsent.pdf: 1890653 bytes, checksum: 76d0e733d4ccf4c138d6c56f736fe490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / O presente estudo visa responder à pergunta de pesquisa: 'Como ocorre o processo de implantação de uma plataforma digital de pagamentos, desenvolvida por uma fintech, que visa promover a inclusão financeira?'. Para isso, foi analisado o caso do CUFA Card, plataforma digital de pagamentos implantada na favela Parque União, parte do Complexo da Maré no Rio de Janeiro, e na comunidade de Heliópolis, em São Paulo. Compõem o presente trabalho uma revisão de literatura, que nos permite compreender como as fintechs podem ser uma oportunidade para se promover a inclusão financeira; e um estudo de caso, onde foram realizadas entrevistas com os grupos sociais envolvidos na criação ou implantação dessa plataforma, as quais foram transcritas, codificadas e analisadas utilizando o software Atlas TI©. Como principal contribuição, temos a análise de como ocorre a implantação de uma plataforma digital de pagamentos, que visa promover a inclusão financeira a luz da implantação do CUFA Card, bem como com a descrição de como ocorreu a articulação entre diferentes grupos sociais para viabilização do projeto e explicitação do conteúdo resultante da implantação dessa tecnologia, a qual é derivada da parceria entre a fintech Conta Um e a organização FHolding/CUFA. Para isso utilizou-se do multilevel framework de Pozzebon, Diniz e Jayo (2009), uma teoria nativa do campo de sistemas da informação, que possibilitou um melhor entendimento sobre o caso estudado, ao analisar, concomitantemente, aspectos tecnológicos e sociais da implantação dessa da plataforma em um dado contexto onde essa está sendo inserida. O estudo contribui também com a geração de insights para pesquisas futuras e para a prática, ao estudar a relação entre fintechs e inclusão financeira, um tema ainda incipiente na literatura, e ao analisar o processo de implantação da plataforma de pagamento, destacando questões cruciais desse processo. / The present study aims to answer the research question: 'How does the process of implementing a digital payments platform, developed by a fintech, that aims to pro-mote financial inclusion occurs?'. For that, was analyzed the case of CUFA Card, a digital payment platform implemented in the Parque União favela, part of the Com-plexo da Maré in Rio de Janeiro, and in the community of Heliópolis, in São Paulo. The present work compiles a literature review, which allows us to understand how fintechs can be an opportunity to promote financial inclusion; and a case study where interviews were conducted with the social groups involved in the creation or imple-mentation of this platform, that were transcribed, coded and analyzed using Atlas TI © software. As a main contribution, we have the analysis on how this process occurs in the light of the CUFA Card implementation, as well as describing how the articulation between different social groups occurred to project feasibility and explicit content resulting from the implementation of this technology, which is derived from the partnership between the fintech Conta Um and the FHolding /CUFA organization. The work also brings as contributions the articulation of the multilevel framework, by Pozzebon, Diniz and Jayo (2009) and which is native to the information systems field, that made possible a better understanding of the case studied, while simultaneously analyzing technological and social aspects of the implementation of this platform in a given context where it is being inserted. It also contributes to the generation of in-sights for future research and practice, studying the relationship between fintechs and financial inclusion, a still incipient topic in the literature, and analysing the implementation process of a payment platform, highlighting what is the crucial issues in this process.

L'inclusion financière est devenue un sujet important au cours des deux dernières décennies dans les politiques de développement de l'UEMOA. Cette zone se caractérise par un faible niveau d'inclusion financière en dépit de plusieurs stratégies et programmes visant à la renforcer. Cette thèse vise à analyser d’une part la situation de l'inclusion financière de l’'UEMOA et du Niger particulièrement, et d'autre part, à étudier le rôle de la microfinance dans l’accomplissement de cette dernière. Pour ce faire, nous avons construit un indice synthétique d'inclusion financière (ISIF) pour mesurer l'inclusion financière et classer ainsi les 8 pays de l'UEMOA. A travers un modèle économétrique en panel, nous avons montré que la microfinance contribue efficacement au renforcement de l'inclusion financière sous l’angle du mobile money et l'impact (sur l'ISIF) est supérieur à celui du secteur bancaire. Nous avons en outre analysé les déterminants de l'inclusion financière à deux niveaux : d'abord à l'échelle d’un pays, et à partir des données disponibles à la BCEAO et ensuite selon les caractéristiques des personnes à l’aide des données de l’enquête que nous avons réalisé auprès d’un échantillon de 512 adultes. Ces données ont également révélé un niveau d'éducation financière inquiétant en milieu rural comme en milieu urbain au Niger / Financial inclusion has become an important topic in the last two decades in WAEMU's development policies. This area is characterized by a low level of financial inclusion despite several strategies and programs to strengthen it. This thesis aims to analyze on the one hand the situation of the financial inclusion of UEMOA and Niger in particular, and on the other hand, to study the role of microfinance in the fulfillment of the latter. To do this, we built a synthetic financial inclusion index (ISIF) to measure financial inclusion and thus classify the 8 WAEMU countries. Through an econometric panel model, we have shown that microfinance effectively contributes to strengthening financial inclusion in terms of mobile money and the impact (on ISIF) is greater than that of the banking sector. In addition, we analyzed the determinants of financial inclusion at two levels: first, at the country level, and from the data available at the BCEAO and then according to the characteristics of the individuals using the data. of the survey we conducted with a sample of 512 adults. These data also revealed a worrying level of financial education in both rural and urban areas of Niger

This thesis examines the development of the micro-insurance sector in less developed countries, using the theoretical approach of new institutional economics. The main research questions are whether it is the insufficient compatibility between formal and informal institutions that hinders the development of micro-insurance below what had been widely predicted by the academic community? And what has to be done institutionally to make this industry an active contributor to economic growth? To investigate these questions, three distinct empirical studies, of which one is based on field work data generated for the thesis specifically, were carried out using a Probit model, a system of Generalized Method of Movements model, and a Vector Error Correction model. The hypotheses tests suggest that (i) the relevant informal institutions have a significant influence on the decision of individuals to enrol into micro-insurance product in Nigeria; (ii) by controlling for institutional quality, a positive development of the institution of micro-insurance contributes to reducing the size of the informal economy in Nigeria and other less developed countries); and (iii) that micro-insurance has both short and long term positive impacts on the economic growth in Nigeria.:Table of contents Versicherungen 2 Table of contents 3 List of tables 8 List of figures 9 list of Appendices 11 List of Abbreviations 12 Acknowledgement 15 Abstract 17 Chapter 1 19 1. Overview of the study 19 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Aims and objectives 23 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 23 1.4 reference 26 Chapter 2 29 2. Theories and concepts of (micro) insurance 29 2.1 The poor and risk 29 2.2 The theoretical framework of insurance 36 2.3 The meaning of micro-insurance 40 2.4 The two faces of micro-insurance 42 2.5 Micro-insurance and traditional insurance 44 2.6 Demand and supply of micro-insurance 48 2.7 Micro-insurance supply chain 53 2.8 Reference 59 Chapter 3 65 3. New institutional economy 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Institution 65 3.3 Institution and organization 67 3.4 Neoclassical Approach 68 3.5 Institutional economic approach 70 3.6 New institutional economics 72 3.6.1 Property right 73 3.6.2 Transaction costs 76 3.6.3 Agency theory 78 3.7 New institutional economics and insurance 79 3.8 Conclusion 84 3.9 Reference 86 Chapter 4 90 4. Methodology 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.3 Mixed-research strategy 92 4.3.1 Qualitative research 92 4.3.2 Quantitative research 93 4.4 The research method 95 4.4.1 Data collection 96 4.4.2 The sampling framework 96 4.4.3 Sample size and sampling technique 97 4.4.4 Questionnaire design 98 4.5 Instrument validity and reliability 98 4.5.1 Pre-testing of the instruments 100 4.6 Analytical approaches 100 4.7 Reference 102 Chapter 5 105 5. Nigeria and the development of micro-insurance industry 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Broad country context 106 5.3 Insurance Sector 109 5.4 Segments of the Nigerian insurance industry 110 5.4.1 Non-life insurance 112 5.5 Regulatory Landscape 115 5.5.1 Market development and restructuring initiative (MDRI): 117 5.6 Nigerian Insurance industry vs Global peers 118 5.7 Problems of the insurance industry in Nigeria 120 5.8 Micro-insurance in Nigeria 123 5.9 Reason to be optimistic 125 5.10 Distribution Channel of Micro-Insurance 127 5.11 Conclusion 129 5.12 Reference 130 Chapter 6 133 6. The effect of Societal norms on the likelihood of individuals to enrol in different forms of Micro-insurance products 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Institution, Values and Norms 134 6.3 Methods and variables 137 6.3.1 Dependent Variable: Micro-insurance enrolment 137 6.3.2 Independent variables 138 6.4 Justification for control variables 144 6.4.1 Formal institutional variables 144 6.4.2. Personal Characteristics 145 6.5 Model estimation 149 6.6 Result, analysis and discussion of findings 151 6.6.1 Presentation of the result 151 6.6.2 Analysis of the impact of values and norms 152 6.6.3 Analysis of the impact of formal institutions 156 6.6.4 Analysis of the impact of personal characteristics 158 6.7 Robustness of the Result 161 6.8 Conclusion 162 6.9 Reference 164 6.10 Appendix 171 Chapter 7 179 7. The Role of Institutions in the relationship between micro-insurance development and Size of the Informal economy in Sub-Saharan Africa 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 A theoretical review of Informal economy 183 7.3 Theoretical and conceptual review 186 7.4 Data 186 7.5 Descriptive statistics 194 7.6 Model specification and estimation strategy 197 7.7 Empirical Results 200 7.8 Estimation and interpretation of system GMM 202 7.9 Robustness Checks 205 7.10 Conclusion 207 7.11 Reference 208 7.12 Appendix 213 Chapter 8 221 8. How does micro-insurance impact the economic growth of Nigeria? 221 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 The conceptual and theoretical framework 224 8.3 Literature review 225 8.4 Theoretical model and empirical analysis 228 8.5 Empirical result and findings 229 8.5.1 Descriptive statistics 229 8.5.2 Stationarity test 230 8.5.3 Co-integration test 233 8.5.4 Vector error correction model (VECM) 235 8.6 Diagnostic test on VEC Model (robustness of the model) 237 8.7 Conclusion and recommendation 238 8.8 Reference 241 8.9 Appendix 246 Chapter 9 250 9. The conclusion and policy recommendations 250 9.1 Introduction 250 9.2 Summary of the study 250 9.3 Research conclusions and implications 252 9.4 Contributions of the research 254 9.5 Research limitations 256 9.6 Direction for future research 257 9.7 reference 259

Over the last decade, a new trend of Global Remittances has emerged within the international development community, especially a growing interest in women’s migration and remittances, and their potential for poverty reduction and economic growth. Due to the staggering amount of transnational money transfers, migrant remittances have become a central component in multilateral discussions on alternative development financing, and has been included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The present study thus explores the multiple ways in which this gendered migration-remittance-development nexus has come to play out the recent years, seeking to understand how the “banking the unbanked” logic along with microfinance profit-making agendas serves neoliberal governmental and infrastructural discursive formations of transnational migration and its development impact. By using a decolonial approach, the study uses critical discourse analysis to scrutinize selected multilateral actors’ policy documents to explore in what ways migrant women’s “financial inclusion, independence and economic empowerment” have been included in the goals and targets within the 2030 Agenda. The main finding is that the rights-based approach towards migrants in the sustainability discourse rather tends to dismantle migrant agency into monetary practices which have come to be an important means for the financialization of migrant and non-migrant communities as well as for the transmittance of western knowledge doctrines, and in turn, are to prolong regimes of “modern slavery.”

In 2015, United Nations implemented seventeen Sustainable Development Goals along with 169 sub-targets with the ambition to transform the world through achieving sustainable development and, hence annihilate poverty. In light of the foregoing, both authoritative and non-governmental entities accentuated the significance of ‘financial inclusion’ which, in turn, has developed into an evangelical advocacy reminiscent of the extensive publicity that microfinance received at the end of last century which, in turn, has led to an unprecedented passion among philanthrocapitalists, transnational corporations, and other benefactors to financially and socially assist the impoverished. In order to attain the objectives enforced by the United Nations, it is essential to elevate the people located at the bottom of the social hierarchy by minimizing the wealth and gender inequalities that exist. By providing women with equal access to education, job opportunities, financial resources, and representation in economic and political decision- making processes, both domestic and international prosperity will follow. Upon providing access to microfinancial services, microfinance institutions and similar entities have developed into essential tools for empowering women. Academic evidence has previously illustrated a positive association between the probability of accessing these services and the possession of an adequate understanding of economic knowledge – financial literacy. However, the underlying mechanisms of financial literacy and their possible connections to the access of microfinance are complex processes that often have been neglected in current academia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the significant factors of financial literacy and examine how they interplay with the access to microfinancial activities. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to answer the following research question. How does financial literacy favor women’s access to microfinancial services in developing countries? In order to obtain a greater insight into the subject matter, this paper utilizes a single-case study of Hand in Hand Eastern Africa’s operations in Kenya. The empirical findings presented in this qualitative study were collected through semi-structured interviews with managers working on both a local and nationwide level. Upon analyzing the findings, the authors found support in the argument that it is essential for an individual to be financially literate in order to obtain microfinancial services such as microcredit, microinsurance, and loans in kind. Although external forces in the form of social capital, social learning, and dynamic capabilities do not impact the access to microfinance directly, the empirical evidence indicated that an indirect influence on financial literacy exists. A myriad of previous academia has gravitated to emphasize the correlation between financial literacy and women empowerment rather than justifying the association through the examination of the underlying mechanisms. Hence, this thesis should provide valuable acumen about the elements of financial literacy and how they influence the microfinancial machinery as well as women’s socio-cultural and economic empowerment.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la inclusión financiera en Perú, medida como tenencia de servicios financieros y, en especial, su relación con la educación financiera. De acuerdo con estudios previos, existe una relación positiva en las variables propuestas. Al mismo tiempo que, la literatura teórica sugiere que la educación financiera podría ser un factor que disminuye los costos de transacción para incentivar la tenencia de servicios financieros. Por estos motivos, el estudio analiza esta relación en Perú utilizando información de representatividad nacional provista por la Encuesta Nacional de Capacidades Financieras 2019 de la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP del Perú (SBS), en la cual colaboró en diseño la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Sumado a esto, la OCDE ha provisto encuestas similares a instituciones gubernamentales de otros 40 países. En consecuencia, tomando en consideración un conjunto de variables socioeconómicas, este estudio utiliza los indicadores de educación financiera e inclusión financiera propuestos por la OCDE, los cuales permiten analizar un espectro más amplio de la inclusión financiera al ofrecer información sobre la tenencia de servicios financieros de ahorro, pago, seguro y crédito. En concreto, se utilizan 3 variables de inclusión financiera dentro de modelos de elección binaria para proveer resultados comparables internacionalmente. Finalmente, los resultados sugieren que existe una relación positiva entre la educación financiera y la tenencia de los tres tipos de servicios financieros. / The objective of this research is to examine financial inclusion, measured as tenure of financial services in Peru and, especially, its relationship with financial education. According to previous studies, there is a positive relationship between the proposed variables. At the same time, the theoretical literature suggests that financial education could be a factor that reduces transaction costs to encourage the ownership of financial services. For these reasons, the study analyzes this relationship in Peru using national representative information provided by the 2019 National Survey of Financial Capabilities of Peru’s Banking, Insurance and AFP Superintendency (SBS), in which the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Additionally, the OECD has provided similar surveys to government institutions in 40 other countries. Consequently, taking into consideration a set of socioeconomic variables, this study uses the financial education and financial inclusion indicators proposed by the OECD, which make it possible to analyze a broader spectrum of financial inclusion by offering information on the ownership of savings, payment, insurance, and credit financial services. Specifically, 3 financial inclusion variables are used within binary choice models to provide internationally comparable results. Finally, the results suggest that there is a positive relationship between financial education and the possession of the three types of financial services. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación tiene como propósito hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de las tecnologías disruptivas en el sector financiero y cómo estas se proyectan hacia el futuro. En la revisión de las publicaciones al respecto, se ha hecho una búsqueda profusa, con un mayor enfoque en el periodo comprendido entre el 2013 hasta la actualidad, buscando poner de manifiesto la constante evolución de la tecnología, pero sobre todo su inserción en los servicios financieros. Sin embargo, es importante señalar que en este campo las publicaciones se van incrementando, van cada vez más en aumento. Se han trazado, principalmente, tres objetivos que organizan la estructura del trabajo. En un primer momento, se busca determinar el alcance de lo que se entiende por tecnologías disruptivas y cómo estas se relacionan con las empresas y los negocios, por lo que se hará un breve repaso por su significado, sus inicios y evolución, así como un detalle de las principales tecnologías en nuestros días. En segundo lugar, se ha hecho una revisión de la estructura y la composición del sistema financiero tanto en América Latina como en el Perú. Finalmente, se ha investigado cómo las tecnologías disruptivas se están aplicando en el sistema financiero y los cambios que han originado. Las principales conclusiones que se desprenden de la investigación denotan que, al inicio, las primeras empresas en desarrollar tecnologías disruptivas en el sistema financiero fueron las fintech, por lo que hoy en día los sistemas financieros tradicionales las ven como una amenaza, implementando dentro de sus organizaciones unidades de innovación y aplicando estas metodologías ágiles para hacerles frente al emular sus actividades. Para algunos autores, de acuerdo con la tendencia global, la colaboración entre los bancos y las fintech es inevitable. Adicionalmente, se concluye que la regulación existente en las nuevas tecnologías generadas por los bancos y las fintech es escasa; de hecho, casi no existen en el Perú y se espera que se establezca una regulación para proteger a todos los actores del sistema en pro de su estabilidad y la prevención de actividades fraudulentas. Además, se concluye también en que no hay un desarrollo homogéneo en la aplicación de tecnologías disruptivas por todos los actores del sistema financiero, y tampoco existe consenso sobre los principales beneficios que las tecnologías disruptivas proporcionan a dicho sistema, pues mientras unos autores resaltan la contribución en términos de velocidad, tiempo y seguridad de información, para otros los beneficios radican en la reducción de costos y optimización de procesos. / The purpose of this research is to review the literature on the use of disruptive technologies in the financial sector and how they are projected into the future. In the review of the publications in this regard, a profuse search has been made, with a greater focus on the period from 2013 to the present, seeking to highlight the constant evolution of technology, but above all its insertion in services financial. However, it is important to note that in this field publications, they are increasing more and more. Mainly, three objectives have been outlined that organize the structure of the work. At first, we it seeks to determine the scope of what is understood by disruptive technologies and how these relationships with companies and businesses, so a brief review of their meaning, their beginnings and evolution, as well as a detail of the main technologies in our days. Second, a review was made of the structure and composition of the financial system in both Latin America and Peru. Finally, we have investigated how disruptive technologies are applying in the financial system and the changes they have caused. The main conclusions that emerge from the research show that, at the beginning, the first companies to develop disruptive technologies in the financial system were fintech companies, which is why today traditional financial systems see them as a threat, implementing innovation units within their organizations and applying these agile methodologies to face them by emulating their activities. For some authors, according to the global trend, collaboration between banks and fintech companies is inevitable. Furthermore, it is concluded that the existing regulation on new technologies generated by banks and fintech companies is scarce; in fact, they hardly exist in Peru and he hopes that a regulation will be established to protect all the actors in the system in favor of its stability and the prevention of fraudulent activities. In addition, it is also concluded that there is no homogeneous development in the application of disruptive technologies by all actors in the financial system, nor is there consensus on the main benefits that disruptive technologies controlled by said system, while other authors highlight the contribution in terms of speed, time and information security, for other benefits lie in reducing costs and optimizing processes. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Financial services have historically been offered by central entities which has put financial systems in the control of a number of central parties. Some argue that this centralization has contributed to a more unequal distribution of wealth. However, during more recent time with the emergence of blockchain, traditional perspectives on transparency and democratization have shifted. Increasing financial inclusion has been highlighted as a crucial step in decreasing poverty levels and blockchain has been discussed as a technology with a potential to make a difference in this ambition. This study will focus on sub-Saharan Africa where 550 million individuals lack access to financial services despite having access to mobile phones. As a consequence of this, mobile financial services boomed in sub-Saharan Africa, starting in Kenya. This study will therefore focus on mobile financial services and more precisely on the perceived usefulness of blockchain technology for the mobile financial services. Furthermore, the study aims to explore what role blockchain can play in further increasing financial inclusion in the region. This was done by conducting several interviews with people representing start-ups, government agencies, telco companies during a research trip to South Africa and by participation in the Blockchain Africa Conference 2019 in Cape town.  The findings from the research show that blockchain is perceived as useful for mobile financial services, mainly because of its ability to reduce costs by removing intermediaries, to automate processes and to create decentralized trust. However, it was also found that the usefulness is negatively affected today due to the lack of common protocols and definitions, which makes it difficult for blockchain to yet make a real difference in increasing financial inclusion. / Finansiella tjänster har historiskt sätt tillhandahållits med hjälp av centraliserad datalagring genom pålitliga intermediärer såsom banker och försäkringsbolag. Detta har satt det finansiella systemet i kontroll av några få centrala aktörer vilket somliga menar har ökat den ekonomisk ojämlikheten. På senare tid, i samband med blockkedjeteknologins framväxt, har synen på demokrati och transparens skiftat. Ökad finansiell inkludering har lyfts fram som avgörande för att minska fattigdomen. Blockkedjeteknologin har framhävts att ha potential att göra skillnad i detta arbete. Denna studie fokuserar på Subsahariska Afrika där 550 miljoner individer saknar tillgång till finansiella tjänster trots att de har tillgång till mobiltelefoner. Att erbjuda mobila finansiella tjänster är viktigt för att möjliggöra finansiell inkludering. Studien ämnar därför att undersöka upplevd användbarhet av blockkedjeteknologi för mobila finansiella tjänster och hur tekniken kan utöka finansiell inkludering i kontinenten. Detta har delvis gjorts genom en forskningsresa till Sydafrika där flertalet intervjuer utfördes med personer som representerar startupbolag, regeringen, telekombranschen och den akademiska världen. Resultaten från studien visar att blockkedjeteknologin upplevs vara användbar för mobila finansiella tjänster, främst på grund av dess förmåga att sänka kostnaderna genom att ta bort mellanhänder, automatisera processer samt skapa säkra decentraliserade system. Däremot måste standardiserade protokoll och definitioner måste utvecklas innan detta kan realiseras. Fram till dess kommer det att vara svårt för blockkedjeteknolgi att göra en verklig skillnad i ökad finansiell inkludering.

This research examined 50 financial education programs within the state of Florida. The purpose of the research was to survey financial education program providers to see how they are evolving to meet the sociological, psychological and behavioral factors that affect individual’s financial decision making. In constructing the survey I referenced articles, journals and publications regarding how certain factors can affect an individual and their ability to apply financial education to their daily life. This review of previous research showed that tailored education, to determine a participant’s means, ability and goals, is the best way to help participants achieve financial independence. In this literature review no specific details were found on how programs are evolving or how existing program offerings are filling the need for tailored financial education. This topic is important because financial decisions that people make will not only affect current generations but also future generations. I contacted 50 agencies with a 27 question survey regarding their basic organizational structure, funding, program details, success determinants, primary program goals and focus, and marketing strategies. 36% of those contacted, or 18 organizations, responded. All responses were compiled and compared to determine relationships among program structures, offerings, and goals. The primary findings were that most organizations opened after 2000, have budgets under $100,000 funded primarily by two main sources, and their main goals are to provide basic knowledge and education to help participants improve financial decisions. In addition, most programs conduct a pre-post survey or get participant feedback to evaluate programs and use the number of participants at meetings as their main success factor. The majority of programs do not collect financial information, however they provide one-on-one counseling to focus on tailoring education to 501+ participants per year. Recommendations for future research are to increase the number of respondents, look deeper into funding requirements, the program lifecycle, marketing strategies employed and their effectiveness, and what specific financial education topics programs are addressing. This will add to existing research by providing a broader view of the financial education landscape and help programs to evolve to meet the need for tailored education.