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O objetivo deste estudo consistiu-se em analisar os fatores influentes no comportamento de compra industrial, na situação de decisão de crédito bancário em pequenas empresas. Para tanto, foram entregues questionários a doze empresas da indústria gráfica, selecionadas pelo número de empregados (de 20 a 100 - pequenas indústrias, segundo o critério do IBGE), localizadas no Distrito Federal e associadas ao sindicato da categoria. De acordo com resultados obtidos por meio do levantamento de campo, as conclusões desta pesquisa puderam ser exploradas tendo-se como base três pontos principais: a) os resultados relativos aos fatores influentes no comportamento do consumidor industrial, tais como os referentes a importância da localização geográfica do fornecedor, dos seus recursos tecnológicos e da redução, pelos compradores, dos riscos percebidos nas decisões de compras, dentre outros que mostraram-se condizentes com as pressuposições do modelo de comportamento do mercado industrial adotado; b) a discussão relativa à situação de decisão de crédito bancário, baseado na literatura pesquisada. De acordo com os resultados, puderam-se detalhar os aspectos relativos aos atributos dos bancos e do crédito, destacando-se, dentre outros, a importância da imagem da instituição financeira, da qualidade do gerente de contas e do custo dos empréstimos e financiamentos; c) as especificidades da pequena empresa, que puderam ser visualizadas nos resultados da pesquisa de campo como, por exemplo, a estratégia intuitiva e pouco formalizada, a situação extra-organizacional incontrolável e a racionalidade político-econômico-familiar do pequeno empresário. / The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that can be able to influence the industrial buying behavior vis-à-vis the credit decision process in small enterprises. In order to achieve the objective, we delivered questionnaires to twelve enterprises located at the printing industry. These twelve enterprises were selected taking in consideration the number of employees from de IBGE criteria (20 to 100 employees are considered small enterprises). All of them are located in Brasília Region (Distrito Federal) and are members of the sector syndicate. According to the survey results, the conclusions of this research can be considered taking in consideration three main points: a) results related to factors that induce the behavior of industrial consumer. In this context, some results such as the importance of geographical localization and its technological resources and the importance of buyers\' perception about decreasing in risks when facing buying decision, among others results, were realized in agreement with the presuppositions of the industrial market behavior model; b) the discussion related to the situation of banking credit decision, based in the literature researched and, according to the results, we could describe, in detail, the aspects related to the attributes of banks and credit. In addition, we can emphasize the importance of financial institutions image, the quality of bank account manager and the cost of loans; c) the small enterprises features could be shown in the survey results, for example: the strategies are intuitive and non-formal; the extra-organizational factors are uncontrollable and the business rationality follows the feeling of the small entrepreneur, among other elements.

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu-se em analisar os fatores influentes no comportamento de compra industrial, na situação de decisão de crédito bancário em pequenas empresas. Para tanto, foram entregues questionários a doze empresas da indústria gráfica, selecionadas pelo número de empregados (de 20 a 100 - pequenas indústrias, segundo o critério do IBGE), localizadas no Distrito Federal e associadas ao sindicato da categoria. De acordo com resultados obtidos por meio do levantamento de campo, as conclusões desta pesquisa puderam ser exploradas tendo-se como base três pontos principais: a) os resultados relativos aos fatores influentes no comportamento do consumidor industrial, tais como os referentes a importância da localização geográfica do fornecedor, dos seus recursos tecnológicos e da redução, pelos compradores, dos riscos percebidos nas decisões de compras, dentre outros que mostraram-se condizentes com as pressuposições do modelo de comportamento do mercado industrial adotado; b) a discussão relativa à situação de decisão de crédito bancário, baseado na literatura pesquisada. De acordo com os resultados, puderam-se detalhar os aspectos relativos aos atributos dos bancos e do crédito, destacando-se, dentre outros, a importância da imagem da instituição financeira, da qualidade do gerente de contas e do custo dos empréstimos e financiamentos; c) as especificidades da pequena empresa, que puderam ser visualizadas nos resultados da pesquisa de campo como, por exemplo, a estratégia intuitiva e pouco formalizada, a situação extra-organizacional incontrolável e a racionalidade político-econômico-familiar do pequeno empresário. / The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that can be able to influence the industrial buying behavior vis-à-vis the credit decision process in small enterprises. In order to achieve the objective, we delivered questionnaires to twelve enterprises located at the printing industry. These twelve enterprises were selected taking in consideration the number of employees from de IBGE criteria (20 to 100 employees are considered small enterprises). All of them are located in Brasília Region (Distrito Federal) and are members of the sector syndicate. According to the survey results, the conclusions of this research can be considered taking in consideration three main points: a) results related to factors that induce the behavior of industrial consumer. In this context, some results such as the importance of geographical localization and its technological resources and the importance of buyers\' perception about decreasing in risks when facing buying decision, among others results, were realized in agreement with the presuppositions of the industrial market behavior model; b) the discussion related to the situation of banking credit decision, based in the literature researched and, according to the results, we could describe, in detail, the aspects related to the attributes of banks and credit. In addition, we can emphasize the importance of financial institutions image, the quality of bank account manager and the cost of loans; c) the small enterprises features could be shown in the survey results, for example: the strategies are intuitive and non-formal; the extra-organizational factors are uncontrollable and the business rationality follows the feeling of the small entrepreneur, among other elements.

El presente trabajo de investigación fue realizado para tener conocimiento sobre el impacto financiero de la morosidad en la cartera de créditos de las cajas municipales de ahorro y crédito del Perú, año 2020. Así mismo, en la investigación se busca dar a conocer el impacto que tiene los diferentes determinantes macroeconómicos y microeconómicos en la variación de la morosidad. El presente trabajo de investigación se ha desarrollado en cinco partes. En primer lugar, se desarrolló el capítulo I en donde se definen las palabras claves que nos ayudarán a desarrollar el tema principal. En segundo lugar, el capítulo II se explica el problema principal, los objetivos e hipótesis. En tercer lugar, el capítulo III, explica la metodología a utilizar a lo largo de la investigación, ya sea para el hallazgo de la muestra, población y desarrollo cuantitativo y cualitativo de ellas. En cuarto lugar, el capítulo IV, se desarrolló los instrumentos utilizados para poder recolectar información relevante que ayude en dicha investigación. Finalmente, el capítulo V, muestra el análisis de los instrumentos de investigación realizadas al igual que las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales. / The present research work was carried out to investigate the financial impact of the Debt Portfolio in the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks of Peru in the year 2020. Likewise, this research seeks to make known the impact that the different macroeconomic and microeconomic determinants have on the variation in delinquency or debts. This research work has been developed in five parts. In the first place, chapter I was developed, where the keywords that will help us develop the main topic are defined. Second, Chapter II explains the main problem, objectives and hypotheses. Thirdly, chapter III explains the methodology to be used throughout the investigation, whether for finding the sample, population and quantitative and qualitative development of them. Fourth, chapter IV, developed the instruments used to collect relevant information to help in said research. Finally, chapter V shows the analysis of the research instruments carried out as well as the final conclusions and recommendations. / Tesis

El comportamiento del sector bancario, en los últimos años, se ha determinado mediante indicadores no estructurales de competencia. Sin embargo, este comportamiento no ha sido evaluado diferenciando los diferentes segmentos del mercado de crédito, pese a la evidencia de disparidades en grados de concentración, costos e ingresos marginales proveniente de cada mercado. Por ende, el presente trabajo estima el poder de mercado para cada segmento y, se analiza las interacciones entre mercados, a través de un modelo de variaciones conjeturales, para ver si los movimientos iniciales de un mercado afectan el equilibrio de otro mercado. A raíz de ello, se determina que las firmas incrementan sus márgenes cuando reducen su participación en los segmentos mayoristas para incrementar su cuota de participación en los segmentos minorista. Dado que, la coyuntura macroeconómica en los últimos años, incentivo un mayor crecimiento. de la demanda interna de este tipo de créditos. / The performance of the banking sector in recent years has been determined by non-structural indicators of competition. However, this behavior has not been evaluated by differentiating the different segments of the credit market, despite evidence of disparities in concentration, costs, and marginal revenues from each market.   Therefore, this paper estimates the market power for each segment and analyzes the interactions between markets through a model of conjectural variations to see if the initial movements of one market affect the equilibrium of another market.  As a result, it is determined that firms increase their margins when they reduce their participation in the wholesale segments to increase their share in the retail segments. Given that the macroeconomic situation in recent years has encouraged greater growth in the domestic demand for this type of credit, we have found that firms increase their margins when they reduce their share in the wholesale segments to increase their share in the retail segments. / Trabajo de investigación

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию эффективности финансово-кредитного механизма государственной поддержки малого предпринимательства в РФ. Предметом исследования являются экономические отношения, возникающие в процессе реализации финансово-кредитного механизма поддержки МСП. Целью данной работы является разработка комплекса предложений по совершенствованию финансово-кредитного механизма государственной поддержки малого предпринимательства. В ходе работы эффективность государственной поддержки малого бизнеса исследуется автором на примере ООО «Тандем». В заключении подводятся итоги проведенного исследования, делаются основные выводы и обобщаются перспективные направления по развитию финансово-кредитного механизма государственной поддержки МСП в РФ. / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the financial and credit mechanism of state support of small business in the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is economic relations that arise in the process of implementing the financial and credit mechanism to support SMEs. The aim of this work is to develop a set of proposals for improving the financial and credit mechanism of state support for small businesses. In the course of work, the effectiveness of state support for small businesses is investigated by the author on the example of Tandem LLC. In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, the main conclusions are drawn and perspective directions for the development of the financial and credit mechanism for state support of SMEs in the Russian Federation are summarized.

La investigación comprende un análisis sobre el aumento de tasa de morosidad en la agencia de San Juan de Miraflores y tiene como objetivo determinar las variables que influyen en incremento de ratio de morosidad de la cartera de los clientes de la Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito de Huancayo desde el mes de agosto del año 2017 al mes de agosto del año 2019. Sobre la base del párrafo anterior, se utiliza la metodología de la Ciencia de datos. La fuente de datos está compuesta por los estados de cuentas por cobrar, en la recolección de datos se empleó las hojas de registro de crédito, informes de asesores de crédito e información estadística de la Caja Huancayo durante el período 2017-2019 publicados por la Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros y el Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. No ha sido considerado en el presente estudio el éxito de la empresa a nivel nacional, sino por el contrario su deterioro comercial financiero en la agencia de San Juan de Miraflores. Se concluye que de las veintidós variables de la base de datos estructurada tres son relevantes e influye en el aumento de la mora; tiempo de servicio del asesor, incumplimiento del proceso crediticio, exceso de liquidez. El presente estudio establece propuestas de mejora y es una buena base para que la empresa pueda realizar un estudio formal para que el área de sistemas tenga un enfoque más hacia los datos que pueda contribuir a la mejora económica y análisis. / The research includes an analysis of the increase in the delinquency rate in the agency of San Juan de Miraflores and aims to determine the variables that influence the increase in the delinquency ratio of the portfolio of clients of the Municipal savings and credit bank of Huancayo from the month of August of the year 2017 to the month of August of the year 2019. Based on the previous paragraph, the methodology of data science is used. The sample was composed of the accounts receivable statements, in the data collection the credit record sheets, reports of credit advisors and statistical information of the CMAC Huancayo were used during the 2017-2019 period published by the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance and the Central Reserve Bank of Peru. The success of the company at the national level has not been considered in the present study, but on the contrary its financial commercial risk in the agency of San Juan de Miraflores. It is concluded that of the twenty-two variables of the structured database four are relevant and can influence the increase in default; service time, credit process, overdraft, indefinite zoning. The present study establishes proposals for improvement and is a good basis for the company to carry out a formal study for the systems area to have a more focus on data that can contribute to economic improvement and analysis. / Trabajo de investigación

El incremento de herramientas e innovación en tecnología para la sociedad trae como resultado que las organizaciones empiecen a producir y almacenar grandes cantidades de datos. Así, la gestión y la obtención de conocimiento a partir de estos datos es un desafío y clave para generar ventaja competitiva. Dentro del proyecto dos enfoques son tomados en cuenta; la complejidad de implementación, los costos asociados por el uso de tecnologías y herramienta necesarias. Para encontrar los secretos que esconden los datos recolectados, es necesario tener una gran cantidad de ellos y examinarlos de forma minuciosa para así encontrar patrones. Este tipo de análisis es de complejidad alta para que nosotros mismos logremos detectar (Chappell & Associates, 2015). Campos de Ciencias de la Computación como Machine Learning servirán de base para la realización del análisis predictivo que permita anticiparnos al comportamiento futuro de las variables definidas según el problema que identifiquemos. El presente proyecto tiene como principio la necesidad de tener un Modelo Tecnológico de análisis predictivo basado en Machine Learning en la evaluación de riesgo crediticio. Fue tomada en consideración la situación actual sobre las diferentes implementaciones y arquitecturas que fueron desarrolladas por empresas que cuentan soluciones predefinidas o con propuestas generales que no permiten la flexibilidad y detalle de que necesita tener un sistema con la tecnología de Machine Learning. / Increasing tools and technology innovation for society results in organizations starting to produce and store large amounts of data. Thus, managing and obtaining knowledge from this data is a challenge and key to generating competitive advantage. Within this project two approaches are taken into account; The complexity of implementation and the costs associated with the use of necessary technologies and tools. To find the secrets that hide the collected data, it is necessary to have a large number of them and to examine them in order to find patterns. This type of analysis is highly complex so that we can detect it ourselves (Chappell & Associates, 2015). Fields of Computer Science as Machine Learning will serve as basis for the realization of the predictive analysis that allows us to anticipate the future behavior of the variables defined according to the problem that we identify. The present project has as principle the need to have a process model of predictive analysis based on machine learning for the evaluation of credit risk. It was taken into consideration the current situation regarding the different implementations and architectures that were developed by companies that have predefined solutions or with general proposals that do not allow the flexibility and detail that you need to have a system for the use of Machine Learning technology. / Tesis

L’objectif de cette thèse est de présenter la Banque islamique comme réponse à l’instabilité de l’économie de crédit. La lecture de la crise des subprimes au prisme du modèle post- keynésien de Minsky-Kindleberger permet d’affirmer que l’Hypothèse d’Instabilité Financière (HIF) débouche sur des propositions de gestion des crises financières. Car, si les crises sont inhérentes au capitalisme, il devient nécessaire et urgent de mettre en place des institutions à même de gérer les perturbations financières. Les réformes monétaires proposées au fil du temps par des éco- nomistes et le comité Bâle III posent le problème du développement bancaire. Dans le cas où la monnaie est séparée du crédit financier, soit le cas des reformes monétaires proposées par Fisher (1935) et ses disciples, nous rencontrons le problème du multiplicateur de crédit alors que le risque systémique est faible et il y a remise en cause de la nécessité du prêteur en dernier ressort dans ce système. Tandis que si la monnaie n’est pas séparée du crédit financier, cas des réformes monétaire proposées par des instruments de gestion tels que ceux proposées par Minsky (1982) ; Kindleberger (1989) ; Aglietta et Moutot (1993) ; Aglietta (2011) et le comité Bâle III, le risque systémique per- siste toujours. Dans ce dernier cas, c’est le prêteur en dernier ressort qui est le plus susceptible d’assumer l’objectif de la stabilité du système financier dans son ensemble en émettant de la liquidi- té ultime. L’étude comparative de deux cas de développement de banques islamiques, celui de l’Arabie Saoudite et celui du Pakistan, a montré que ces deux systèmes bancaires ont été confrontés au même problème que celui de la finance occidentale : le développement bancaire. Du fait que, si la monnaie est séparée du crédit financier – cas du Pakistan – les Banques islamiques sont à la fois moins vulnérables au risque systémique mais sont moins performantes. Alors que si la monnaie n’est pas séparée du crédit financier – cas de l’Arabie Saoudite – les banques islamiques sont plus vulnérables aux risques systémiques mais sont plus performantes. A contrario, même si la Banque islamique ne répond pas au risque systémique de l’Hypothèse de l’Instabilité de l’Économie de Crédit, elle résiste tout de même à la crise systémique de cette hypothèse du fait qu’elle ne peut en aucun cas conduire à une crise systémique comme celle des subprimes. Car, en contraste avec l’instrument du système financier conventionnel, les spécificités de l’instrument du système finan- cier islamique l’amènent à être moins vulnérable à la crise systémique. / The goal of this PhD is to analyze the Islamic bank model as a possible solution to the credit economy instability. Reading the subprime crisis through the post Keynesian model of Minsky-Kindleberger lenses allows us to assert that the Financial Instability Hypothesis (HIF) leads to proposals for financial crises management. If crises are inherent in capitalism, it becomes necessary and urgent to set up institutions able of managing financial perturbations. The monetary reforms suggested over time by economists and the Bale III committee too raises the problem of banking development. If money is separated from the financial credit, as in the example of Fisher (1935) and his followers monetary reforms shows, we run into the problem of the credit multiplier while the systemic risk is weak and the necessity of the lender of last resort in this system is questioned. Whereas, if money is not separated from the financial credit, as in the case of monetary reforms proposed by instruments of management such as those suggested by Minsky (1982), Kindleberger, Aglietta and Moutot (1993), Aglietta (2011) and Bale III, the systemic risk persists and this is, after all, the lender in the last resort who may assume the objective of the financial system’s stability in general by uttering of the ultimate liquidity. The development study of the two cases of Islamic banks, those in Saudi Arabia and those in Pakistan, showed the confrontation of these banks of the same problems noticed in the western finance. In fact, if money is separated from the financial credit, which is the case in Pakistan, Islamic banks are less vulnerable to systemic risk and are less efficient. While if money is not separated from the financial credit, as in Saudi Arabia, Islamic banks are more vulnerable to systemic risk and more efficient. However, even if the Islamic bank does not respond to the systemic risk of the Hypothesis of the Credit Economy’s instability, it answers as even to the systemic crises of this hypothesis. Hence, in all cases, it cannot lead to a systemic crisis similar to the subprime one. This is due to the fact that specification of the Islamic financial system instrument, in contrast to the instrument of the conventional financial system, is less vulnerable to the systemic crisis.