Em mercados imperfeitos e ineficientes, eventuais problemas de agência e de assimetria de informações podem elevar o custo do financiamento externo e, consequentemente, provocar racionamento quantitativo do crédito, expondo as empresas a diferentes graus de restrição financeira. Assim, as decisões de investimento corporativo tendem a depender da disponibilidade de recursos gerados internamente, supostamente mais baratos e acessíveis, e do grau de acesso às fontes de recursos externos. Sob tais condições, boas práticas de governança corporativa são capazes de minimizar os impactos dessas restrições financeiras, uma vez que quanto maior a qualidade da governança, menores os impactos da assimetria informacional e dos conflitos de agência e, portanto, maior a capacidade da empresa em atrair recursos externos com custos mais baixos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a sensibilidade do investimento ao fluxo de caixa para empresas brasileiras com diferentes graus de restrição financeira conforme o nível de qualidade das suas práticas de governança corporativa durante o período de 2006 a 2015. Para isso, foram analisados dados em painel de 248 companhias brasileiras abertas, as quais foram classificadas a priori em dois grupos conforme o grau de restrição financeira (alto e baixo). Para essa classificação, foi utilizado como critério o Índice de Práticas de Governança Corporativa (IPGC) de Leal (2014), revisado e atualizado a partir de Carvalhal-da-Silva e Leal (2005). O IPGC é construído a partir de questionário objetivo e até o momento não foi utilizado no Brasil para este fim. Considerando-se os objetivos da governança corporativa de mitigação dos impactos dos problemas de agência e de assimetria de informações, maiores (menores) índices retrataram empresas com baixo (alto) grau de restrição financeira. Um modelo de investimento foi estimado pelo método GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) a fim de verificar o impacto das práticas de governança corporativa e do grau de restrição financeira sobre a sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa. Os resultados demonstraram que o IPGC foi negativamente correlacionado com os índices de restrição financeira KZ e WW e que empresas com pior governança tiveram índices de restrição financeira maiores do que aquelas com melhor governança. Além disso, a qualidade da governança corporativa influenciou sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa, sendo essa sensibilidade negativa e significativa apenas para as empresas com pior governança, classificadas a priori com alto grau de restrição financeira. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a sensibilidade negativa do investimento ao fluxo de caixa decorre não somente da pior qualidade das práticas de governança, mas também da possível fragilidade do status financeiro dessas empresas. Adicionalmente, considerando o debate existente na literatura sobre a dificuldade de se determinar adequadamente o grau de restrição financeira de uma dada empresa, o IPGC se mostrou uma variável interessante como método de classificação a priori das empresas e um importante determinante da sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa para identificar firmas possivelmente restritas financeiramente. / Considering imperfect and inefficient markets, possible agency and information asymmetry problems can raise the cost of external financing and, consequently, cause quantitative rationing of credit, exposing companies to different degrees of financial constraint. Thus, corporate investment decisions tend to depend on the availability of supposedly cheaper and accessible internally generated funds and the degree of access to external resource sources. Under such conditions, good corporate governance practices are capable of minimizing the impacts of these financial constraints, since the higher the quality of governance the smaller the impacts of information asymmetry and agency conflicts, and therefore, higher the company\'s capability of attracting external resources at lower costs. The present study aimed to investigate the investment-cash flow sensitivity for Brazilian companies with different degrees of financial constraint according to the quality level of their corporate governance practices from 2006 to 2015. For this purpose, a panel data of 248 Brazilian publicly traded companies was analyzed. These companies were a priori classified in two groups according to the degree of financial constraint (high and low). For this classification, the Corporate Governance Practices Index (IPGC) of Leal (2014), revised and updated from Carvalhal-da-Silva and Leal (2005), was used as a criterion. The IPGC is constructed from an objective questionnaire and so far it has not been used in Brazil for this purpose. Considering the objectives of corporate governance to mitigate the impact of agency problems and information asymmetry, higher (lower) indices portrayed companies with low (high) degree of financial constraint. An investment model was estimated through GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) in order to verify the impact of corporate governance practices and the degree of financial constraint on investment-cash sensitivity. The results showed that the IPGC is negatively correlated with KZ and WW financial constraint indices, and that companies with poor governance generally have higher financial constraint indices than those with good governance. The results also showed that the quality of corporate governance influences the investment-cash flow sensitivity, and this sensitivity is negative and significant only for companies with poor governance, a priori classified with a high degree of financial constraint. The results also suggest that the negative sensitivity of the investment to the cash flow stems not only from the poor quality of governance practices, but also from the possible fragility of the financial status of these companies. Considering the existing debate in the literature on the difficulty of adequately determining the degree of financial constraint of a given firm, the IPGC proved to be an interesting variable as a method of a priori classification of companies and an important determinant of the investment-cash flow sensitivity to identify potentially financially constrained firms.

Em mercados imperfeitos e ineficientes, eventuais problemas de agência e de assimetria de informações podem elevar o custo do financiamento externo e, consequentemente, provocar racionamento quantitativo do crédito, expondo as empresas a diferentes graus de restrição financeira. Assim, as decisões de investimento corporativo tendem a depender da disponibilidade de recursos gerados internamente, supostamente mais baratos e acessíveis, e do grau de acesso às fontes de recursos externos. Sob tais condições, boas práticas de governança corporativa são capazes de minimizar os impactos dessas restrições financeiras, uma vez que quanto maior a qualidade da governança, menores os impactos da assimetria informacional e dos conflitos de agência e, portanto, maior a capacidade da empresa em atrair recursos externos com custos mais baixos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a sensibilidade do investimento ao fluxo de caixa para empresas brasileiras com diferentes graus de restrição financeira conforme o nível de qualidade das suas práticas de governança corporativa durante o período de 2006 a 2015. Para isso, foram analisados dados em painel de 248 companhias brasileiras abertas, as quais foram classificadas a priori em dois grupos conforme o grau de restrição financeira (alto e baixo). Para essa classificação, foi utilizado como critério o Índice de Práticas de Governança Corporativa (IPGC) de Leal (2014), revisado e atualizado a partir de Carvalhal-da-Silva e Leal (2005). O IPGC é construído a partir de questionário objetivo e até o momento não foi utilizado no Brasil para este fim. Considerando-se os objetivos da governança corporativa de mitigação dos impactos dos problemas de agência e de assimetria de informações, maiores (menores) índices retrataram empresas com baixo (alto) grau de restrição financeira. Um modelo de investimento foi estimado pelo método GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) a fim de verificar o impacto das práticas de governança corporativa e do grau de restrição financeira sobre a sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa. Os resultados demonstraram que o IPGC foi negativamente correlacionado com os índices de restrição financeira KZ e WW e que empresas com pior governança tiveram índices de restrição financeira maiores do que aquelas com melhor governança. Além disso, a qualidade da governança corporativa influenciou sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa, sendo essa sensibilidade negativa e significativa apenas para as empresas com pior governança, classificadas a priori com alto grau de restrição financeira. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a sensibilidade negativa do investimento ao fluxo de caixa decorre não somente da pior qualidade das práticas de governança, mas também da possível fragilidade do status financeiro dessas empresas. Adicionalmente, considerando o debate existente na literatura sobre a dificuldade de se determinar adequadamente o grau de restrição financeira de uma dada empresa, o IPGC se mostrou uma variável interessante como método de classificação a priori das empresas e um importante determinante da sensibilidade investimento-fluxo de caixa para identificar firmas possivelmente restritas financeiramente. / Considering imperfect and inefficient markets, possible agency and information asymmetry problems can raise the cost of external financing and, consequently, cause quantitative rationing of credit, exposing companies to different degrees of financial constraint. Thus, corporate investment decisions tend to depend on the availability of supposedly cheaper and accessible internally generated funds and the degree of access to external resource sources. Under such conditions, good corporate governance practices are capable of minimizing the impacts of these financial constraints, since the higher the quality of governance the smaller the impacts of information asymmetry and agency conflicts, and therefore, higher the company\'s capability of attracting external resources at lower costs. The present study aimed to investigate the investment-cash flow sensitivity for Brazilian companies with different degrees of financial constraint according to the quality level of their corporate governance practices from 2006 to 2015. For this purpose, a panel data of 248 Brazilian publicly traded companies was analyzed. These companies were a priori classified in two groups according to the degree of financial constraint (high and low). For this classification, the Corporate Governance Practices Index (IPGC) of Leal (2014), revised and updated from Carvalhal-da-Silva and Leal (2005), was used as a criterion. The IPGC is constructed from an objective questionnaire and so far it has not been used in Brazil for this purpose. Considering the objectives of corporate governance to mitigate the impact of agency problems and information asymmetry, higher (lower) indices portrayed companies with low (high) degree of financial constraint. An investment model was estimated through GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) in order to verify the impact of corporate governance practices and the degree of financial constraint on investment-cash sensitivity. The results showed that the IPGC is negatively correlated with KZ and WW financial constraint indices, and that companies with poor governance generally have higher financial constraint indices than those with good governance. The results also showed that the quality of corporate governance influences the investment-cash flow sensitivity, and this sensitivity is negative and significant only for companies with poor governance, a priori classified with a high degree of financial constraint. The results also suggest that the negative sensitivity of the investment to the cash flow stems not only from the poor quality of governance practices, but also from the possible fragility of the financial status of these companies. Considering the existing debate in the literature on the difficulty of adequately determining the degree of financial constraint of a given firm, the IPGC proved to be an interesting variable as a method of a priori classification of companies and an important determinant of the investment-cash flow sensitivity to identify potentially financially constrained firms.

Data from the National Survey of Households and Families were used to study the factors previous research identified as affecting post-divorce child adjustment. Responses from 358 divorced parents with custody of children under age 12 were analyzed. Special attention was paid to the effect of family financial status. The strongest predictor of problem behavior for both preschool children and school-aged boys was the amount of parent/child activity time. Older boys were also particularly sensitive to interparental conflict. Elementary-aged girls, however, were most affected by the presence of parental depression, which was found to be significantly associated with a decline in post-divorce family financial status. Only girls' problems showed a direct relationship with family income.

<p><strong>Purpose</strong>: Examine if there is a connection between the athletic performance and the financial status in football clubs.</p><p><strong>Theoretical perspectives</strong>: This thesis is based on the theory that the modern football club is like every other company trying to maximize profit. The clubs should therefore use the same business strategies.</p><p><strong>Empirical foundation</strong>: The study is based on 25 observations over five years and five Allsvenska football clubs. The data is a compilation of the key ratios from the annual reports and the league table, years 2004 through 2008 in the clubs. Year 2009’s league table place is also included since tests have been done with one year’s displacement between the financial status and the league table.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>:</p><ul><li>There is no correlation between solidity and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs.</li><li>There is no correlation between net profit and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs.</li><li>There is no correlation between equity and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs.</li></ul>

Purpose: Examine if there is a connection between the athletic performance and the financial status in football clubs. Theoretical perspectives: This thesis is based on the theory that the modern football club is like every other company trying to maximize profit. The clubs should therefore use the same business strategies. Empirical foundation: The study is based on 25 observations over five years and five Allsvenska football clubs. The data is a compilation of the key ratios from the annual reports and the league table, years 2004 through 2008 in the clubs. Year 2009’s league table place is also included since tests have been done with one year’s displacement between the financial status and the league table. Conclusion: There is no correlation between solidity and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs. There is no correlation between net profit and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs. There is no correlation between equity and the place in the league table in Allsvenska football clubs.