<p>I banksektorn är ekonomiska frågor betydligt mer institutionaliserade än miljöfrågor som bara varit aktuella i tiotalet år. Det leder till en viss osäkerhet att hantera miljöfrågor. Banksektorn försöker via legitimitetssökande standarder, ofta med start i bankkontorens direkta miljöpåverkan, att hantera miljöfrågorna. Bankers överlägset största miljöpåverkan ligger dock i den indirekta miljöpåverkan via kreditgivning och investeringar till kunder. Banker kan inte ta hela ansvaret utan det måste delas med kunderna som måste ställa krav på bankerna att erbjuda miljöansvarstagande tjänster. Bankernas ansvar ligger i att erbjuda miljöansvarstagande tjänster och aktivt presentera och förklara dem för kunderna. Enligt omvärldsanalysen har Marginalen goda förutsättningar för att initiera ett aktivt miljöarbete. Det är stor vikt att Marginalen inte bara hanterar den direkta miljöpåverkan utan även den mer miljöbelastande indirekta påverkan.</p> / <p>The world´s economic development during the past 100 years has led to improvements for millions of people. But it has also led to enormous environmental problems like global warming, species extinction and loss of biodiversity. Every human being and every sector in society are responsible to solve these grave environmental problems. One of those sectors is the banking sector. At first glance, the banking sector may look like an environmentally clean sector, especially when you compare the banking sector´s direct environmental impact with for example manufacturing industries. But when you look at the banking sector´s indirect environmental impact through loans and investments, you can envision the sectors potential to steer the society towards a sustainable development.</p><p>This thesis has shown this a complex matter though, since banks and their customers share responsibility to elevate environmental issues. Customers need to understand that banks indirect environmental impact is big and then put pressure on banks to provide environmental responsible services and products. Banks, on the other hand, offer quite complex services and products which mean that banks have a responsibility to explain services and products different environmental effects. Banks have handled environmental risks for a long time in credit grants, but banks are now starting to feel that customers demand for environmental products and services is on a rise. The thesis has also found out that different types of environmental standards are very important for a credible environmental work in the banking sector.</p>

I banksektorn är ekonomiska frågor betydligt mer institutionaliserade än miljöfrågor som bara varit aktuella i tiotalet år. Det leder till en viss osäkerhet att hantera miljöfrågor. Banksektorn försöker via legitimitetssökande standarder, ofta med start i bankkontorens direkta miljöpåverkan, att hantera miljöfrågorna. Bankers överlägset största miljöpåverkan ligger dock i den indirekta miljöpåverkan via kreditgivning och investeringar till kunder. Banker kan inte ta hela ansvaret utan det måste delas med kunderna som måste ställa krav på bankerna att erbjuda miljöansvarstagande tjänster. Bankernas ansvar ligger i att erbjuda miljöansvarstagande tjänster och aktivt presentera och förklara dem för kunderna. Enligt omvärldsanalysen har Marginalen goda förutsättningar för att initiera ett aktivt miljöarbete. Det är stor vikt att Marginalen inte bara hanterar den direkta miljöpåverkan utan även den mer miljöbelastande indirekta påverkan. / The world´s economic development during the past 100 years has led to improvements for millions of people. But it has also led to enormous environmental problems like global warming, species extinction and loss of biodiversity. Every human being and every sector in society are responsible to solve these grave environmental problems. One of those sectors is the banking sector. At first glance, the banking sector may look like an environmentally clean sector, especially when you compare the banking sector´s direct environmental impact with for example manufacturing industries. But when you look at the banking sector´s indirect environmental impact through loans and investments, you can envision the sectors potential to steer the society towards a sustainable development. This thesis has shown this a complex matter though, since banks and their customers share responsibility to elevate environmental issues. Customers need to understand that banks indirect environmental impact is big and then put pressure on banks to provide environmental responsible services and products. Banks, on the other hand, offer quite complex services and products which mean that banks have a responsibility to explain services and products different environmental effects. Banks have handled environmental risks for a long time in credit grants, but banks are now starting to feel that customers demand for environmental products and services is on a rise. The thesis has also found out that different types of environmental standards are very important for a credible environmental work in the banking sector.

As a result of covid-19, there has been an increase of digitalisation in society and remote-work has therefore also increased. Workplaces have sent employees home and meetings have taken place through video calls over the internet. Remote-work is not evenly distributed across different occupational groups, but within financial institutions, the majority of work can be performed in an independent location. The purpose of this paper is to gain an increased understanding of the experience of usability within digital conference tools. This paper examines the perceived usefulness of conference tools by applying the theories Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). This paper uses both a questionnaire and interviews to answer the research question. The result indicates that the experience of usability has a TAM score of 75,39 for the total average at financial institutions. One difference that the study found was the experience of usability based on the length of time the employee has used Microsoft Teams at financial institutions, the less time of use, the lower the score. This means that there may be a learning need of Microsoft Teams. Positive experiences for Microsoft Teams perceived usability, which can be generalized to more conference tools, are time-saving, efficient and good functionality. Negative experiences for Microsoft Teams perceived usability, which also can be generalized to more conference tools, are file management, resource-heavy and impersonal.

Bakgrund: Kommuninvest är en medlemsorganisation som finansierar en stor andel av den svenska kommunsektorns upplåning. Detta möjliggörs genom att Kommuninvest emitterar obligationer på finansiella marknader för att sedan låna ut kapital till kommunerna. Finansiella institut som Kommuninvest hanterar en rad olika risker i sin verksamhet och eftersom det saknas tidigare forskning angående Kommuninvests exponering mot och hantering av marknadsrisk är detta intressant att studera för att fylla kunskapsluckan. Det är också intressant eftersom kommunerna är en viktig aktör i det svenska samhället och Kommuninvest spelar en stor roll i den kommunala upplåningen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera Kommuninvests marknadsriskexponering när de lånar upp pengar på den finansiella marknaden för att låna ut dessa till medlemskommunerna, samt att analysera företagets marknadsriskhantering. Syftet är också att analysera hur marknadsriskexponeringen och marknadsriskhanteringen påverkar medlemskommunerna. Genomförande: Studien är designad som en fallstudie. Fallet har definierats som Kommuninvests marknadsriskexponering och -hantering. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av nio semistrukturerade intervjuer och en dokumentstudie. Det empiriska materialet har använts för att kunna dra slutsatser om Kommuninvests marknadsriskexponering och -hantering samt dessas potentiella påverkan på medlemskommunerna. Slutsats: Flera slutsatser kan dras från denna studie. Kommuninvest hedgar främst sin marknadsrisk med derivat och naturlig matchning. Den monetära effekten på låneportföljen konstateras vara relativt liten. Räntemarginalen är så pass låg att de små kommunerna väljer att alltid låna av Kommuninvest och de stora väljer att göra det ibland. Kommunerna i studien har över lag högt förtroende för Kommuninvest och majoritet upplever att de inte påverkas så mycket av bolagets riskexponering eller riskhantering. Denna studie bidrar med ny kunskap om Kommuninvests marknadsriskexponering och -hantering till det företagsekonomiska forskningsfältet såväl som till de svenska kommunerna. / Background: Kommuninvest is a member organisation that finances a large part of the borrowing of Swedish local governments. This is made possible by emitting bonds on the financial markets and then lending capital to the local governments. Financial institutions like Kommuninvest deal with several different risks and since no previous research has been conducted on the subject of the market risk exposure and the market risk management of Kommuninvest, this is a pertinent case to study in order to fill the gap. It is also a pertinent case since the local governments of Sweden are a very important part of the society and since Kommuninvest plays a great role in the borrowing of these local governments. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse the market risk exposure of Kommuninvest when the company borrows capital on the financial markets to lend to their members, Swedish local governments, as well as to analyse the market risk management of the company. A secondary aim is to analyse how the market risk exposure and the market risk management affect the local governments that are members of Kommuninvest. Completion: The study is designed as a case study. The case has been defined as The market risk exposure and market risk management of Kommuninvest. The empirical data consists of nine semi-structured interviews and one document study. The empirical data is used to draw conclusions about the market risk exposure and the market risk management of Kommuninvest, as well as their potential effects on the Swedish local governments that are members of Kommuninvest. Conclusion: Several conclusions can be drawn from this study. Kommuninvest primarily hedges its market risk with derivates and natural hedges. The monetary effect on the loan portfolio is found to be relatively small. The interest margin is low enough so that the small local governments choose to always borrow from Kommuninvest, and the big local governments choose to sometimes do so. The local governments that participated in the study generally have high confidence in Kommuninvest and most of them experience that they are not very affected by the company’s risk exposure or risk management. This study contributes with new knowledge about the market risk exposure and market risk management of Kommuninvest to the research field as well as to the Swedish local governments.