The normal sonographic appearance of the adult canine gastrointestinal tract has been well described. Interpretation of ultrasonographic findings in puppies presented for gastrointestinal evaluation is difficult due to the lack of information on normal ultrasonographic findings. The gastrointestinal tract, jejunal lymph node size and appearance as well as the presence or absence of peritoneal fluid were prospectively investigated in a group of 23 normal, 7 – 12 week old Beagle puppies. The duodenal wall thickness was significantly greater than other parts of the gastrointestinal tract (mean 3.8 mm). The mean stomach wall thickness was 2.7 mm, mean jejunal wall thickness 2.5 mm and mean colonic wall thickness 1.3 mm. In addition, the mean thickness of the duodenal mucosal layer (2.7 mm) was significantly thicker than that of the jejunal mucosal layer (1.5 mm). The mucosa was isoechoic to the muscularis layer and had a crisp luminal-mucosal interface in all puppies. There were no intestinal corrugations observed and wall layering was distinct in all gastrointestinal segments. The homogenous, hypoechoic jejunal lymph nodes were easily found and their mean thickness measured 7.1 mm (± SD 2.2 mm). A mild amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid was seen in all puppies. Conclusions drawn from this study were that prominent jejunal lymph nodes and a mild amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid can be considered normal findings in puppies. Information from the above study was utilised to interpret findings of a prospective clinical study on the ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract of puppies suffering from parvoviral enteritis. Forty puppies between six and 24 weeks of age were examined ultrasonographically within 24 hours of admission for canine parvoviral enteritis confirmed on faecal transmission electron microscopy. A clinical score (assessing habitus, appetite, vomiting, faecal consistency, mucous membranes, abdominal palpation and borborygmi) was attributed to each puppy prior to the ultrasonographic examination. Sonographic findings included fluid filled small intestines in 92.5% of cases, and stomach and colon in 80% and 62.5% of cases respectively. Generalised atony was seen in 30 cases and weak peristaltic contractions indicative of functional ileus observed in the remaining 10 cases. The duodenal and jejunal mucosal layer thicknesses were significantly reduced when compared to values obtained in the normal Beagle puppies with mean duodenal mucosal layer measuring 1.7 mm and jejunal mucosal layer 1.0 mm. Additionally, a mucosal layer with diffuse hyperechoic speckles was seen in the duodenum (15% of cases) and the jejunum (50% of cases). The luminal surface of the duodenal mucosa was irregular in 22.5% of cases and the jejunal mucosa in 42.5% of cases. In all of these puppies, changes were accompanied by generalised indistinct wall layering. Small intestinal corrugations were seen within the duodenum in 35% of cases and within the jejunum in 7.5%. A mild amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid was observed in 26 cases and was considered within normal limits for puppies and a moderate amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid was observed in six cases. The jejunal lymph node size was within normal limits for puppies and thus parvoviral enteritis does not appear to be associated with ultrasonographic evidence of regional lymphadenopathy. There was a tendency for animals with the most dramatic ultrasonographic changes to be in poor condition clinically i.e. they had a low clinical score. Each of the above described changes cannot be considered pathognomonic for canine parvoviral enteritis but in combination, are suggestive of the disease. It is hoped that information from this study may alert the clinician as to the possibility of underlying parvoviral enteritis in puppies presented for abdominal ultrasound for investigation of gastrointestinal disease. Further studies are needed to document the ultrasonographic appearance of other paediatric gastrointestinal diseases such as severe verminosis, giardiasis, coccidiosis and distemper etc. before further conclusions can be drawn from this study. Daily ultrasonographic examinations of puppies suffering from canine parvoviral enteritis are needed to further understand the progression of this disease over time as well as the possible ultrasonographic indicators of clinical improvement or deterioration. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

Objective: Applications of Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) have increased dramatically in dentistry. Incidental findings (IFs) beyond the area of interest may be encountered. The maxillary sinus incidental findings in CBCT were considered the highest in the literature. This systematic review aims to analyze present literature on IFs in the maxillary sinus using CBCT Methods: Electronic databases was searched for studies on the maxillary sinus incidental findings in CBCT to assess the prevalence and significance of the incidental findings. Results: The initial search retrieved 239 abstracts, of which only 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. The sample size ranged from 34-1029 participants with a mean age of 35.4. The prevalence of incidental findings in the maxillary sinus was between 27 to 62.4%. Such findings in the maxillary sinus vary in importance and the need for intervention. The most common incidental findings were the thickening of the mucosal membrane followed by the polypoid lesion. / Oral Biology

Objective: Structured recording of examination findings, such as heart murmurs, is important for effective retrieval and analysis of data. Our study proposes two models for post-coordinating murmur findings and evaluates their ability to record murmurs found in clinical records. Methods: Two models were proposed for post-coordinating murmur findings: the Concept-dependent Attributes model and the Interprets/Has interpretation model. A micro-nomenclature was created based on each model by using the subset and extension mechanisms provided for by the SNOMED-CT® framework. Within each micro-nomenclature a partonomy of cardiac cycle timing values was generated. In order for each model to be capable of representing clinical data, a mechanism for handling range values was developed. One hundred murmurs taken from clinical records were entered into two systems that were built based on each model to enter and display murmur data. Results: Both models were able to record all 100 murmur findings; both required the addition of the same number of concepts into their respective micro-nomenclatures. However, the Interprets/Has interpretation model required twice the storage space for recording murmurs. Conclusion: We found little difference in the requirements for implementation of either model. In fact, data stored using these models could be easily inter-converted. This will allow system developers to choose a model based on their own preferences. If at a later date a method is chosen for modeling within SNOMED-CT, the data can be converted to conform if necessary. / Master of Science

No description available.

Les nouvelles technologies sont de plus en plus utilisées pour la commission des infractions, soit en facilitant la commission de celles-ci, soit elles en sont directement l'objet. Si des dispositions visant à réprimer certains comportements sont apparus dès 1978 avec la Loi dit CNIL, Le législateur n’a pris en compte que tardivement des mesures permettant de faciliter la répression de celles-ci ou de faciliter les actes liés à l'exercice de la police judiciaire. Il s'agit d'un domaine en perpétuel évolution qu'il est difficile d'appréhender surtout lorsqu'il faut allier les obligations juridiques et les impératifs techniques. En effet contrairement à des traces ou indices qui peuvent être appréhendés physiquement sur une scène d’infraction, les données numériques sont quant à elle immatérielles.Elles peuvent être contenues dans un support physique, ou tout simplement être en mouvement sur les réseaux. Si ces données contrairement à toute autre trace peuvent être répliquées à volonté, elles restent extrêmement volatiles si elles ne sont pas recueillies dans des conditions optimales destinées à assurer leur intégrité.Cette thèse a pour objet de faire la démonstration des difficultés d’applicabilité de la procédure pénale au regard des nouvelles technologies notamment au travers du régime des constatations policières sur les supports de stockage et les réseaux numériques.Ce travail de recherche scientifique aborde le principe et le recueil de la preuve numérique sur un support physique et sur les réseaux, mais également la distinction entre les actes techniques et l’expertise aussi bien dans le cadre de l’enquête de Police que dans la phase de l’instruction préparatoire. / New technologies are increasingly being used in the commission of offenses (Felonies and other Violations) either by facilitating the commission or they are directly the vector. If provisions to punish certain behaviors emerged in 1978 with the CNIL said Act, the legislature has considered only late measures to facilitate the prosecution of them to facilitate acts involving the exercise of Law Enforcement investigations.Since it is an area in constant evolution, it is difficult to understand especially when it is necessary to combine the legal obligations and technical requirements. Indeed, unlike traces or clues that can be seized physically on a crime scene, the digital data is in turn intangible.They may be contained in a physical support, or simply be moving over networks. If this data unlike any other track can be infinitely replicated at will, they remain extremely volatile if they are not collected under optimal conditions to ensure their integrity.This thesis aims to demonstrate the difficulties of applicability of the criminal proceedings in relation to new technologies, particularly through the system of Law Enforcement findings on storage media and digital networks.This scientific research addresses the principle and collection process of digital evidence on physical media and networks. It also addresses the distinction between technical tasks and the technical expertise as well as the preliminary phase of the Law Enforcement investigation and the phase being handled by the examining magistrate (judge).

MSc (Med), Pharmaceutical Affairs, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Quality Assurance (QA) Audits are an essential component and an integral part of clinical trials. As a quality improvement tool, forming part of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) an audit can demonstrate that real efforts are being made to improve and enhance the quality of professional care to all trial subjects participating in clinical trials. Specifically, clinical research performed on the central nervous system (CNS) involves distinctive areas of concern to adherence to good clinical practice in this therapeutic area. For example an informed consent process not conducted appropriately for subjects with e.g. Schizophrenia or Alzheimer’s disease; or inter-individual rating differences in instances when different investigators (psychiatrist) assess a trial subject. A need was identified to analyze the association between the CNS indication audited and the audit findings and to perform a trend analysis that highlight re-occuring audit findings. A total of 123 CNS audit reports were obtained from the Quality Assurance Departments of Quintiles in South Africa and Europe. The audit reports were grouped into the 15 CNS indications that were audited. Five hundred and six (506) audit findings were derived from the 123 CNS audits reports. The audit findings were categorized according to GCP subject matter, regulatory requirements or Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). The severity of audit findings was classified as critical or major. The results of this investigation suggested a need for substantial improvement in three important areas. Firstly; adherence to the study requirements inclusive of relevant Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Secondly the development of better defined protocols and thirdly training of monitors. Study planners and Clinical Trial Management should take a proactive role to minimize the audit findings by ensuring monitors with experience in the research field should be involved in the study. Procedures should be implemented to educate site staff. Focus should be placed on the importance of detailed source documentation, adherence to investigational product dosage requirements, the conduct of the informed consent process, and adequate study documentation maintenance.

Síndrome de Turner é causada por alterações no cromossomo X. Afeta de 1:2000 a 1:3000 recém-nascidas femininas. Apesar de ser uma doença genética, aspectos como crescimento deficiente e insuficiência ovariana são de interesse da Endocrinologia. Manifestações clínicas importantes também incluem malformações cardíacas, linfáticas e renais e estão implicadas em maior morbidade da doença. Muito embora já tenha sido descrita há quase 80 anos, novos aspectos genéticos relacionados à etiopatogenia da doença vem sendo descritos. As abordagens terapêuticas relativas aos tratamentos hormonais têm sido discutidas e novos diagnósticos clínicos, incluindo alterações cardíacas, hepáticas e casos de trombose vem sendo descritos recentemente. / Turner Syndrome is caused by X chromosome anomalies. It affects 1:2000 to 1:3000 live born females. Some aspects of the syndrome such as growth failure and ovarian failure are of interest to the Endocrinologist. Other important features of this disorder include cardiac, lymphatic and renal malformations, the cause of high morbidity. Although recognized and described for almost 80 years, new genetic information has been added to update the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Hormone therapies and novel clinical findings, cardiac, hepatic and thrombotic, recently described, are reviewed.

Síndrome de Turner é causada por alterações no cromossomo X. Afeta de 1:2000 a 1:3000 recém-nascidas femininas. Apesar de ser uma doença genética, aspectos como crescimento deficiente e insuficiência ovariana são de interesse da Endocrinologia. Manifestações clínicas importantes também incluem malformações cardíacas, linfáticas e renais e estão implicadas em maior morbidade da doença. Muito embora já tenha sido descrita há quase 80 anos, novos aspectos genéticos relacionados à etiopatogenia da doença vem sendo descritos. As abordagens terapêuticas relativas aos tratamentos hormonais têm sido discutidas e novos diagnósticos clínicos, incluindo alterações cardíacas, hepáticas e casos de trombose vem sendo descritos recentemente. / Turner Syndrome is caused by X chromosome anomalies. It affects 1:2000 to 1:3000 live born females. Some aspects of the syndrome such as growth failure and ovarian failure are of interest to the Endocrinologist. Other important features of this disorder include cardiac, lymphatic and renal malformations, the cause of high morbidity. Although recognized and described for almost 80 years, new genetic information has been added to update the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Hormone therapies and novel clinical findings, cardiac, hepatic and thrombotic, recently described, are reviewed.

Síndrome de Turner é causada por alterações no cromossomo X. Afeta de 1:2000 a 1:3000 recém-nascidas femininas. Apesar de ser uma doença genética, aspectos como crescimento deficiente e insuficiência ovariana são de interesse da Endocrinologia. Manifestações clínicas importantes também incluem malformações cardíacas, linfáticas e renais e estão implicadas em maior morbidade da doença. Muito embora já tenha sido descrita há quase 80 anos, novos aspectos genéticos relacionados à etiopatogenia da doença vem sendo descritos. As abordagens terapêuticas relativas aos tratamentos hormonais têm sido discutidas e novos diagnósticos clínicos, incluindo alterações cardíacas, hepáticas e casos de trombose vem sendo descritos recentemente. / Turner Syndrome is caused by X chromosome anomalies. It affects 1:2000 to 1:3000 live born females. Some aspects of the syndrome such as growth failure and ovarian failure are of interest to the Endocrinologist. Other important features of this disorder include cardiac, lymphatic and renal malformations, the cause of high morbidity. Although recognized and described for almost 80 years, new genetic information has been added to update the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Hormone therapies and novel clinical findings, cardiac, hepatic and thrombotic, recently described, are reviewed.

Abstract/Summary The discovery of a cadaver or skeletal remains (hereinafter the "Remains") raises a number of questions, one of which is the matter of the identity of the remains. The answer to this particular question can be found through forensic identification and utilization of one of the methods thereof. The aim of my thesis is to provide a brief overview of the methods which are currently most commonly used for the purposes of identifying Remains and introduce the reader to their basics, options and limitations. In order to ensure a better understanding of the subject, I have included a section concerning the Remains and the post-mortem changes thereof. In this thesis, I will focus only on those parts of scientific fields, which are relevant for identification of the Remains, and, similarly with respect to information systems, I target only the information being collected and analyzed by such systems in cases of Remains whose identity is not know. In this thesis, I have chosen to proceed from general terms, division of forensic identification, activities being carried out upon the discovery of the Remains, to the individual methods of identification, information system and practical case studies. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. In the first chapter, I address the subject of general terms...