京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22361号 / 医博第4602号 / 新制||医||1043(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 上本 伸二, 教授 小西 靖彦, 教授 黒田 知宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Digital Forensic investigations play a vital role in our technologically enhanced world, and it may incorporate a number of different types of evidence — ranging from digital to physical. During a Digital Forensics investigation an investigator may formulate a number of hypotheses, and in order to reason objectively about them, an investigator must take into account such evidence in its entirety, relying on multiple sources. When formulating such objective reasoning an investigator must take into account not only inculpatory evidence but also exculpatory evidence and evidence of tampering. In addition, the investigator must factor in the reliability of the evidence used, the potential for error (tool and human based) and they must factor in the certainty with which they can make various claims. By doing so and creating a detailed audit trail of all actions performed by the investigator they can be better prepared against challenges against their work when it is presented. An investigator must also take into account the dynamic aspects of an investigation, such as certain evidence no longer being admissible, and they must continuously factor these aspects into their reasoning, to ensure that their conclusions still hold. Investigations may draw over a large period of time, and should the relevant information not be captured in detail, it may be lost or forgotten, affecting the reliability of an investigator’s findings and affecting future investigators’ capability to build on and continue an investigator’s work. In this dissertation we investigate whether it is possible to provide a formalised means for capturing and encoding an investigator’s reasoning process, in a detailed and structured manner. By this we mean we would like to capture and encode an investigator’s hypotheses, their arguments, their conclusions and the certainty with which they can make such claims, as well as the various pieces of evidence (digital and physical) that they use as a foundation for their arguments. We also want to capture the steps an investigator took when formulating these arguments and the steps an investigator took in order to get evidence into its intended form. The capturing of such a detailed reasoning process helps to allow for a more thorough reconstruction of an investigator’s finding, further improving the reliability that can be placed in them. By encoding the investigator’s reasoning process, an investigator can more easily receive feedback on the impacts that the various dynamic aspects of an investigation have upon their reasoning. In order to achieve these goals, our dissertation presents a model, called the Chain of Findings, allowing investigators to formulate and capture their reasoning process throughout the investigation, using a combination of goal-driven and data-driven approaches. When formulating their reasoning, the model allows investigators to treat evidence, digital and physical, uniformly as building blocks for their arguments and capture detailed information of how and why they serve their role in an investigator’s reasoning process. In addition, the Chain of Findings offers a number of other uses and benefits including the training of investigators and Digital Forensic Readiness. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Computer Science / unrestricted

No description available.

Bakgrund: Antalet datortomografiundersökningar (DT-undersökningar) har ökat kraftigt i Sverige och den kollektiva stråldosen till befolkningen blir allt högre. DT-undersökningar av buken är en av de undersökningarna som ger högst stråldos till patienten, därför är det viktigt att de endast görs när det krävs för att ställa diagnos. Därmed kan det vara relevant att undersöka huruvida antalet undersökningar också lett till ökat antal patologiska fynd hos patienter. Syfte: Undersöka hur många akuta DT-undersökningar med intravenös kontrast av buken som gjordes vid två sjukhus och hur stor andel av dessa som påvisade patologiska fynd. Metod: För att besvara syftet gjordes en kvantitativ retrospektiv studie där röntgenremisser och röntgensvar från mars 2013, mars 2018 och mars 2023 analyserades. Resultat: Antalet akuta DT-bukundersökningar med intravenös kontrast har ökat vid sjukhusen med i genomsnitt 49,5% mellan 2018–2023. Den mest markanta ökningen sågs i åldrarna 50–80 år. Vid Sjukhus 1 hade andelen fynd ökat från 57,5% i mars 2013 till 72,4% i mars 2023, samtidigt som andelen fynd vid Sjukhus 2 i stället minskat från 54% i mars 2018 till 46,3% i mars 2023. De vanligaste fynden vid de två sjukhusen var ileus/subileus, appendicit och kolecystit/gallsten/vidgade gallvägar. Könsfördelningen visade att något fler kvinnor än män genomgick akut DT buk med iv. kontrast, (Sjukhus 1: 54% kvinnor och Sjukhus 2: 55% kvinnor). Slutsatser: Det har vid båda sjukhusen skett en ökning av antalet undersökningar men utvecklingen av andelen fynd har gått i två olika riktningar. De vanligaste patologiska fynden som görs skulle kunna ställas med hjälp av andra modaliteter med låg eller ingen stråldos, såsom konventionell röntgen eller ultraljud. Ökningen av antalet akut DT-buk med iv. kontrast har medfört en ökad arbetsbelastning för röntgensjuksköterskor.

Abstract Colectomy is performed in critically-ill patients who, for example, experience colonic ischemia following cardiac surgery or reconstruction of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia with severe sepsis, or toxic megacolon due to Clostridium difficile infection. The present retrospective study was conducted in the mixed intensive care unit (ICU) of the Oulu University Hospital to clarify the clinical picture, effects of surgical treatment on organ functions and outcome in critically-ill patients treated with colectomy during 2000-2009. Their histologic and immunohistologic findings were compared with histologically normal colon walls of 34 controls operated for colon tumors. The annual incidence of colectomy in our ICU varied from 0.08% to 0.4%. The mean age of the study patients was 68.8 (sd 9.7) yrs. They had multiple organ failure in 60% and one-year mortality was 62%. One-year surivial from the hospital discharged patients was 91% (29/32). During preoperative period, increasing levels of serum lactate, an increase in the need for higher doses of norepinephrine, and neurologic SOFA subscore were associated with mortality. The histopathologic damage involves all layers of the colon wall being largely similar in sepsis, fulminant clostridium difficile infection and in ischemia after cardiovascular operations. The extent of epithelial damage of colonic epithelium correlated with clinical severity and outcome in the patients. Tight junction protein claudin-1 was down-regulated thoroughly of colonic epithelium, whereas claudin-2 was up-regulated only in the least affected areas. The number of proliferating epithelial cells of colonic epithelium, analyzed by Ki-67 expression, was higher in the worst affected areas in the study patients as compared to results of controls. The proportion of apoptotic cells analyzed by expression of M30 was larger in the worst damage area than in controls. Up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 9, as a part of innate immunity mechanism, in worst areas of colonic epithelium was higher in the surface epithelium compared with least affected areas and in crypts compared with control specimens. Colon ischemia in critically-ill patients is a pancolic phenomenon with life-threatening consequences. Histologic damage in the colon wall was similar irrespective of the underlying cause. Immunohistochemical characteristics resembled those described earlier in inflammatory bowel disease. / Tiivistelmä Leikkaukseen johtavaa tehohoitopotilaan koliittia esiintyy esimerkiksi sydän- ja verisuonileikkauksen jälkeen, yleistyneessä tulehdusreaktiossa sekä Clostridium difficile- infektiossa. Takautuvasti kerätyn tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää vuosina 2000–2009 Oulun Yliopistollisen sairaalan päivystysteho-osastolla hoidettujen potilaiden koliitin kliininen taudinkuva, kirurgisen hoidon vaikutus elinvaurioihin, ennuste ja histologiset ja immunohistologiset löydökset. Leikkauksella hoidettujen potilaiden histopatologisia ja immunohistologisia tutkimustuloksia verrattiin 34:ään histologisesti normaaliin suolinäytteeseen, jotka oli otettu paksusuolisyövän vuoksi tehdyissä leikkauksissa. Päivystysteho-osaston vuosittainen tehohoitopotilaan koliitin esiintyvyyden vaihteluväli oli 0.08 %–0.4 %. Tutkimuspotilaiden keski-ikä oli 68.8 (sd 9.7) vuotta. 60 %:lla heistä todettiin monielinvaurio, ja 62 % heistä menehtyi ensimmäisen vuoden aikana. Sairaalasta kotiutetuista potilaista 91 % oli elossa vuoden kuluttua. Leikkausta edeltävä kohonnut valtimoveren laktaattipitoisuus, verenpainetta tukeva noradrenaliinitarpeen nousu sekä neurologisen toimintakyvyn heikkeneminen olivat yhteydessä potilaiden kuolleisuuteen. Histopatologiset muutokset ulottuivat kaikkiin paksunsuolen kerroksiin ja olivat samankaltaisia eri koliiteissa. Epiteelivaurion laajuus oli yhteydessä potilaiden kliiniseen taudinkulkuun ja ennusteeseen. Immunohistologisissa tutkimuksissa paksusuolen epiteelin klaudiini-1:n esiintyminen oli alentunut, kun taas klaudiini-2:sta oli runsaammin vähemmän vaurioituneella alueella. Vaikeimmin vaurioituneilla suolen alueilla solujen uudistumista kuvaavan merkkiaineen, Ki-67:n, määrä oli suurempi kuin kontrollipotilaiden värjäyksissä. Samanlainen ero vaikeimmin vaurioituneiden alueiden ja kontrollinäytteiden välillä todettiin myös M30-värjäyksen perusteella apoptoosin osalta. Välittömään puolustusmekanismiin kuuluvan Tollin kaltaisen reseptori (TLR) 9:n värjäytyvyys oli vaikeimmin vaurioituneilla epiteelialueilla voimakkaampi kuin vähemmän vaurioituneella alueella. Myös kryptan alueella oli enemmän TLR 9 värjäytyvyyttä kuin kontrollinäytteissä. Tehohoitopotilaan koliittia esiintyy koko paksusuolen alueella. Histopatologiset muutokset ovat samankaltaisia eri tautitilojen aiheuttamissa koliiteissa. Immunohistokemialliset tutkimuslöydökset vastaavat aikaisemmin tulehduksellisten suolistosairauksien yhteydessä kuvattuja muutoksia.

Background: Research is essential for the development of a unique body of knowledge, a hall mark of any profession. It should be utilised to provide the basis for professional theory and practice. Aim: The purpose of the study was to develop guidelines that will assist professional nurses in the utilisation of research findings. Design and setting: Quantitative, descriptive research was used to determine professional nurses’ (N=284) perception of utilization of research findings in practice. The structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 since this is a quantitative study. The study focused on professional nurses at the two selected hospitals that were providing the comprehensive programme in the uMgungundlovu district. Results: 284 respondents answered the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 73.3% agreed that they lacked knowledge of research. The frequency of respondents that lacked research knowledge was 208. Of the respondents, 211 (74.3%) recommended use of research findings in practice versus 24 (8.5%) who were unsure and 9 (3%) respectively who did not know whether research should be used or not. Conclusions: The findings revealed that there is a need for changes to be made in the nursing education system to try and improve research utilisation by professional nurses in practice since the professional nurses working in the clinical area are produced by nursing education institutions / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Toxoplasma gondii é apontado como causa primária de doença congênita, abortamentos e natimortalidade em humanos e animais de produção. No Brasil, genótipos atípicos do parasita podem estar relacionados com ocorrência de enfermidade severa, inclusive em indivíduos imunocompetentes. Este estudo aplicou-se à reprodução experimental de infecções por T. gondii em ovinos, com vistas a estudar aspectos relacionados à ocorrência da transmissão congênita, avaliando reinfecções produzidas por diferentes genótipos de T. gondii isolados no Brasil. Treze ovelhas soronegativas para a infecção por T. gondii foram primo-infectadas com 2x103 oocistos esporulados via oral deste parasito, Grupo 1 (4 animais) com genótipo BrI e Grupos 2 e 3 (5 e 4 animais, respectivamente) com genótipo BrIII. Após a cronificação da infecção, os animais foram emprenhados. Da mesma forma, uma segunda infecção foi realizada após 2 meses de gestação, animais dos Grupos 1 e 3 receberam oocistos de T. gondii genótipo BrIII e o Grupo 2 recebeu BrI. Semanalmente foram observados os efeitos da reinfecção comparando com um grupo controle (5 animais) não infectado, através de exames físicos, ultrassonográficos, sorológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos. Utilizando bioensaio em camundongos, análise molecular, exames histopatológicos e imunohistoquímica, avaliou-se a infecção experimental de ovelhas e cordeiros. Verificaram-se as diferenças entre as médias dos resultados dos grupos com ANOVA dois fatores para a sorologia e ANOVA um fator, post-hoc Bonferroni ou Kruskall-Wallys, post-hoc U de Mann-Withney para os outros parâmetros, sendo considerados significativos quando p<0,05. Não foram observados abortamentos, obtiveram-se 19 cordeiros dos grupos experimentais, todos soronegativos. As ovelhas infectadas apresentaram altos títulos de IgG e hipertermia após a primo-infecção e aumento moderado após a reinfecção, com diferença estatística somente no Grupo 1. Parâmetros clínicos alterados nos grupos experimentais foram observados principalmente nos dias 21 e 28 após o desafio. Houve significância estatística comparando-se resultados de patologia clínica em infecções por genótipos diferentes em vários pontos de tempo. À necropsia, observou-se fibrina nas placentas das ovelhas infectadas, um feto mumificado em uma das ovelhas do Grupo 2 e cordeiros e ovelhas com linfoadenomegalia. PCR realizado em amostras de tecido alterado confirmou presença de T. gondii em linfonodos e coração de cordeiros do grupo 2 e coração e placenta de ovelhas do Grupo 3. Nos bioensaios em camundongos dos tecidos de cordeiros foram observados cistos cerebrais em um animal do Grupo 2, confirmados por PCR. Análises histopatológicas confirmaram taxa de transmissão de 26% nos três grupos experimentais. Exceto por uma ovelha do Grupo 1, todos os ovinos, incluindo o cordeiro positivo, estavam infectados com o isolado utilizado na primo-infecção. Observou-se maior frequência de transmissão congênita endógena em ovelhas soropositivas após reinfecção com genótipos diferentes, com alterações fisiológicas significativas em ovelhas gestantes, porém não acarretando abortamento ou malformações. A primo-infecção proporcionou imunidade cruzada contra reinfecção subsequente na maioria dos animais, aparentando maior eficácia quando utilizado genótipo BrIII / Toxoplasma gondii is considered the primary cause of congenital disease, miscarriage and stillbirth in humans and farm animals. In Brazil, non-classical genotypes may be related with severe toxoplasmosis also in immunocompetent patients. This study evaluated infections and reinfections caused by two atypical field strains of T. gondii isolated in Brazil and their consequences over congenital transmission in sheep. Thirteen Santa Ines ewes seronegative for T. gondii were prime-infected orally with 2x103 sporulated oocysts, being Group 1 from genotype BrI (4 animals), whilst Groups 2 and 3 ewes received an inoculum from genotype BrIII (5 and 4 animals, respectively). After infection chronification all animals were mated. Likewise, a second inoculation was held at 2 months pregnancy, Group 1 and 3 receiving oocysts from genotype BrIII, while Group 2 was infected with genotype BrI. Blood samples for serology, CBC, biochemistry, vital signs evaluation and abdominal ultrasound were performed weekly, comparing with a control group (5 animals). Experimental infection from ewes and lambs was evaluated thru mice bioassay, molecular analysis, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests. To analyze serology variation between groups their mean results were subjected to two-way ANOVA. The other parameters were tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Kruskall-Wallys followed by Mann-Whitney U, where statistical significance was set at p<0,05. No abortion was observed and 19 lambs were born from ewes of the experimental groups presenting negative serology. Infected ewes showed high IgG titles and fever after prime-infection and moderate increase after reinfection, although only Group 1 presented statistical significance. Altered clinical values were observed from experimental groups mainly 21 and 28 days post challenge. Significant differences were detected when comparing infections from different genotypes. Post-mortem analysis revealed fibrin over placentas from ewes of all experimental groups; a mummified fetus inside an ewe from Group 2 and lymph nodes enlargement within ewes and lambs. PCR performed on altered tissues from necropsy confirmed presence of T. gondii on lymph nodes and heart of a Group 2 lamb and on placenta and heart of Group 3 ewes. Considering mice bioassays from lamb tissues, one animal from group 2 presented brain smear cysts, also PCR analysis positive. Histopathological tests corroborate a congenital transmission rate of 26% among experimental groups. Apart from one ewe from Group 1 all the other animals, including the positive lamb, were infected with the strain from the prime-infection. Therefore, it was more frequently observed endogenous congenital transmission in seropositive ewes after reinfections with different strains leading to significant physiological variations in pregnant ewes, abortion and congenital malformations absence notwithstanding. The prime-infection also provided cross protective immunity against a following reinfection for the majority of the animals, suggesting apparent better response when performed using genotype BrIII

A radiografia panorâmica é o exame complementar de imagem mais solicitado pelos cirurgiões-dentistas e parte essencial da documentação utilizada pelos ortodontistas no planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico. Durante a transição da dentadura mista para a permanente, o processo biológico é complexo, podendo ocorrer falhas ou irregularidades odontogênicas, que resultam em anomalias dentárias. Entretanto, outras alterações podem ser vistas nas imagens radiográficas panorâmicas, que modificam densidade óssea e alteram o trabeculado ósseo no período entre o início e o término do tratamento ortodôntico. Algumas destas alterações podem interferir ou modificar o diagnóstico durante o tratamento ortodôntico. O número de imagens radiográficas obtidas durante o tratamento ortodôntico depende do protocolo estabelecido caso a caso. Neste estudo interpretamos 500 imagens panorâmicas, sendo 250 pré-tratamento ortodôntico e 250 pós-tratamento ortodôntico, de pacientes com idade de 11 a 18 anos, pertencentes ao Departamento de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru FOB USP. A interpretação radiográfica foi realizada por um único examinador. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar imagens que foram obtidas no início e no final do tratamento ortodôntico e os resultados nos permitiram concluir que no grupo referente à transição da dentadura mista para a dentição permanente, as imagens panorâmicas possuíram o maior número de achados incidentais; a remodelação apical ortodôntica dos incisivos foi encontrada em 180 casos pós-tratamento ortodôntico; houve diferença estatisticamente significante (Teste de Wilcoxon; p<0,05) nos resultados da ossificação do complexo estilo-hióideo bilateral e realização de tratamento endodôntico pré e pós-tratamento ortodôntico; e, muitos dos achados necessitam de intervenção durante o tratamento. / Panoramic radiograph is the most requested imaging exam by dentists and it plays essential role in documentation for orthodontic treatment planning. During the transition from mixed dentition to permanent dentition, the biological process is complex and may experience odontogenic failures or irregularities that result in dental abnormalities. However, other changes can be seen in the panoramic radiography that modify bone density and trabecular bone when it is compared before and after orthodontic treatment. Some of these changes may affect and modify the diagnosis during orthodontic treatment. The number of radiographic images obtained in orthodontic treatment depends on the protocol established for each case. In this study we interpret 500 panoramic radiograph, of patients with age of 11 to 18, belonging to the Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School. The radiographic interpretation was performed by a single examiner. Our objective was to evaluate images that were taken at the beginning and end of orthodontic treatment and the results allowed us to conclude that the most incidental findings were observed in panoramic images in the group concerning the transition from mixed dentition to permanent dentition; apical root resorption of the incisors was found in 180 orthodontic post-treatment cases; there was a statistically significant difference (Wilcoxon Test; p<0.05) between the results of ossification of complex bilateral stylohyoid and endodontic treatment before and after orthodontic treatment; and many of the findings require intervention during treatment.

Toxoplasma gondii é apontado como causa primária de doença congênita, abortamentos e natimortalidade em humanos e animais de produção. No Brasil, genótipos atípicos do parasita podem estar relacionados com ocorrência de enfermidade severa, inclusive em indivíduos imunocompetentes. Este estudo aplicou-se à reprodução experimental de infecções por T. gondii em ovinos, com vistas a estudar aspectos relacionados à ocorrência da transmissão congênita, avaliando reinfecções produzidas por diferentes genótipos de T. gondii isolados no Brasil. Treze ovelhas soronegativas para a infecção por T. gondii foram primo-infectadas com 2x103 oocistos esporulados via oral deste parasito, Grupo 1 (4 animais) com genótipo BrI e Grupos 2 e 3 (5 e 4 animais, respectivamente) com genótipo BrIII. Após a cronificação da infecção, os animais foram emprenhados. Da mesma forma, uma segunda infecção foi realizada após 2 meses de gestação, animais dos Grupos 1 e 3 receberam oocistos de T. gondii genótipo BrIII e o Grupo 2 recebeu BrI. Semanalmente foram observados os efeitos da reinfecção comparando com um grupo controle (5 animais) não infectado, através de exames físicos, ultrassonográficos, sorológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos. Utilizando bioensaio em camundongos, análise molecular, exames histopatológicos e imunohistoquímica, avaliou-se a infecção experimental de ovelhas e cordeiros. Verificaram-se as diferenças entre as médias dos resultados dos grupos com ANOVA dois fatores para a sorologia e ANOVA um fator, post-hoc Bonferroni ou Kruskall-Wallys, post-hoc U de Mann-Withney para os outros parâmetros, sendo considerados significativos quando p<0,05. Não foram observados abortamentos, obtiveram-se 19 cordeiros dos grupos experimentais, todos soronegativos. As ovelhas infectadas apresentaram altos títulos de IgG e hipertermia após a primo-infecção e aumento moderado após a reinfecção, com diferença estatística somente no Grupo 1. Parâmetros clínicos alterados nos grupos experimentais foram observados principalmente nos dias 21 e 28 após o desafio. Houve significância estatística comparando-se resultados de patologia clínica em infecções por genótipos diferentes em vários pontos de tempo. À necropsia, observou-se fibrina nas placentas das ovelhas infectadas, um feto mumificado em uma das ovelhas do Grupo 2 e cordeiros e ovelhas com linfoadenomegalia. PCR realizado em amostras de tecido alterado confirmou presença de T. gondii em linfonodos e coração de cordeiros do grupo 2 e coração e placenta de ovelhas do Grupo 3. Nos bioensaios em camundongos dos tecidos de cordeiros foram observados cistos cerebrais em um animal do Grupo 2, confirmados por PCR. Análises histopatológicas confirmaram taxa de transmissão de 26% nos três grupos experimentais. Exceto por uma ovelha do Grupo 1, todos os ovinos, incluindo o cordeiro positivo, estavam infectados com o isolado utilizado na primo-infecção. Observou-se maior frequência de transmissão congênita endógena em ovelhas soropositivas após reinfecção com genótipos diferentes, com alterações fisiológicas significativas em ovelhas gestantes, porém não acarretando abortamento ou malformações. A primo-infecção proporcionou imunidade cruzada contra reinfecção subsequente na maioria dos animais, aparentando maior eficácia quando utilizado genótipo BrIII / Toxoplasma gondii is considered the primary cause of congenital disease, miscarriage and stillbirth in humans and farm animals. In Brazil, non-classical genotypes may be related with severe toxoplasmosis also in immunocompetent patients. This study evaluated infections and reinfections caused by two atypical field strains of T. gondii isolated in Brazil and their consequences over congenital transmission in sheep. Thirteen Santa Ines ewes seronegative for T. gondii were prime-infected orally with 2x103 sporulated oocysts, being Group 1 from genotype BrI (4 animals), whilst Groups 2 and 3 ewes received an inoculum from genotype BrIII (5 and 4 animals, respectively). After infection chronification all animals were mated. Likewise, a second inoculation was held at 2 months pregnancy, Group 1 and 3 receiving oocysts from genotype BrIII, while Group 2 was infected with genotype BrI. Blood samples for serology, CBC, biochemistry, vital signs evaluation and abdominal ultrasound were performed weekly, comparing with a control group (5 animals). Experimental infection from ewes and lambs was evaluated thru mice bioassay, molecular analysis, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests. To analyze serology variation between groups their mean results were subjected to two-way ANOVA. The other parameters were tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Kruskall-Wallys followed by Mann-Whitney U, where statistical significance was set at p<0,05. No abortion was observed and 19 lambs were born from ewes of the experimental groups presenting negative serology. Infected ewes showed high IgG titles and fever after prime-infection and moderate increase after reinfection, although only Group 1 presented statistical significance. Altered clinical values were observed from experimental groups mainly 21 and 28 days post challenge. Significant differences were detected when comparing infections from different genotypes. Post-mortem analysis revealed fibrin over placentas from ewes of all experimental groups; a mummified fetus inside an ewe from Group 2 and lymph nodes enlargement within ewes and lambs. PCR performed on altered tissues from necropsy confirmed presence of T. gondii on lymph nodes and heart of a Group 2 lamb and on placenta and heart of Group 3 ewes. Considering mice bioassays from lamb tissues, one animal from group 2 presented brain smear cysts, also PCR analysis positive. Histopathological tests corroborate a congenital transmission rate of 26% among experimental groups. Apart from one ewe from Group 1 all the other animals, including the positive lamb, were infected with the strain from the prime-infection. Therefore, it was more frequently observed endogenous congenital transmission in seropositive ewes after reinfections with different strains leading to significant physiological variations in pregnant ewes, abortion and congenital malformations absence notwithstanding. The prime-infection also provided cross protective immunity against a following reinfection for the majority of the animals, suggesting apparent better response when performed using genotype BrIII

No description available.