Les structures composites sont de plus en plus présentes dans le domaine aéronautique. Le perçage, procédé qui permet le montage de fixations pour assembler ces structures, peut induire des défauts tels que délaminages, écaillages, arrachements de fibres ou surchauffes au niveau de l’alésage.Dans la littérature les auteurs s’intéressent principalement aux défauts créés en entrée et en sortie de trou. Aussi, cette recherche s’est focalisée sur les défauts de paroi crées par l’opération de perçage. Une caractérisation qualitative et quantitative a été proposée et le lien entre ces défauts et la tenue mécanique a été évalué.L’état de surface des parois est quantifié via sa rugosité qui mesure globalement les défauts générés lors du perçage. Jusqu’à présent, la qualité de la surface est estimée par un critère de rugosité géométrique Ra issu de la culture métallique. Il présente un certain nombre d’incohérences pour les perçages des composites. Dans ce travail de thèse, les relations entre les paramètres de perçage, le matériau de l’outil, sa géométrie et la qualité des alésages mesurée par les critères normalisés d’état de surface ont été établies. Un critère de qualité des parois de trou pour les matériaux composites autre que les critères normalisés a été proposé.La nature intime de la surface de contact influence clairement la qualité du transfert de charge par contact localisé. Dans un premier temps, l’influence des défauts de paroi sur la tenue en matage quasi-statique a été établie, ensuite, la tenue en compression quasi-statique des stratifiés C/E liée à la présence de défauts de paroi a été étudiée. Une analyse de la tenue en fatigue des stratifiés percés liée à la présence des défauts d’état de surface a aussi été réalisée. Enfin, une analyse numérique originale par éléments finis incluant une représentation géométrique des défauts observés, a permis de mieux cerner la cinétique d’endommagement des stratifiés percés liés à la présence de défauts de paroi / Composite materials are finding an increasing number of applications in the aerospace industry. The drilling is the process that allows the fasteners installation. The drilling operation can induce defects such as delamination, fibers and matrix pull-out and matrix burning.Previous studies focused mainly on the defects created at the hole entry and exit. Only few of these studies concern the hole wall drilling defects. In this study, we focused on the hole wall defects created by the drilling operation. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of defects was proposed and the relationship between these defects and the mechanical strength was evaluated.The hole surface finish is quantified by the roughness criterion Ra, that comes from metallic culture. Because of their heterogeneous nature, composite materials do not present the same defects patterns as metallic materials. The question that arises is whether the roughness may have an influence on the mechanical behavior of composite materials. In this study, the relation between the drilling parameters, the drill material, its geometry and the hole quality quantified with normalized parameters has been established. A criterion used to quantify the hole surface finish of composites have been proposed.The inner nature of the contact surface clearly influences the load transfer quality. As a first step, the influence of the hole wall defects on the quasi-static bearing behavior has been established, then the compressive behavior linked to the presence of hole wall defects have been studied. An analysis of the fatigue behavior of drilled laminates due to the presence of hole wall defects have been conducted.Finally, a numerical analysis by finite elements including an original geometric representation of the defects observed, has allowed to further clarify the damage kinetics of drilled laminates linked to the presence of drilling defects.

Surface treatments used to improve the life of a material known as peening are already extensively used in industry. The main aim of peening is to introduce compressive resiudal stress to the surface and subsurface of a metallic material, however literature also includes a number of microstructural and mechanical effects that peening introduces to a material when the compressive residual stress is established. The aim of this dissertation is compare and contrast the mechanical and microstructural effects of a current industrial peening method called shot peening, with three new increasingly competitive surface treatments. These are laser shock peening, ultrasonic impact treatment and water jet cavitation peening. The surface finish, and changes in microstructure, hardness depth profile, residual stress depth profile and plastic work depth profile of the four surface treatments are analysed. The effect of the peening parameters on the material is also determined, such as length of time of treatment, shot size, step size, direction of treatment, and irradiance per centimetre squared. The effect of peening on the residual stress depth profile of a gas tungsten eight pass grooved weld is also determined. Welding is a known region of early failure of material, with one of the factors affecting this being the introduction of tensile residual stress to the surface and near surface of the weld. An analysis to determine if peening the welded region alters the residual stress was carried out. In all experiments in this dissertation, the material that was used was austenitic stainless steel, as this material is highly used, especially within the nuclear industry. The results of this dissertation show that different peening types and peenign parameters produce a variety of surface, microstructural and mechanical effects to austenitic stainless steel. Peening of an aaustenitic stainless steel welded region results in teh near surface tensile residual stress to alter to ccompressive residual stress.

Orientador: Anselmo Eduardo Diniz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T19:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferrer_JorgeAntonioGiles_D.pdf: 4540427 bytes, checksum: 047f6383d5c609fa0233000c16e0843b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A maior parte dos estudos sobre o processo de fresamento frontal aborda a usinagem de superfícies planas sem descontinuidades, o que na prática dificilmente acontece. Normalmente existem superfícies interrompidas com furos, superfícies estreitas que são usinadas com fresas de diâmetro grande, devido a uma pequena porção de largura maior, superfícies com rebaixos de 90o, o que faz com que todas as outras superfícies tenham que ser usinadas com uma fresa com este ângulo de posição, etc. Este trabalho pretende abordar alguns problemas gerados pelo fresamento de superfícies como as citadas. Assim, os ensaios deste trabalho foram realizados em peças de ferro fundido do meio produtivo (carcaça de compressor do sistema de freio de ônibus), que contém 3 superfícies a serem fresadas com características diferentes umas das outras. No fresamento de desbaste utilizou-se ferramenta de metal duro e cerâmica e analisou-se a influência da velocidade de corte e sentido de usinagem (concordante e discordante) sobre a vida da ferramenta, a produtividade do processo e a potência de corte. No processo de acabamento analisou-se também a influência do desgaste sobre a rugosidade da peça, especialmente usando pastilha alisadora. As principais conclusões deste trabalho foram: a) em operações de superfícies com rebaixo de 90o, em que o corte discordante se inicia com espessura de corte igual a zero, o corte concordante teve melhor desempenho em termos de desgaste da ferramenta; b) superfícies estreitas que são fresadas com fresas de diâmetro grande, devido à existência de uma pequena porção de largura maior, e que não possuem rebaixos para serem usinados, apresentaram melhor desempenho em termos de desgaste de ferramenta quando usinadas no sentido discordante; c) estas superfícies tem maior desgaste quanto maior o número de descontinuidades que possuir; d) no acabamento é possível substituir o processo de desbaste e acabamento por um único passe usando uma pastilha alisadora no jogo de pastilhas de cerâmica / Abstract: Most of the works about face milling are carried out on uninterrupted flat surfaces, which, in industrial practice, rarely occur. Usually what occur are interrupted surfaces with holes, narrow surfaces which are milled with large diameter cutters, due to a small portion of the surface with larger width, surfaces with corners of 90o, which makes mandatory the use of a 90o cutter, etc. This work deals with some problems generated by the milling of surfaces like those. So, the experiments of this work were carried out in parts of gray cast iron used in industrial production (block of compressor of a bus brake system), which contain three surfaces to be milled, with different features. In the rough milling tests, carbide and ceramic tools were used and the input variables were cutting speed and cutting direction (up and down milling). Their influences on tool lives, process productivity and cutting power were analyzed. In the finish milling tests, besides these parameters, workpiece surface roughness was also analyzed. The main conclusions of this work were: a) in the milling of surfaces with 900 corners, in which the up milling initiates with chip thickness equal to zero in each cutting edge, the down milling presented better performance in terms of tool wear; b) narrow surfaces which are milled with large diameter cutter, due to the fact that they present a small portion with larger width and which do not have corners to be machined, presented better performance in terms of tool wear when milled using up milling; c) the higher the number of interruptions of these kind of surfaces, the larger is the tool wear; d) in finish milling it is possible to replace rough and finish pass by just one cutter pass using wiper inserts / Doutorado / Engenharia de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

This work deals with flushing monitoring of spreading velocity on solder finishes Niau, OSP, Sn deposited on copper plated base material FR4 using digital cameras. After the reflow process is measured by length of spreading solder and size of wetting angle. It evaluates and compares the time dependence of velocity of spreading solder, length of solder spreading and wetting angle for NiAu, OSP, Sn finishes at different temperatures reflow and surface treatment.

This thesis contains theoretical analysis of optimization methods of cutting conditions for current machining processes with focus on finishing turning. Further focus was put on influences of cutting conditions and other effects on requested quality and roughness of machined surface. The effect of part of these conditions was verified in experimental part. The influence of feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness and geometrical accuracy was experimentally verified.

This work deals with the issue of emissivity and its impact on the heat dissipation.The first part describes the basics of thermal management, the issue of emissivity and its measurement. In the second, experimental part, are dedicated the emissivity values of examined specimens. These values are then used as initial conditions for the thermal simulation. In the last part are compared the measured results and the simulated results and is evaluated the impact of emissivity for the heat dissipation.

Fluorkemi används på varselkläder i syfte för att skydda textilen mot smuts, vatten, fett och olja. Kemikalierna är skadliga för människor och miljö, de är dessutom mycket svårnedbrutna eller så bryts de inte ner överhuvudtaget. Kemikalierna är utvecklade av människor och delas upp i perfluorerade och polyfluorerade ämnen (PFAS). PFAS klassificeras också som PBT-ämnen, vilket står för att de är persistenta, bioackumulerande och toxiska. Studien är utförd i ett samarbete med Tranemo Textil AB, där behovet av fluorkarbonberedning på varselkläder undersökts. Syftet med studien är att undersöka utifrån användning och tvättprocess om fluorkarbonberedning är essentiell på varselkläder. Genom intervjuer med experter och tvätterier har studien fått fram information om fluorkemi och hur tvättprocessen ser ut. Resultatet från intervjuerna har kombinerats med tester på tyger och på ett bärprov med ett byxben med fluorkarbonberedning och ett byxben utan. Bärprovet har testats av en person i dennes dagliga arbete under sex månader. Studien har sammanställt resultatet och kan konstatera att fluorkemin har negativ påverkan på människa och miljö, vilket ligger till grund för en diskussion kring vad som är nödvändig användning. Vidare kan det konstateras att fluorkarbonberedningens effekt försämras över tid, genom användning, tvätt och annan yttre påverkan. Slitaget sker ojämnt och vissa delar av ett plagg kan ha god avvisande effekt medan andra delar är så kallade öppna friytor. Smuts kan då gå in under beredningen och kapslas in. I resultatet har det också framkommit att rätt skötsel av den här typen av plagg är viktigt och att återaktivering genom värme är väsentlig. Samtidigt belyser respondenterna återkommande en mentalitet hos arbetare att de vill att plaggen ska visa att de arbetar och därför vara smutsiga, vilket medför att många plagg sällan tvättas. Genom utförda intervjuer och tester har studien kommit till slutsatsen att fluorkemi inte är nödvändig på varselkläder. Den yttre påverkan som relativt snabb sliter på beredningen genom användning och tvätt i kombination med att fluorkemin inte fyller någon långvarig avvisande funktion är aspekter som tagits i hänsyn för slutsatsen. / Fluor chemistry is used on high visibility workwear to protect the textile from dirt, water, grease, and oil. The chemicals are harmful to people and the environment, they are also very degraded, or they do not break down at all. The chemicals are developed by humans and divided into perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS). PFAS is also classified as PBT substances, which means that they are persistent, bioaccumulate, and toxic. The study was in collaboration with Tranemo Textil AB, where the need for fluorocarbon finish for high visibility workwear was explored. The purpose of the study is to investigate if a fluorocarbon finish is essential on high visibility workwear, based on the use phase and washing process. Through interviews with experts and laundries, the study has obtained information about fluor chemistry and how the washing process works. The results of the interviews have been combined with tests on fabrics and on a wear test that has been tested in the person’s daily work for six months. The wear test is trousers with one leg with fluorocarbon finish and the other leg without. The study has compiled the results and can find that fluor chemistry has a negative impact on humans and the environment, which forms the basis for a discussion about what is essential use. Furthermore, it can be found that the effect of the fluorocarbon finish impairs over time, through use, washing, and other external impacts. The abrasion is uneven, and some parts of the garment can still have a good repellent effect, while other parts have so-called open surfaces. On the open surfaces, dirt can enter during the fluorocarbon finish and be encapsulated. The study has also emerged that proper care of this type of garment is important and that reactivation through heat is essential. At the same time, respondents repeatedly highlight workers' mentality that the garment should show and reflect high work ethics. This causes that many garments are rarely washed and become very dirty. Through interviews and tests, the study has concluded that fluor chemistry is not necessary for high visibility workwear. The external effects with relatively quickly abrasion on the finish through use and washing, this in combination with that fluor chemistry does not fulfil any long-lasting function are aspects that have been considered in the conclusion.

This paper introduces and discusses automata systems as a new way for formal languages processing. In the text there are four models described. The first model works on sequential mode. At one computation step only one of components works. The second one works on semi-parallel mode. At the one computation step either one or all the components of the automata system work. In the last two models each component of the automata system has its own input string. The computation step of each component is influenced by their states, or used rules. The state, or used rule of the components of automata system can block or unblock some or all automata of the system.

In the development of concrete structures and its finishes we are constantly looking for new ways to highlight the aesthetic value of the concrete. With all the possibilities of shapes, textures and colours, an architectural concrete in the hands of an architect and designer becomes a material, which can be used to express different individual and specific ideas. It is necessary to recognize and cope with these possibilities, but also the limits, which determine the properties of concrete as the proper design and implementation creates excellent finishes that are otherwise inaccessible to other materials and technologies. The theoretical part includes an extensive summary carries out a research on issues of architectural concrete and its production. From this research comes a new definition of architectural concrete and the newly redesigned and determined classes of architectural concrete with respect to the continuous development of technologies and production possibilities, rendering and surfacing. The aim of the thesis is to verify the possibilities of producing quality architectural concrete and additional treatment of the surface with respect to the desired aesthetic quality.

This thesis is titled "A Framework for Enhancing the Accuracy of Ultra Precision Machining." In this thesis unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration is identified as a major contributor to workpiece inaccuracy. The phenomenon is studied via in situ vibrational measurements during cutting and also by the analysis of the workpiece surface metrology of ultra precision diamond face turned aluminum 6061-T6. The manifestation of vibrations in the feed and in-feed directions of the workpiece was studied over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is found that the waviness error measured on the cut workpiece surface was significantly larger than that caused by the feed marks during cutting. Thus it was established that unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibrations are the dominant source of surface finish error in ultra precision machining. By deriving representative equations in the polar coordinate system, it was found that the vibrational pattern repeats itself, leading to what are referred to in this thesis as surface finish lobes. The surface finish lobes describe the waviness or form error associated with a particular frequency of unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration, given a particular feed rate and spindle speed. With the surface finish lobes, the study of vibrations is both simplified and made more systematic. Knowing a priori the wavelength range caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration also allows one to extract considerable vibration content information from a small white light interferometry field of view. It was demonstrated analytically that the error caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration is always distinct from the surface roughness caused by the feed rate. It was also shown that the relative tool / workpiece vibration-induced wavelength in the feed direction has a limited and repeating range. Additionally, multiple disturbance frequencies can produce the same error wavelength on the workpiece surface. Since the meaningful error wavelength range is finite given the size of the part and repeating, study then focussed on this small and manageable range of wavelengths. This range of wavelengths in turn encompasses a broadband range of possible disturbance frequencies, due to the repetition described by the surface finish lobes. Over this finite range of wavelengths, for different machining conditions, the magnitude of the waviness error resulting on the cut workpiece surface was compared with the actual relative tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude itself. It was found that several opportunities occur in ultra precision machining to mitigate the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface. The first opportunity depends only on the feed rate and spindle speed. Essentially, it is possible to force the wavelength resulting from an unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration to a near infinite length, thus eliminating its effect in the workpiece feed direction. Further, for a given disturbance frequency, various speed and feed rate combinations are capable of producing this effect. However, this possibility exists only when a single, dominant and fixed disturbance frequency is present in the process. By considering the tool nose geometry, depth of cut, and vibrational amplitude over the surface finish lobe finite range, it was found that the cutting parameters exhibit an attenuating or filtering effect on vibrations. Thus, cutting parameters serve to mitigate the vibrational effect on the finished workpiece over certain wavelengths. The filter curves associated with various feed rates were compared. These filter curves describe the magnitude of error on the ultra precision face turned workpiece surface compared with the original unwanted tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude. It was demonstrated with experimental data that these filter curves are physically evident on the ultra precision diamond face turned workpiece surface. It was further shown that the surface roughness on the workpiece surface caused by the feed rate was reduced with relative tool / workpiece vibrations, and in some cases the feed mark wavelength was changed altogether. Mean arithmetic surface roughness curves were also constructed, and the filtering phenomenon was demonstrated over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is well established that a decrease in the feed rate reduces the surface roughness in machining. However, it was demonstrated that the improved surface finish observed with a slower feed rate in ultra precision diamond face turning was actually because it more effectively mitigated the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. Experimental findings validated this observation. By only considering the effect of vibrations on the surface finish waviness error, it was shown that the workpiece diamond face turned with a feed rate of 2 {tm / rev has a mean arithmetic surface roughness, Ra , that was 43 per cent smaller than when a feed rate of 10 μm / rev was used. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)