Zinc phosphate conversion coating has been applied to improve the corrosion resistance and paint adhesion. However, zinc phosphate crystals dissolve in a highly alkaline environment, which reduces the corrosion resistance of base metal. To improve the phosphate stability in a highly alkaline environment, a post-rinse treatment has been applied to phosphate coating by rinsing with an aqueous solution which contains certain anions or cations. Chromatepost-rinse treatment is the most widely used method and has shown a great improvement in corrosion resistance. But, due to the environmental problems caused by chromate ions, non-chromate post-rinse treatment should be developed, which has equal or better corrosion resistance than does chromate post-rinse treatment. In this research, inorganic silicate with addition of Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mg²⁺, has been extensively evaluated together with silane solution, γ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane ( γ -A.P.S., NH₂(CH₂)₃Si(OC₂H₅)₃), which was applied after the post-rinse treatment. The evaluation was carried out by the highly advanced surface analysis techniques such as SEM/EDX, AES, SIMS, and XRD and polarization measurements. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

L’étude présentée dans ce mémoire se focalise sur l’usinage de moules en matériaux composites, en considérant les problèmes d’état de surface et de gamme d’usinage. Les pièces de structure aéronautiques peuvent être obtenues par les procédés de fabrication de la famille LCM (Liquid Composite Molding). Ce procédé impose une température de fonctionnement élevée qui conduit à une dilatation du moule néfaste à la qualité de la pièce injectée. Pour remédier à ce problème, il est nécessaire de réaliser l’outillage dans un matériau à faible dilatation ou se comportant comme le matériau injecté. Pour cela, un matériau composite (Hextool™) est proposé en remplacement des moules métalliques conventionnels. L’étape d’usinage de forme est indispensable car elle donne les dimensions finales de l’outillage et conditionne le temps de polissage manuel nécessaire pour atteindre la rugosité arithmétique visée. Ce travail propose deux voies d’amélioration à travers l’étude micro-géométrique de l’opération de finition par outil coupant puis par outil abrasif. La première voie met en évidence l’existence d’une valeur minimale de rugosité accessible lors d’un usinage avec un outil coupant. L’analyse de ce phénomène permet de proposer une valeur de prise de passe radiale optimisant le ratio rugosité du moule / temps d’usinage. La deuxième conduit à la définition d’un outil abrasif utilisable sur un centre d’usinage. La faisabilité d’une telle opération et les capacités de cette technologie innovante sont discutées. Enfin, le choix des outils, des stratégies d’usinage et de la machine outil sont discutés et aboutissent à la proposition d’une gamme de référence pour l’usinage d’ébauche et de finition de moules en matériaux composites. / Presented research works deal with the milling of mold in composites materials, considering surface roughness and plan of procedure. Aeronautical structure parts could be produced by LCM (Liquid Composite Molding) processes. These processes induce high operating temperature for mold which is harmful for the dimensional quality of manufactured parts. In order to solve this problem, material with low heat elongation or with the same behavior as injected resin should be used for the mold. Thus, a composite material (Hextool ™) is proposed to replace conventional metallic molds. The milling operation produces the final dimensions of the tool and determines the time of manual polishing operation to reach the required arithmetic roughness. This work offers two ways of improvement through the study of micro-geometric surface finishing operation by cutting tool and then abrasive tool. The first way highlights the appearance of a minimum reachable value of roughness during machining with a cutting tool. The analysis of this phenomenon ensures to give an optimal value of radial depth of cut. Indeed, in this case, the best ratio surface quality / machining time is achieved. The second ensures to define an abrasive tool usable on a CNC machine tool. The feasibility of this operation and capabilities of this innovative technology are discussed. Finally, the choice of tools, machining strategy and machine tool are discussed and lead to the proposal of a reference process planning for composite molds roughing and finishing.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Six experiments were completed to determine factors influencing the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 105 nursery pigs were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets with CP concentrations of 22.5, 25, and 27.5%. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by increasing CP (P > 0.19). In Exp. 2, 105 nursery pigs were fed excess CP from SBM and DDGS. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F for pigs fed the control diet were not different from those fed the high CP treatments (P > 0.12). However, pigs fed the DDGS treatment had lower G:F than pigs fed the corn-soy diet with similar CP content (P < 0.04). For Exp. 3, 176 finishing pigs were fed diets with CP concentrations increasing from 12 to 18%. Increasing CP had no effect (P > 0.20) on ADG, ADFI, G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW). For Exp. 4, 180 finishing pigs were fed excess dietary CP from SBM and DDGS. Pigs fed diets with high CP had lower ADG, ADFI, and HCW, but these results were caused by the diet with 40% DDGS (SBM vs DDGS, P < 0.001). For Exp. 5, 224 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of extrusion processing on the nutritional value of DDGS. Overall ADG and ADFI were greater for pigs fed the corn-soy control compared to the DDGS treatments (P < 0.02). Extruding the DDGS did not improve ADG or G:F (P > 0.11), but DM and GE digestibility were greater for diets with extruded DDGS vs. unprocessed DDGS (P < 0.04). In Exp. 6, 200 finishing pigs were fed DDGS-based diets formulated for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids. Feeding DDGS lowered ADG (P < 0.09) and ADFI (P < 0.05). Formulating for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids needs improved ADG and G:F (P < 0.002) to that of the corn-soy control diet. In conclusion, moderate excesses of dietary CP does not impact growth performance. Also, extruding DDGS can improve the nutritional value of diets for nursery pig and formulating for ME, NE and digestible amino acid needs can improve growth performance of finishing pigs fed diets with high levels of DDGS.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / A trial was conducted replacing portions of steam-flaked corn with either dry-rolled corn or dried distiller’s grains with solubles to evaluate effects on performance, carcass characteristics, carcass composition, meat color stability, and meat sensory attributes. Seven hundred crossbred yearling heifers (302 ± 65 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets contained steam-flaked corn (SFC), and factors consisted of the levels of dry-rolled corn (DRC; 0 or 25%) and dried corn distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 25%). Results revealed no interactions between DRC and DDGS in terms of effects on feedlot performance, and only minor interactive effects were observed for carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by the addition of DRC or DDGS (P > 0.05). Carcass composition and meat quality attributes were measured to determine if fat content of carcasses was altered by feeding DDGS. Diet had no significant effects, as carcasses from the four treatments contained similar amounts of separable portions of muscle, adipose, and bone; and similar percentages of protein, moisture, and ether extract. Compositions of both adipose and muscle tissue were evaluated to assess differences in fatty acid profile. Minimal effects were noted on the fatty acid profiles of the muscle and adipose tissue from cattle fed DDGS or DRC. Feeding cattle DDGS decreased alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) content of meat (P < 0.05). Meat quality attributes were largely unaffected by addition of DRC or DDGS to the diet, as retail color display life, lipid oxidation, sensory attributes, and heterocyclic amine concentrations were not different among treatments. Overall, DRC or DDGS can replace portions of SFC without negatively altering feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition, or meat quality attributes.

Title of project: The analysis of finishing attacks in football at EURO 2012 Aim of project: The aim of this thesis is to identify the most often and effective way of finishing attacks on EURO 2012 in chosen national teams, compare the results with the ones from WC 2010, identify characteristic models of finishing attacks and create a set of exercises for the training process. Methodology:Research was analyzed from indirect observation of video recordings of football matches from EURO 2012. Results: The most effective way of finishing is shooting from first or second touch within the penalty area. The identified models of finishing are combinations in front of the penalty area, intersection to the goal line with a back pass, passing the ball from the wing area in front of the penalty area, centre ball behind the line of defence and a vertical intersection pass behind the defence. Key words: football -shooting - Czech national team - Spain - Netherlands - finishing - attack - model

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joel M. DeRouchey / A total of 6,858 pigs were used in 6 experiments to evaluate the effects of crude glycerol, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), Ractopamine HCl (RAC), NutriDense corn, and feeder adjustment on growing and finishing pig performance. In Exp. 1, pigs were fed diets with 0, 2.5, or 5% crude glycerol with 0 or 20% DDGS. Adding DDGS increased ADFI and decreased G:F with no differences for pigs fed glycerol. Neither glycerol nor DDGS affected any carcass characteristics. Pigs fed DDGS had increased iodine value in carcass fat. In Exp. 2, pigs were fed diets with 0 or 5% glycerol with 0 or 7.5 ppm RAC. Feeding RAC increased ADG and G:F and decreased ADFI while glycerol tended to improve G:F. Ractopamine HCl improved carcass traits. Loin chop drip loss worsened when glycerol and RAC were added separately, however, drip loss decreased when the combination of both were fed. Glycerol did not affect loin characteristics. Neither RAC nor glycerol influenced iodine value of carcass fat. Exp. 3 and 4 were conducted to determine the 4th limiting amino acid in diets containing NutriDense corn. In Exp. 3, pigs fed the positive control and the diet with added Ile, Trp, and Val (in combination) had greater ADG. Pigs fed added Ile or Trp had greater ADG than pigs fed the negative control indicates these amino acids were co-4th limiting for 37 to 59 kg pigs. In Exp. 4, pigs fed the positive control, added Trp, or the combination of added Ile, Trp and Val had greater ADG then pigs fed the negative control or pigs fed either Ile or Val indicates these amino acids were co-4th limiting for 77 to 100 kg pigs. Exp. 5 and 6 evaluated feeder adjustment on growth performance of finishing pigs. In Exp. 5, reducing feeder opening decreased ADFI. In Exp. 6, pigs were fed at three feeder opening and either a corn-soybean meal or byproduct-based diet. Diet type did not affect pig performance. Widening feeder openings increased ADG and ADFI. Feeder setting tended to influence G:F with the best G:F at the intermediate opening.

Orientador: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Resumo: A piscicultura intensiva em tanques-rede alocados em reservatórios artificias é um modelo viável de produção, no qual o desenvolvimento da tilápia é favorecido. Porém, o manejo alimentar em tanques-rede merece atenção extra, visto a grande participação da ração no custo de produção. Estratégias alimentares que aliem bom desempenho produtivo ao menor custo são fundamentais para a lucratividade e o desenvolvimento da atividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer um protocolo adequado de fornecimento de ração para tilápias em tanques-rede na fase de terminação que favorecesse o desempenho produtivo e econômico dos peixes. Avaliaram-se estratégias alimentares com utilização de um dia de jejum semanal, ajuste da quantidade de ração conforme o consumo em diferentes tempos de tolerância (cinco, 15 e 25 minutos) e um controle, com tabela de alimentação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, esquema fatorial 2x3, com sete repetições para cada estratégia alimentar e seis para o controle. Ao final do experimento, o jejum reduziu em 15% o índice de gordura víscero somático dos peixes. A estratégia com ajuste da ração conforme observação do consumo após 15 minutos proporcionou maiores valores de peso final, ganho em peso e melhor conversão alimentar. Embora a utilização da tabela de alimentação tenha levado à menor produtividade, o menor custo operacional total (COT) nesta estratégia assegurou lucro operacional médio satisfatório. A adoção do jejum reduziu o custo com mão de ob... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intensive fish farm with cages placed in artificial reservoirs is an interesting production model, in which the tilapia development is favored. However, the feed management in cages deserves extra attention, considering the high ration participation in the production cost. Feed strategies that combine good productive performance at the lowest cost are essential to the profitability and development of the activity. The aim of this study was to establish an appropriated protocol for feed supply tilapia in cages at the finishing phase that provide better productive and economic performance. Feed strategies considered a weekly fasting day, adjustment of the daily feed according to the consumption in different tolerance periods (five, 15 and 25 minutes) and a control, feeding the fish according to a feeding table. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, 2x3 factorial scheme, with seven replicates for each feeding strategy and six for the control. At the end of the trial, the fasting reduced the visceral somatic index by 15%. The strategy that adjust the feed considering the consumption in 15 minutes provided higher values of final weight, weight gain and better feed conversion rate. Although the feed table led to lower productivity, the lower total operating cost (TOC) in this strategy ensured a good average operating profit. The adoption of fasting reduced labor cost, although without significant changes in TOC, since this practice provided lower productiv... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O controle ambiental nas instalações pecuárias é um fator importante a ser levado em consideração para promover o bem-estar e otimizar a produção animal. Como o clima brasileiro é predominantemente tropical, sistemas de resfriamento são essenciais em instalações pecuárias em todo o país. Diferentes sistemas de resfriamento estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro e, apesar de possuírem o mesmo objetivo, de atenuar a temperatura dentro do galpão, podem ser percebidos pelos animais de modos diferentes. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de suínos através de sua preferência em relação a diferentes sistemas de resfriamento do ambiente em uma câmara de preferência ambiental. Esta avaliação foi feita por meio do teste de preferência, que consiste em fornecer alternativas entre diferentes situações ou recursos, para que os animais transmitam suas respostas. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma câmara de preferência ambiental composta por quatro compartimentos interligados entre si por uma área neutra. Cada compartimento teve seu ambiente controlado independentemente, podendo assim fornecer, quatro diferentes tipos de sistemas de resfriamento: nebulização associada à ventilação forçada, ventilação forçada, aspersão e aspersão associada a ventilação forçada. Nesse estudo de preferência, dois grupos principais de suínos foram utilizados: os suínos-teste e os suínos-companhia. Os suínos-teste foram os animais com livre acesso aos distintos compartimentos da câmara e os suínos-companhia, por sua vez, ficaram confinados em seus respectivos sistemas. Para caracterização do ambiente no interior e no exterior da câmara, foram utilizados data-loggers para coleta das variáveis: temperatura ambiental, umidade relativa, temperatura de globo negro e ponto de orvalho; para determinação dos índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e entalpia. Também foi coletada a velocidade do ar com anemômetro digital. Foram verificadas medidas fisiológicas: frequência respiratória e temperatura de superfície corporal na região da nuca no horário das 14 horas. Para analisar o desempenho dos animais foi avaliado ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar, além das medidas in vivo de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo. Para avaliação do teste de preferência foram considerados dias que caracterizassem condições climáticas em que os sistemas de resfriamento estivessem em operação. Para isto vídeos coletaram e registraram as imagens e estas foram analisadas automaticamente e interpretadas como preferência por (ou rejeição de) certos ambientes através de frequência e tempo do suíno-teste em cada um dos ambientes. A câmara conseguiu atender os valores recomendados para o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade, temperatura ambiental e umidade relativa ao longo dos períodos do dia, os valores obtidos para entalpia estiveram acima do recomendado na literatura. Porém o desempenho da câmara foi satisfatório, uma vez que as medidas fisiológicas de frequência respiratória e temperatura superficial, e as variáveis de desempenho indicaram que os animais estavam em conforto térmico e obtiveram medidas de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo característicos para a categoria. Em relação à preferência dos suínos-teste, observou-se a maior frequência de permanência nos sistemas de aspersão (40%) e aspersão associada à ventilação forçada (34,7%). Assim os resultados obtidos validaram o uso da câmara de preferência ambiental para experimentação com suínos a fim de verificar sua preferência em relação a diferentes ambientes térmicos com diferentes sistemas de resfriamento. / Environmental control in livestock buildings is an important factor to be taken into account to promote the welfare and optimize the animal production. As the Brazilian climate is predominantly tropical, cooling systems are essential in animal facilities across the country. Different cooling systems are available in the Brazilian market and, despite having the same goal, to mitigate the temperature inside the shed, they can be perceived by the animals in different ways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of pigs through their preference in relation to the different environment of the cooling systems in an environmental preference chamber. This assessment was made by the preference test, which is to provide alternatives between different situations or resources, so that the animals transmit their responses. An environmental preference chamber was used, and consisted of four compartments connected to each other by a neutral area. Each compartment has its environmental conditions controlled independently, and may thus provide four different types of cooling system: nebulizer associated to forced ventilation, forced ventilation, sprinkler and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation. In this preference study, two main groups of pigs were used: the test-pigs and companion-pigs. The test-pigs were the animals with free access to the chamber and companion-pigs, in turn, were confined in their respective systems. To characterize the environment inside and outside the chamber, data-loggers were used to collect the variables: ambient temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and dew point; to determine the levels of index thermal comfort: globe temperature and humidity index and enthalpy. The air speed with digital anemometer also was collected. Physiological measures were also registered: respiratory rate and body surface temperature in the neck region in the schedule at 2pm. Daily gain and feed conversion were evaluated to analyze the performance of the animals in addition to the measures in vivo backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area. The preference test considered days that characterize climatic conditions in which the cooling systems were in operation. The video images were collected and recorded and they were automatically analyzed and interpreted as a preference (or rejection) of certain environments through the frequency and time that test-pig in each environment. The environmental preference chamber conditions attended the recommended values for globe temperature and humidity index, ambient temperature and relative humidity over the periods of the day, and the values obtained for enthalpy were slightly above the recommended literature. The chamber performance was satisfactory since the physiological measures respiratory rate and body surface temperature and the performance variables indicated that the animals were in thermal comfort and obtained backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area measures, characteristic for the category. Regarding the preference of the test-pigs, the highest frequency was observed in sprinkler (40%) and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation (34,7%) systems. Thus the results validated the use of the environmental preference chamber for experimentation with pigs in order to verify their perception to different thermal environments with different cooling systems.

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os aspectos estéticos, físicos, mecânicos e de qualidade da superfície usinada da madeira de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus dunnii aos 18 anos, tendo como objetivo a sua aplicação na indústria moveleira. Para tanto, foram coletadas três árvores de cada espécie da Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais (EECF) da ESALQ/USP, localizada em Anhembi-SP. Os ensaios de massa específica aparente, densidade básica, variação dimensional e módulos de ruptura e elasticidade foram realizados de acordo com a NBR 7190/96. Para a análise de qualidade da superfície usinada foram avaliados 48 corpos de prova de cada espécie, aplainados em 7 diferentes velocidades de avanço. Em cada corpo de prova foram feitas 3 leituras, em diferentes posições, com rugosímetro. Foram realizadas análise de variância e testes de médias para cada parâmetro avaliado. Posteriormente, executaram-se as correlações de Pearson entre resultados dos diferentes ensaios. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as três espécies estudadas apresentam características compatíveis para uso na indústria moveleira, com diferentes aplicações; a madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla apresentou o melhor desempenho em relação à maioria dos parâmetros analisados, o que indica a possibilidade de sua aplicação em grande parte dos componentes de um móvel; o Eucalyptus grandis foi a espécie que apresentou melhor desempenho nos ensaios de variação dimensional, porém apresentou restrições quanto ao uso estrutural e altos valores de coeficiente de variação nos resultados; o Eucalyptus dunnii apresentou maior retratibilidade e pior desempenho em relação à qualidade da superfície usinada, qualificando-se dentre as três espécies estudadas, como a menos indicada para uso em movelaria; as três espécies apresentaram importantes variações das características físicas ao longo do raio; os melhores resultados em relação à qualidade da superfície usinada foram obtidos com baixa velocidade de avanço; pela análise descritiva, os parâmetros de densidade e massa específica aparente são bons indicadores de estabilidade dimensional, desempenho mecânico e qualidade de superfície usinada; os resultados obtidos nas análises e os da bibliografia apontam uma alta variabilidade tecnológica da madeira das três espécies de eucalipto, recomendando a seleção e usos da madeira de clones. / The objective of this work was to analyze the aesthetics aspects, surface quality, physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus urophylla wood with 18 years-old, aiming to give technical information its best application in furniture production. The material for the tests were three trees of each species, collected at Experimental Campus of Forestry Science from ESALQ/USP at Anhembi/SP. For the physical and mechanical tests the NBR 7190/96 was used. For the surface quality, 48 samples of each species were processed in 7 different forward velocities. In each sample, 3 tests in different positions were done using reliefmeter. Data were evaluated through analysis of variance, tests of comparison of means and Pearson correlation test between the different tests. It was concluded that the three studied species are suitable for furniture production, in different applications; the Eucalyptus urophylla had the best results for most of the realized tests, being suitable for most of the furniture components; the Eucalyptus grandis had the best results on shrinkage test, suitable for rigid joints or the ones with glued pieces and big dimension components, although it had the higher variation coefficient values and the species is not suitable for structure components, due to the low values on the mechanical tests; the Eucalyptus dunnii had the worst results for furniture production, comparing to the other studied, due to it\'s low performance at the shrinkage tests and at the surface quality test;. the three species had important variation trend of physical characteristics for the values on the radial direction, from the pith to the sapwood; the best results for the quality surface were due to the low forward velocity; the basic density and specific gravity parameters have good correlation with the studied characteristics: shrinkage, mechanical performance and surface quality; the results obtained on the analysis and the ones on the references show high technological variability on wood of the three species studied, so it is recommended the selection and use of wood from clones.