Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os aspectos estéticos, físicos, mecânicos e de qualidade da superfície usinada da madeira de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus dunnii aos 18 anos, tendo como objetivo a sua aplicação na indústria moveleira. Para tanto, foram coletadas três árvores de cada espécie da Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais (EECF) da ESALQ/USP, localizada em Anhembi-SP. Os ensaios de massa específica aparente, densidade básica, variação dimensional e módulos de ruptura e elasticidade foram realizados de acordo com a NBR 7190/96. Para a análise de qualidade da superfície usinada foram avaliados 48 corpos de prova de cada espécie, aplainados em 7 diferentes velocidades de avanço. Em cada corpo de prova foram feitas 3 leituras, em diferentes posições, com rugosímetro. Foram realizadas análise de variância e testes de médias para cada parâmetro avaliado. Posteriormente, executaram-se as correlações de Pearson entre resultados dos diferentes ensaios. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as três espécies estudadas apresentam características compatíveis para uso na indústria moveleira, com diferentes aplicações; a madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla apresentou o melhor desempenho em relação à maioria dos parâmetros analisados, o que indica a possibilidade de sua aplicação em grande parte dos componentes de um móvel; o Eucalyptus grandis foi a espécie que apresentou melhor desempenho nos ensaios de variação dimensional, porém apresentou restrições quanto ao uso estrutural e altos valores de coeficiente de variação nos resultados; o Eucalyptus dunnii apresentou maior retratibilidade e pior desempenho em relação à qualidade da superfície usinada, qualificando-se dentre as três espécies estudadas, como a menos indicada para uso em movelaria; as três espécies apresentaram importantes variações das características físicas ao longo do raio; os melhores resultados em relação à qualidade da superfície usinada foram obtidos com baixa velocidade de avanço; pela análise descritiva, os parâmetros de densidade e massa específica aparente são bons indicadores de estabilidade dimensional, desempenho mecânico e qualidade de superfície usinada; os resultados obtidos nas análises e os da bibliografia apontam uma alta variabilidade tecnológica da madeira das três espécies de eucalipto, recomendando a seleção e usos da madeira de clones. / The objective of this work was to analyze the aesthetics aspects, surface quality, physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus urophylla wood with 18 years-old, aiming to give technical information its best application in furniture production. The material for the tests were three trees of each species, collected at Experimental Campus of Forestry Science from ESALQ/USP at Anhembi/SP. For the physical and mechanical tests the NBR 7190/96 was used. For the surface quality, 48 samples of each species were processed in 7 different forward velocities. In each sample, 3 tests in different positions were done using reliefmeter. Data were evaluated through analysis of variance, tests of comparison of means and Pearson correlation test between the different tests. It was concluded that the three studied species are suitable for furniture production, in different applications; the Eucalyptus urophylla had the best results for most of the realized tests, being suitable for most of the furniture components; the Eucalyptus grandis had the best results on shrinkage test, suitable for rigid joints or the ones with glued pieces and big dimension components, although it had the higher variation coefficient values and the species is not suitable for structure components, due to the low values on the mechanical tests; the Eucalyptus dunnii had the worst results for furniture production, comparing to the other studied, due to it\'s low performance at the shrinkage tests and at the surface quality test;. the three species had important variation trend of physical characteristics for the values on the radial direction, from the pith to the sapwood; the best results for the quality surface were due to the low forward velocity; the basic density and specific gravity parameters have good correlation with the studied characteristics: shrinkage, mechanical performance and surface quality; the results obtained on the analysis and the ones on the references show high technological variability on wood of the three species studied, so it is recommended the selection and use of wood from clones.

Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T22:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_CarlosHenriquedeCampos_M.pdf: 20350934 bytes, checksum: 9d0ed15edcf31e375ad6d36587a7ca3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: o processo de deposição das ligas de zinco vem encontrando aplicações cada vez maiores na indústria de galvanoplastia, especificamente na produção de auto peças destinadas às empresas montadoras de veículos. Neste trabalho, o processo de deposição da liga Zn-Co foi estudado através da técnica de voltametria cíclica para kientificar as regiões de potenciais para a deposição dos constituintes da liga. A seguir, foram simuladas variações composicionais e operacionais do eletrólito para deposição da liga Zn-Co, normalmente observadas em linhas de produção. Adicionalmente, além das variações do eletrólito, foram estudadas amostras de peças (ferro fundido nodular como substrato) obtidas em condições adversas de processamento. O objeti,vo foi estudar a influência desses parâmetros na composição final do depósito, e na resistência à corrosão através de ensaios acelerados em câmara de névoa salina. O processo para deposição da líga Zn-Co apresentou boa estabilidade e', baixa sensibilidade às variações de concentração que podem ocorrer no cotidiano de uma linha de produção. Os ensaios em célula de Hull mostraram que variações deliberadas de 2 g.L-1 a 8 g.L-1 de Co (II) no banho produzem depósitos com 0,6 % a 1,6 % de Co na liga. Na faixa recomendada de trabalho de 4 g.L-1 a 6 g.L-1. obtém-se 0,9 % a 1,2 %. Os ensaios acelerados de corrosão em câmara de névoa salina mostraram que, mesmo nas condições mais improváveis de funcionamento, onde o teor de cobalto pode cair para 0,6 %, a camada resiste a mais de 500 horas de ensaio. Tempo de ensaio de 720 horas foi obtido quando [Zn(II)]=46 g.L-1 e [Co(II)]=4,6 g.L-1. ou seja, [Zn(II)]/[Co(II)]=10 / Abstract: Zinc alloy coatings have found large application in the metal finishing índustry, particularly for coatíng automotive parts. In thís work, the deposítíon of Zn-Co process was characterízed by cyclic voltammetry in order to identify the rangCe of deposition potential of the alloy and its constituents. Then, variations of deposition parameters and bath composition were símulated in order to study their influence on the coating properties. In addition, beside plating variation, samples produced under qnideal process condítion were studied. The plating bath presented good stability and low sensibility to variations usually observed in the industrial production. Hull-cell, experiments shown that, despite the deliberated changes in bath composítion, ,cobalt concentration in the alloy is always wíthín the range of 0,6 % to 1,6 %. Recommended values are from 0,9 % to 1,2 %. Salt spray tests shown that the Zn-Co coating lasted 500 h of test and, in the optimum deposition conditions, 720 h was obtained / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Detta examensarbete har utförts i Karlskoga på två företag, Lasertech LSH AB och PartnerTech Karlskoga AB, där uppdraget bestod i att med en metodutveckling hitta ett generellt angreppssätt som man kan förhålla sig till för att förenkla efterbearbetningen av en additivt tillverkad (AT) detalj. Fortsättningsvis kommer additiv tillverkning att benämnas AT i texten. Svårigheten ligger i att spänna upp och mäta in en detalj i en CNC-maskin som nästan är färdig och saknar självklara inmätning- och inspänningsytor. Syftet med arbetet var att hitta en generell metod att använda sig av för att lösa dessa svårigheter vilket leder till en säkrare och effektivare tillverkning. Parallellt med problemlösningen gjordes även en fallstudie där bägge företagen har en AT produkt som ska bearbetas i CNC-maskin. Problemen klargjordes med hjälp av ett funktionsmedelträd och lösningar togs fram med hjälp av konceptgenerering för att få fram så många och bra lösningar som möjligt. Genom att ta fram dessa koncept och möjligheten att kombinera dessa med varandra skapades en metod som löser inmätning- och inspänningsproblemen och visade sig vara användbar i fallstudien. Dessa koncept ses som en generell och bra lösning på ovanstående problem. Fortsatt arbete och utbildning kommer att krävas för att ytterligare testa metoderna och ge ökad kunskap om AT för att underlätta tillverkningsprocessen. / This thesis has been carried out in Karlskoga at the two companies, Lasertech LSH AB and PartnerTech Karlskoga AB, where the assignment consisted of using a methodological development to find a general approach that can be used to simplify the processing of an additive manufactured (AM) part. The challenge is to rig and calibrate a detail in a CNC machine that is nearly finished that lacks obvious faces to rig and calibrate the part in the machine. The aim of the work is to find a general method that can be used to resolve these difficulties, leading to a safer and more efficient manufacturing. Parallel to the solution of the problem, a case study will also be done where both companies have a product that will be additive manufactured (AM) and processed in the CNC machine. The problems were clarified by using a functional-medium-trees (funktionsmedelträd) and solutions were developed using the concept generation to get as many good solutions as possible. By developing these concepts and the ability to combine these with each other a method that solves the problems with the rigging and calibration was created and proved to be useful in the case study. We see these concepts as general and a good solutions to the problems above. Further work and training will be required to further test the methods and increase knowledge about AM production to facilitate the manufacturing process.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_JoseGeraldode_M.pdf: 906811 bytes, checksum: ac36e65d7b8b81bace165c355c2d5f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O tratamento térmico, que na indústria têxtil é mais conhecido como termofixação, é um processo muito importante para garantir a estabilidade dimensional do tecido de poliéster durante os processos de beneficiamento e no uso. Mas o processo de termofixação modifica algumas propriedades do tecido e entre elas podemos destacar: Hidrofilidade, comportamento tintorial, alongamento e ruptura. Essas propriedades são influenciadas pelas variáveis tempo e temperatura de termofixação. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as alterações proporcionadas pela termofixação nas propriedades físico-químicas do tecido de poliéster. O poliéster é um material que apresenta superfície quimicamente inerte, não porosa e com baixa energia de superfície (43 mN/m). O tratamento com descarga corona vem propor aumentar a energia de superfície, melhorar a hidrofilidade, o comportamento tintorial e a adesão do tecido termofixado e sem termofixar. Submeteram-se amostras de tecido plano de poliéster á termofixação em diversas combinações de tempo e temperatura dentro dos intervalos de 120 a 220°C e de 30 a 120 segundos. Após a termofixação mediu-se o encolhimento das amostras e submeteram-se as mesmas a testes de alongamento e ruptura. Trataram-se amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar com descarga corona, e em seguida, submeteu-se as mesmas a testes de hidrofilidade, tingimento, estampagem, alongamento e ruptura. Observou-se que a termofixação promove encolhimento, aumento do alongamento, diminuição da hidrofilidade e da absorção de corante em tingimento de tecido de poliéster. O tratamento corona aumenta a hidrofilidade, a absorção de corante, a ancoragem de pigmentos em amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar / Abstract: The thermal treatment, which in the textile industry is known as heat setting, is very important to ensure the dimensional stability of polyester fabric during the process of improving and use. But the process of heat setting changes some properties of the fabric and among them we can highlight: Hidrophilicity, dyeability, elongation and strength. These properties are influenced by variables dwell time and heat setting temperature. In that sense this work has as objective to analyze the changes caused by heat in the physico-chemical properties of polyester fabric. Polyester is a material that presents the surface chemically inert, non-porous and low surface energy (43 mN / m). The treatment with corona discharge is proposing to increase the surface energy, improve the hidrophilicity, dyeability and adhesion of the polyester fabric with and without heat setting. Samples of polyester plan fabric underwent to heat setting on various combinations of time and temperature within the interval between 120 to 220 ° C, from 30 to 120 seconds. After the heat setting was measured the shrinkage of the samples and underwent the samples by tests of elongation and rupture. Samples of polyester fabric with and without heat setting were treated with corona discharge and in sequence the samples were tested by hidrophilicity, dyeing and printing. The heat setting promotes shrinkage and increase the elongation of polyester fabric. It was observed that the heat setting promotes shrinkage, increase of elongation, reduction of hydrophilicity and reduction of uptake of dye in the dyeing of polyester fabric. The corona treatment increase the hydrophilicity, the absorption of dye in pad-thermofix process and the pigment anchoring in polyester fabric samples with and without heat setting / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

A pecuária de corte extensiva se mostra incapaz de competir em termos de resultados econômicos com outras alternativas de uso da terra em regiões de terras valorizadas, fato que pode ser comprovado pela substituição gradativa de áreas de pastagens por culturas agrícolas. Nessas regiões, a adubação intensiva de pastagens tem se tornado a opção freqüentemente utilizada para o incremento da produtividade animal que é imprescindível para a viabilização econômica da pecuária frente a demais alternativas de uso da terra. A irrigação aliada à adubação de pastagens cresceu muito desde o final da década de 90 no Brasil Central, crescimento motivado pela expectativa de resultados produtivos elevados como os divulgados por revistas técnicas especializadas. Com o intuito de comparar os resultados produtivos e econômicos de pastagens adubadas intensivamente com e sem o uso da irrigação, foram conduzidos dois experimentos ao longo de um ano em pastagens de Panicum maximum cv tanzânia. Foram avaliados desempenho animal, taxa de lotação e produtividade nos experimentos. A avaliação econômica foi efetuada com a determinação dos indicadores lucro líquido, taxa de retorno sobre o ativo e taxa interna de retorno, por meio de simulações determinísticas e estocásticas. Enquanto no experimento em sequeiro os valores de desempenho animal e de taxa de lotação médios obtidos foram de 0,615 kg GPD e 5,6 UA/ha, respectivamente, no experimento irrigado foram obtidos 0,492 kg GPD e 5,9 UA/ha. A irrigação só foi efetiva no incremento da taxa de lotação na transição entre os períodos de “seca” e “águas”, não confirmando o potencial da irrigação de pastagens no incremento da taxa de lotação. A diferença de produtividade animal entre os experimentos foi minimizada pelo maior desempenho animal do experimento sem irrigação em alguns períodos. Foram obtidas produtividades de 1.628 kg PV/ha no experimento irrigado e 1.672 kg PV/ha no em sequeiro, corroborando o potencial de produtividade de pastagens adubadas intensivamente. A análise de viabilidade sem a consideração de risco apresentou resultados de lucro líquido, taxa de retorno sobre o ativo e taxa interna de retorno, respectivamente de R$ - 164,91 por hectare, - 1,0% e – 6,1%, para o sistema irrigado e R$ 574,90 por hectare, 4,4% e 17,2% para o em sequeiro. Contudo, essa análise subestimou os resultados dos indicadores de viabilidade econômica em ambos sistemas. A análise de risco apontou o sistema irrigado como inviável economicamente, enquanto para o sistema sem irrigação a probabilidade de um resultado econômico que apontasse inviabilidade foi baixa. / Extensive beef production cannot compete with others uses of land for agricultural productions, mainly where land costs are high, therefore a gradual substitution of pasture areas for agricultural crops is occurring. High levels of fertilizer application to pastures have been used for improving beef productivity and, consequently, improve the economic profitability of this activity. Irrigation of pasture increased since 90’s in Central Brazil, motivated by the expectation of high productivities as presented in technical magazines. The objective of this research was to compare the productivity and economic results of highly fertilized pasture, with and without irrigation. Two experiments were conducted for a year in Panicum maximum cv tanzânia pastures. Weight gain, stocking rate and beef productivity were evaluated. In the economic evaluation was determined net margin, simple rate of return and internal rate of return, using deterministic and stochastic simulations. In the non-irrigated experiment the weight gain was 0,615 kg/day and the stocking rate 5,6 AU/ha, and in the irrigated one, 0,492 kg/day and 5,9 AU/ha, respectively. The irrigation only increased the stocking rate in the season transition between dry and rainy period, not confirming the potential for pasture irrigation in the Central South part of Brazil by increasing stocking rate. Productivity difference in irrigated and non-irrigated pastures was minimized by the high weight gain of non-irrigated area in some periods. The animal live weigh gain was 1.628 kg/ha in irrigated experiment, and 1.678 kg/ha in non-irrigated one, indicating high potential for productivity of highly fertilized pasture. The analysis without risk consideration showed results of net margin, simple rate of return and internal rate of return, respectively of R$ -164,91 per hectare, - 1,0% and -6,1% for irrigated system, and R$ 574,90 per hectare, 4,4% and 17,2% for non-irrigated one. Deterministic analysis sub estimated the results of economic viability indicators. Risk analysis showed weak probability of economic viability for irrigated system. Non-irrigated system with high levels of fertilizer application indicated weak probability for not been an economic activity.

Content: Polyacrylate as film-forming materials has been widely used in leather finishing, but its compactness significantly obstructs the hygienic property of upper leather. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to endow polyacrylate with required properties. In this study, we demonstrated a facile and rapid sonochemical process to synthesis the flower-like ZnO nanostructures. The related morphology and structure of product were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, flower-like ZnO were introduced into the polyacrylate matrix by physical blending method, whose morphology, latex stability, water vapor permeability and water resistance were measured. The results showed that flower-like ZnO assembled by ellipsoid-like nanorods with the length of about 600 nm was successfully fabricated. The sizes of flower-like ZnO were 1.2 μm. According to SEM images, flower-like ZnO evenly dispersed were observed in composite matrix. Compared with pure polyacrylate, polyacrylate/flower-like ZnO composites exhibited the superior stability. Meanwhile, its water vapor permeability and water resistancewere increased by 52.91% and 53.13%, severally. The reason for this is that ZnO with rough structure can increase voids in polyacrylate film and thus improving hygienic property of polyacrylate film. Additionally, the hydrophilic groups on surface of ZnO can product the crosslinking with polyacrylate chains, which contributed to the enhancement of water resistance. Thus, a promising coating with hygienic property and water resistance for leather finishing agent was approved. Take-Away: 1. Polyacrylate/flower-like ZnO composites exhibited excellent hygienic property. 2. This composite coating achieves simultaneous enhancement in water vapor permeability and water resistance. 3. The morphology of ZnO can effect the properties of polyacrylate.

This paper is created based on the real situation in Armatmetal s.r.o. Based on customer requirements and possible reduction of finishing operations at the end of production in the foundry. The foundry technology of gravity casting into sand molds is changed to gravity casting into metal mold. To change technology at Armatmetal s.r.o. two types of castings were selected. The "Kloub 55 s vidlicí" casting was selected by the customer to test the new technology. Casting "Klínová koncovka KN10" was chosen by Armatmetal s.r.o. because of the structural design of the casting and the high repeatability of production. Castings are the subject of the paper. The diploma thesis includes methods of solving the elimination of foundry defects occurring on a complicated casting " Kloub 55 s vidlicí". The main aim of the thesis is to assess the technical-economic contribution of the change of foundry technology of the casting " Klínová koncovka KN10". The paper also includes a complex comparison of the current and new technology production with related problems and their solutions.

The textile industry is a big environmental polluter, with one of the biggest concerns being water pollution and usage. This necessitates resource efficient methods for wet textile processes. To reduce the resources used during wet textile processing, a novel technology was researched in this thesis to dye and hydrophobic finish wool in a one-step process. Two different wool fabrics were exhaust dyed and pad finished as a conventional method to compare to dyeing and finishing in a two-step and one-step process with a hydraulic spray atomising system. In all three processes, acid and reactive dyes were used for dyeing and hyperbranched polymers, i.e. dendrimers, were used for hydrophobic finishing. To test the colour and hydrophobicity fastness, washing and abrasion tests were done on the samples of all three processes. It was found that there is a big colour difference between the conventional and hydraulic spray method, where the colour is less strong in the hydraulic spray method. This has to do with the difference in the dye fixation step, where in the conventional method, the dye fixation happens in an aqueous medium, and in the hydraulic spray this happens in a nonaqueous medium. The hydrophobicity is however significantly better in the samples finished in the hydraulic spray, as this is rather a surface treatment. The results in colour and contact angle between the two-step and one-step process did not significantly change, so it can be concluded that it is possible to combine dyeing and finishing in the hydraulic spray method. The colour and hydrophobic fastness to abrasion and washing is significantly worse for the samples of the hydraulic spray method compared to the conventional method. The hydraulic spray method can still be optimised to overcome problems with colour and fastness, however this is future work. The hydraulic spray method uses significantly less water, chemicals and energy in a two-step process, and even more in a one-step process. Therefore, it has the potential to reduce the use of water, chemicals and energy in wet textile processing, for all types of fibres, and thus strongly contribute to a more environmental conscious wet textile process.

This diploma thesis deals with the reliability of lead-free solder joints at a different interconnection structures. The first goal is to design the test cases shape BGA (FC) for testing the strength of lead-free solder joints at shear test in link with design of measuring method to detection shear strength during isothermal aging of lead-free solder joints. Following this shear stressing is investigating influence material and process compatibility, ie. pads finishing, material of solder and integrate of temperature (this mean thermal energy supplied during soldering) to lead-free solder joint strength.

The thesis deals with the design of the device that is used to improve the quality of the surface of spherical rollers. Spherical rollers are used for the measuring of the conditions in the EHD contact. The high roughness and waviness of the spherical rollers’ surface is a problem. Several machining methods are described in the theoretical part. The overview in theoretical part has been used for choice of the machining methods (lapping and abrasive polishing). The spherical rollers‘ machining system, its construction, electronics and control systems are described in the next section. The last part is focused on testing of assembled device, and on checking its functionality. The desired roughness of the spherical rollers' surface, suitable for successful interferometric measurement, was achieved by combining the selected machining methods. The roughness and waviness achieved was Ra0.01 micron Wa0.022 microns.