This dissertation concerns the development of simulation and optimization technology for industrial, hydrolytic nylon-6 polymerizations. The significance of this work is that it is a comprehensive and fundamental analysis of nearly all of the pertinent aspects of simulation. It steps through all of the major steps for developing process models, including simulation of the reaction kinetics, phase equilibrium, physical properties, and mass-transfer- limited devolatization. Using this work, we can build accurate models for all major processing equipment involved in nylon-6 production. Contributions in this dissertation are of two types. Type one concerns the formalization of existing knowledge of nylon-6 polymerization mixtures, mainly for documentation and teaching purposes. Type two, on the other hand, concerns original research contributions. Formalizations of existing knowledge include reaction kinetics and physical properties. Original research contributions include models for phase equilibrium, diffusivities of water and caprolactam, and devolatization in vacuum-finishing reactors. We have designed all of the models herein to be fundamental, yet accessible to the practicing engineer. All of the analysis was done using commercial software packages offered by Aspen Technology, Cambridge, MA. We chose these packages for two reasons: (1) These packages enable one to quickly build fundamental steady-state and dynamic models of polymer trains; and (2) These packages are the only ones commercially available for simulating polymer trains. / Ph. D.

M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering. / Studies the tribological and electrochemical behaviour of various WC-Co, WC-Co-Cr and CrC-NiCr based thermal sprayed coatings in synthetic mine water environment. The research aims to achieve the following objectives. 1. Characterize commercially available cermet powders used during thermal spray process. 2. Explore and understand the relationship between feedstock powder parameters, the phases and microstructures generated during thermal spray process. Study the interrelationship of feedstock powder chemistry and method of powder synthesis on wear and corrosion behavior of thermally sprayed coatings. Assess the joint actions of wear and corrosion behaviour of the coatings in synthetic mine water environment.

Content: The present work attempts to analyze the surface and physical properties of leathers finished with cationic and anionic finishing chemicals. The contact angles of liquid drops resting on the leather surface have been used to evaluate surface energy, acidity, basicity components of the surface energy, polarity and work of adhesion. Contact angle values have been measured for chrome tanned and conventionally retanned crust and finished leather made by varying pigment and binder combinations. The wettability of finished leather has been correlated with the contact angle values: the higher the contact angle value the lesser is the wetting observed. Complete wetting can be obtained when the contact angle value is zero i.e. the drop of liquid spreads spontaneously on the surface and partial wetting is obtained when the contact angle value is in between 0and 900. Acrylic binders with different film forming properties, protein, polyurethane and butadiene binders have been combined to prepare different finish formulations.The results have been correlated with wet and dry rub fastness, finish adhesion, vamp flexing value, water vapour permeability and water proofness. It has been observed that when the surface of leather is coated with acrylic binder the contact angle value due to polar solvents(water) , non polar solvents(hexadecane) and moderately polar (DMSO) and methyl iodide show that as the thickness of coating increases, the contact angle value decreases for the base coat and sharply increases when top coat is applied. Top coats have the ability to increase the contact angle and they improve the performance properties of leather such as water resistance, fastness, finish adhesion etc. Cationic and anionic finishing formulations have been compared to study their effect in modifying the surface of finished leather based on contact angle values, wet and dry fastness to circular rubbing and water resistance. It has been observed that leathers finished using anionic finishing technique shows better wet rub fastness and water resistance effect compared to cationic finishing technique. Take-Away: The effect of number of top coats on water contact angle value were determined ,and the experiment showed that the value were decreased gradually at the beginning of the coat because the top coats are water based so during the coating process the hydrophobic nature of the surface of chrome tanned leather have decreased. The experimental result from contact angle value showed that coating with pigments and binders have increased the contact angle value compared to the control crust. It has been observed that leathers finished using anionic finishing technique shows better wet rub fastness and water resistance effect compared to cationic finishing technique.

The project aim is an optimalization of production of pressure die casting, which serves as a one part of handle in office furniture area. The main emphasis was for mass finishing operation, which serves for rounding of very sharp part edges after die casting operation. A few tests of single mass finishing parameter was carried out and as result was a few partial recommendations for an increasing of production efficiency and improving of manufacturing process, namely an adjustment of separation cycle, proposal of optimum amount of pieces in each single batch and an innovation of chips type and dimensions. The project includes a proposal of a new and more efficiency layout of pieces on the transport pallet.

Take care how you place your moccasins upon the earth, step with care, for the faces of the future generations are looking upfrom the earth waitingfor their turnfor life - Lyoru, 1988 Increasing levels of pollution and the increase in demand for water and other resources by industry led to a number of policies and regulations being developed and revised in South Africa. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or wellbeing. In order to have the environment protected and sustained for future use, it became necessary to move away from the traditional fragmented approach to pollution and waste management and focus on an integrated strategy aimed at achieving a balance between ecological sustainability and socioeconomic development. In the Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA) , the Durban Metropolitan Council (Metro) incorporated pollution prevention in their bylaws, which contained stringent discharge limits for heavy metal concentrations. This posed a potential problem for metal fmishers who were concerned about complying with these discharge standards. In addition, the metal finishing industry was considered to be a significant contributor to the pollution load in the DMA, and therefore needed to find suitable solutions to dealing with environmental problems, especially waste management. Waste minimisation was believed to be a good tool for this industry to utilise in order to reduce its pollution load. It was seen from the literature and case studies from international initiatives that waste minimisation results in an improvement in process efficiency and reductions in production costs and environmental impacts, generally at minimal costs. A waste minimisation club was initiated for the metal finishing industry in the DMA in June 1998. The club consisted of twenty-nine members of which the majority were small and medium sized companies. The club was run over a period of thirty months. A core group of sixteen companies actively participated in the activities of the club. During the period of investigation, a total of 391 waste minimisation options were identified for club members and 147 of these options were implemented. This resulted in a total financial saving in excess of R 4 million for the duration of the club's existence. The saving represents combined savings in water, chemicals, metals, energy, effluent treatment, and waste disposal. Corresponding environmental benefits were achieved including a reduced demand for water, reduced toxicity of effluent from chemical and metal reduction, and a reduction in energy requirements. Four companies were investigated in detail and presented as case studies. These companies showed that the payback on implementing waste minimisation options was mostly immediate. The size of the companies was not critical in determining the level of success from running waste minimisation programmes. Success depended mainly on commitment from companies and motivation of project champions. It was found that the greatest barriers to implementing waste minimisation, as identified by companies, were a lack of time, resources, and commitment. Companies joined the club mainly for benefit of reducing costs and complying with legal standards. Aside from successfully raising awareness and promoting the concept of waste minimisation, the waste minimisation club also resulted in an improvement in the relationship between the metal finishing industry and the Metro, and among club members. Based on the results achieved by club members, and from managing the club, it was evident that the club was effective in promoting waste minimisation in industry. For the future running of clubs, it is recommended that waste minimisation assessment training be given to all employees of a company. It would also be more useful if companies reported savings on a more regular basis and more formally. In addition it is recommended that club membership should be limited to between ten and fifteen companies to facilitate improved management of the club. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal,Durban, 2002.

A reactive-ionic functional group was incorporated into the structure of fiber finishes and colorants to provide high-yield add-on and permanency. The reactive-ionic group consists of a moderately strained, cyclic ammonium group which undergoes ionic assembly on the surface of negatively charged substrates. The ionic bond is then converted to a covalent bond at elevated temperatures via a ring-opening reaction. A reactive-ionic alkyl (wax) finish was prepared from octadecanol and N-phenyl pyrrolidine then applied to a glass slide to provide a permanent, hydrophobic surface with an average contact angle increase of approximately 40°. A reactive-ionic fluorinated finish was prepared from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol and N-phenyl pyrrolidine and after application served as a permanent, non-wetting, anti-stain finish for nylon carpet. A reactive-ionic chromophore (dye) was prepared from C.I. Disperse Red 1 and quinuclidine. The reactive-ionic dye was applied to cellophane and nylon films and bleached cotton, nylon and silk fabrics. The percent exhaustion for a 1% owf dyeing of silk fabric was measured to be 98% using visible light absorbance spectrophotometry. K/S values obtained from reflectance spectrophotometric measurements of a 1% owf dyeing of nylon 6,6 fabric showed a 6% color loss after solvent extraction, indicating that the dyeing was indeed permanent.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Science / Jim L. Nelssen and Michael D. Tokach / The optimum sampling method swine producers should use to estimate the mean and SD of pig BW within a barn was determined based upon both the time required to conduct and the precision and accuracy of each sampling method. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens was determined to be the optimal sampling method. This should require approximately 55 min to complete. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens had a CI range of 7.2 to 8.0 kg for estimating the mean BW and 5.6 kg for estimating SD. Next, a meta-analysis was conducted using data from existing literature to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine value. While numerous factors were evaluated, dietary essential fatty acids, dietary net energy content, and backfat thickness had the greatest influence on predicting iodine value of the 3 distinct fat depots. Lastly, 6 experiments were conducted to determine the effects of added Zn on growth performance, pork quality, plasma Zn, and ileal mucosal inflammation mRNA expression of finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine-HCl (RAC; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Additional Zn increased plasma Zn and reduced relative expression of IL-1β, but did not improve growth performance of pigs fed diets containing RAC in 5 of the experiments. However, in 1 of the experiments, adding Zn to diets containing RAC resulted in a trend for improved growth performance of pigs. Supplementing the RAC diets with dietary Zn decreased the percentage of type IIA fibers and tended to increase the percentage of type IIX fibers compared to pigs fed the RAC diet without added Zn. Ractopamine-HCl produced chops that were lighter and less red, but possessed reduced metmyoglobin reducing ability at the end of the display period. However, adding Zn to RAC diets increased metmyoglobin reducing ability levels at the end of the display period.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the egree of Master of Technology: Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / The South African electroplating industry generates large volumes of hazardous waste water that has to be treated prior to disposal. The main source of this waste water has been the rinse system. Conventional end-ofpipe waste water treatment technologies do not meet municipality standards. The use of technologies such as membranes, reverse osmosis and ion exchange are impractical, mainly due to their cost and technical requirements. This study identified source point reduction technologies, close circuiting of the electroplating process, specific to the rinse system as a key development. Specifically the application of a low flow counter current rinse system for the recovery of the rinse water in the plating bath was selected. However, the recovery of the rinse tank water was impeded by the low rates of evaporation from the plating bath, which was especially prevalent in the low temperature operating plating baths. This master’s study proposes the use of an induced draft evaporative cooling tower for facilitation of evaporation in the plating bath. For total recovery of the rinse tank water, the rate of evaporation from the plating bath has to be equivalent to the rinse tanks make up water requirements. A closed circuit plating system mathematical model was developed for the determination of the mass evaporated from the plating bath and the cooling tower for a specified time and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower. The key criteria in the development of the closed circuit plating system model was the requirement of minimum solution specific data as this information is not readily available. The closed circuit plating system model was categorised into the unsteady state and steady state temperature regions and was developed for the condition of water evaporation only. The closed circuit plating system model was programmed into Matlab and verified. The key factors affecting the performance of the closed circuit plating system were identified as the plating solution composition and operational temperature, ambient air temperature, air flow rate and cooling tower iv packing surface area. Each of these factors was individually and simultaneously varied to determine their sensitivity on the rate of water evaporation and the equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and cooling tower. The results indicated that the upper limit plating solution operational temperature, high air flow rates, low ambient air temperature and large packing surface area provided the greatest water evaporation rates and the largest temperature drop across the height of the cooling tower in the unsteady state temperature region. The final equilibrium temperature of the plating bath and the cooling tower is dependent on the ambient air temperature. The only exception is that at low ambient air temperatures the rate of water evaporation from the steady state temperature region is lower than that at higher ambient air temperatures. Thus the model will enable the electroplater to identify the optimum operating conditions for close circuiting of the electroplating process. It is recommended that the model be validated against practical data either by the construction of a laboratory scale induced draft evaporative cooling tower or by the application of the induced draft evaporative cooling tower in an electroplating facility.

Submitted in fulfillment of requirements of the degree of Master in Health Sciences: Dental Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Pumice is used in the polishing of dental appliances to remove surface irregularities. It is usually used in a slurry form that is pumice powder mixed with water. In Nigeria, the increased cost of pumice as a result of its limited supply into the country has encouraged dental technicians to re-use pumice slurry for longer periods than advocated when polishing acrylic dentures, whether new or old dentures which have been worn in the mouth. Consequently, this is likely to increase cross-infection of communicable diseases in the dental technology laboratory. Although materials such as white sand, black sand and porcelnite can be used, literature documents that these materials are less effective in the polishing of acrylic dentures (Areeg 2011). The focus of this study was to use eggshells, a natural waste product, to develop and test the quality of an alternative material to reduce the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resins. A quantitative research paradigm and an experimental research strategy were adopted. The research design included two phases. In phase one of this study, different characterisation techniques such as Brunnae-Emmer Teller (BET); Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR); X-ray Diffraction (XRD); Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyser (PSA); Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA); and Induction-Coupling-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used to assess the suitability of the new abrasive material (NAM). In addition, the level of microbial contamination of the NAM was assessed in line with the specified microbial limits for cosmetic products. In contrast, phase two investigated the product-based quality of the NAM as an abrasive material for removable dental appliances. There were two sample groups, that is, the NAM (test group) and Pumice (control), and each sample group had 50 PMMA acrylic specimens. The surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a Talysurf profilometer. An Independent Tukey test was used to analyse the Ra values (p=0.05). A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OEM) were further used to support the results of the profilometer in terms of the quality of surface finish and polish. Validity of the study was achieved following the ISO 20795-1 (2013) methods of preparation and fabrication of the acrylic specimens. The reliability was determined via reproducibility and repeatability of tests. The BET analysis showed that the NAM is predominantly a mesoporous powder. The FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that the NAM is pure calcite with unique water absorbing characteristics, and is free of bacteria. The EDX and ICP-OES analyses revealed calcium, oxygen and carbon as the major elemental composition of the NAM. The SEM and TEM images revealed irregular shaped particles in the NAM. The PSA analysis of the particle distribution showed the NAM to be superfine (50nm to 0.3µm) and medium (44µm powder), respectively. The TGA analysis revealed a high-grade carbonate product in the NAM (>66.0 mass% of calcium carbonates). In addition, and in terms of in the qualities of the NAM in reducing the surface roughness of PMMA resins, the test group and the control group produced Ra values that were significant different (p<0.0001). The SEM and OEM analyses further confirmed the differences in the surfaces between the polished sample groups at different magnifications. Overall, the control showed the highest mean average (0.1056±0.03688µm), whereas the test group had the lowest Ra values (0.0476±0.01379). The lowest Ra values measured with the test group indicated that the NAM improves the surface smoothness of PMMA acrylic specimens. Notably, this study conclusively showed that the NAM effectively reduces the surface roughness to below the threshold limit value of 0.2µm. Significantly, and in associating the Ra values to the threshold limit value of 0.2µm, the NAM produced better results than pumice. Hence the use of the NAM as a polishing material for acrylic dentures is highly recommended. Finally and in line the NAM being a suitable alternative to pumice as it effectively reduces the surface roughness of PMMA specimens, future investigation into the use of eggshell nanoparticles to develop dental prophylaxes will be encouraged. / M

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine whether a lamb finishing ration that is balanced for essential amino acids (EAA), at a specific level of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) would yield better feedlot performance when compared to a standard commercial finishing ration. Metionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys) were identified as the first limiting amino acids for growing lambs. These two amino acids, as well as Threonine (Thr), Arginine (Arg), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile) and Phenylalanine (Phe) were included in an optimized protein (OP) feedlot ration at optimal levels. This ration was formulated to contain 157 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 477 g/kg NSC, with Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 2.48, 7.45, 8.51 and 8.12 g/kg on dry matter (DM) basis respectively. The second treatment, FIN, was a standard commercial lamb finishing feed without optimized amino acids and contained similar total protein and NSC to OP of 152 g/kg CP and 468 g/kg NSC but with Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 2.08, 5.49, 7.47 and 4.80 g/kg on DM basis respectively. A third treatment, a low protein (LP) diet served as a positive control and was formulated on lower specifications (139 g/kg CP, 455 g/kg NSC) and was also not optimized for amino acids. This treatment contained Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 1.93, 4.99, 6.66 and 4.73 g/kg on DM basis respectively. Lambs grazing kikuyu pasture served as the negative control (CON) group. These lambs also received additional supplementary feed at 500 g/day as a production lick to be comparable to a scenario where lambs are finished on grazing. Forty cross-bred Merino x Döhne-Merino lambs with an average weaning weight of 24.35 ± 0.648 kg were finished in a feedlot for 57 days where after they were slaughtered at an average weight of 41.41 ± 1.259 kg. During the feedlot trial lamb performance was measured by monitoring daily growth rates and feed intake. Also, an in vivo digestibility study was carried out on the OP and FIN lambs. During the slaughter process the rumen was removed which was done to collect a sample of the rumen wall from next to the rumino-reticular fold. These rumen samples were mounted onto slides so that the development of the rumen could be examined. The M. longissimus dorsi from both sides of the carcass between the 2nd and 3rd last thoracic vertebra and the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebra were removed. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any of the concentrate feed treatments with regards to the average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) or dressing percentage (DP). The CON lambs, as expected, had lower growth rates (P < 0.05) than the concentrate fed lamb and thus showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in terms of ADG. The DP of 45.96 % ± 0.711 for the CON lambs differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the OP (51.44 % ± 0.358), FIN (52.72 % ± 0.653) and LP (51.74 % ± 0.611) treatments. As expected the concentrate feeds were much more effective in maintaining higher growth rates when compared to the CON lambs while the optimizing of EAA in the OP diet did not lead to improved feedlot performance as the FIN and LP treatments were able to achieve similar (P > 0.05) growth rates. Within the feedlot treatments there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) with regard to the papillae length and rumen wall thickness. There was however a numerical increase in the papillae length as the NSC levels in the feed increased. The CON lambs differed from the OP lambs (P < 0.05) in terms of papillae length. This illustrated the importance of having increased levels of NSC in a feedlot diet as it is this fraction that is responsible for the initialisation and maintenance of rumen morphological development. The in vivo digestibility study therefore confirmed that the commercial finishing feed was just as effective as the optimized feed in terms of nitrogen retention as well as in maintaining suitable energy balance. Although the in vivo digestibility for Met and Lys in the OP feed was higher (P < 0.05) than the FIN feed, this did not lead to improved feedlot performance of the OP lambs. The increased digestibility of these amino acids is due to the fact that the OP diet was higher in levels of bypass amino acids than the FIN feed. The in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of the OP feed was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the FIN feed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of ‘n lamafrond rantsoen wat gebalanseerd is vir beperkende essiensiële aminosure (EAA) teen ‘n spesifieke vlak van nie-strukturele koolhidrate (NSK) beter voerkraal prestasie teweeg sou bring wanneer gemeet word teen ‘n standaard kommersiële afrond rantsoen. Metionien (Met) en Lisien (Lis) is geïdentifiseer as die eerste beperkende aminosure vir groeiende lammers. Hierdie twee aminosure, asook Treonien (Tre), Leusien (Leu), Isoleusien (Ile) en Fenielalanien (Fen) is teen optimale vlakke ingesluit in ‘n geoptimeerde voerkraal rantsoen, OP. Hierdie rantsoen is geformuleer om 157 g/kg RP en 477 g/kg NSK te bevat asook Met, Lis, Arg en Tre teen 2.48, 7.45, 8.51 en 8.12 g/kg onderskeidelik. Die tweede behandeling, FIN, was ‘n kommersiële lamafrond voer waarin die aminosure nie geoptimeer is nie en het soortgelyke vlakke van proteïene en NSK bevat teen 152 g/kg RP en 468 g/kg NSK met Met, Lis, Arg en Tre teen 2.08, 5.49, 7.47, 4.80 g/kg onderskeidelik. ‘n Derde voer, LP, het gedien as ‘n positiewe kontrole en was ‘n lae proteïen voer met laer spesifikasies (139 g/kg RP, 455 g/kg NSK) waarin die aminosure ook nie geoptimeer is nie. Die LP voer het Met, Lis, Arg en Tre bevat teen 1.93, 4.99, 6.66 en 4.73 g/kg onderskeidelik. Die negatiewe kontrole behandeling, CON, is verteenwoordig deur lammers wat op kikuyu gewei het terwyl addisionele supplementêre voeding teen 500g/lam/dag voorsien is. Hierdie supplementêre voeding het gedien as ‘n produksie lek om sodoende vergelykbaar te wees met scenario waar lammers op weiding afgerond word. Veertig kruisgeteelde Merino x Döhne-Merino lammers met ‘n gemiddelde gewig van 24.35 ± 0.648 kg is vir 57 dae in ‘n voerkraal afgerond waarna hulle, teen ‘n gemiddelde gewig van 41.41 ± 1.259 kg, geslag is. Tydens die voerkraal proef is prestasie gemonitor deur die meet van daaglikse groei en voerinname. Hiertydens is daar ook ‘n in vivo verteringsproef op die OP en FIN lammers gedoen. Tydens die slagproses is die rumen verwyder waarna ‘n monster van die rumenwand langs die rumino retikulêre vou geneem is. Hierdie rumenmonsters is op skyfies geplaas sodat die ontwikkeling van die rumen ondersoek kan word. Die M. longissimus dorsi was aan beide kante van die karkas tussen die 2de en 3de laaste torakale werwels en die 4de en 5de lumbale werwels verwyder. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille (P > 0.05) tussen enige van die konsentraat behandelings ten opsigte van gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT), voeromset verhouding (VOV) of uitslag persentasie nie. Die CON lammers het egter, soos verwag, beduidend (P < 0.05) stadiger gegroei en het dus verskille getoon ten opsigte van GDT. Die uitslag persentasie van 45.96 % ± 0.711 vir die CON lammers het ook betekenisvol verskil (P < 0.05) van die OP (51.44 % ± 0.358), FIN (52.72 % ± 0.653) en LP (51.74 % ± 0.611) behandelings. Binne die voerkraal behandelings was daar geen betekenisvolle verskille (P > 0.05) ten opsigte van die papillae lengte en rumenwand dikte nie, alhoewel daar ‘n numeriese toename in papillae lengte was soos die NSK vlakke in die voer gestyg het. Die CON lammers het wel van die OP lammers verskil (P < 0.05) ten opsigte van papillae lengte. Hierdie bevinding het bevestig hoe belangrik NSK is in die inisiasie en instandhouding van die morfologiese ontwikkeling van die rumen. Die in vivo verterings studie het daarop gedui dat die kommersiële afrond voer net so effektief soos die geoptimeerde voer was in terme van stikstof retensie asook die handhawing van ‘n geskikte energie balans. Alhoewel die in vivo verteerbaarheid van Met en Lis in die OP hoër was (P < 0.05) as in die FIN voer, het hierdie verskille nie gelei tot beter groei in die OP lammers nie. Hierdie verskil in verteerbaarheid is toegeskryf aan die feit dat die aminosure in die OP voer meer rumen-beskermd was as dié in die FIN voer. Die in vitro verteringstudie het daarop gedui dat die OP voer beduidend beter (P < 0.05) verteer is as die FIN voer.