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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This dissertation introduces the solo songs of two major Finnish composers, Toivo Kuula and Leevi Madetoja, and their position in Finland's living tradition of song. That this last may be understood, a survey of the song in Finnish history has been made. Of the many composers who have made significant contributions to modern Finnish solo song literature, Toivo Kuula and Leevi Madetoja have been chosen because their lives were parallel in many respects. They were both born in the same geographic area, Ostrobotbnia, Kuula in 1883 and Madetoja in 1887. They both studied in France at the beginning of this century and were influenced to some extent by French impressionism, and through the years their lives and music had many points of contact. This study begins with an overview of the lives and styles of the two composers. This is followed by a review of Finnish history and literature, a knowledge of which will give the reader more understanding of the development and significance of the country's music. The information concerning Finnish history and literature has been taken largely from secondary Finnish sources, many of which have not previously been available in English translation. For the study of the music, all of the songs were obtained fran the library of the Sibelius Academy in Finland and from private sources [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the view of Finnish dialects and identity of first, second and third generation of Sweden Finns students in 7th, 8th and 9th graders, in two Sweden Finn schools. The questions at issue for the essay were: How do Swedes of Finnish extraction think of the Finnish dialects? Is there a correlation between identifying as Finnish and knowledge and usage of the Finnish dialects, as opposed to Finns living in Finland? To which extent do the Finnish students have knowledge regarding the Finnish dialects? To answer the questions a quantitative method was used and a questionnaire was answered by over 100 students. The results of the study showed that the Finnish dialects did not exert any influence on the students’ life nor their sense of identity. Their knowledge regarding dialects was limited to standard Finnish and the dialect of Helsinki Finnish.</p>

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The aim with this essay is to specify and to describe such linguistic elements, which hamper readability of the Finnish news language at SVT: s Uutiset. The aim is also to give examples on how, with the aid of language cultivation, readability of the Finnish news language can be improved. Yet another aim is to write an essay that is useful in news reporters’ daily work and that the essay justifies and enthuses them to an active language cultivation.</p><p>The study is based on 224 news cases, done by SVT: s Finnish editorial staff between January 3 and July 1, 2005. The study method is qualitative and descriptive, and the study includes morphology, syntax and semantics.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the linguistic elements that hamper readability of news language are long sentences and long attribute chains, noun style, postpositional constructions, word order and cases, and statistical expressions. These linguistic elements influence how clearly, easily and concise news language is considered. Problematic seems also to be how sentences, constituents and words are to be emphasized and how they should be tied together in a cohesive and correct way. The linguistic elements that often occur in the material are common also in other text genres and are well-known within language cultivation literature.</p>

<p>The study deals with the usage of tenses in Finnish and Swedish. The analysis focuses on the tenses of finite verb-forms and the aim is to compare differences in tense usage in order to notice where if at all the tense usage differs. The material used comprises one Finnish novel, one Swedish novel and their translations.</p><p>The Finnish novel chosen is written by Arto Paasilinna and is called Aatami ja Eeva. The Swedish novel is called Ingen mans land and it is written by Jan Guillou. These novels were chosen because they are both contemporary and the texts were comparable with regard to how much narrative and dialogue they contain.</p><p>One problem with generalizing is, that authors as well as translators all have their own idiolect; a variety of a language unique to an individual. A translator may also use a different tense as a stylistic device, for example to enliven the text or to add some drama into it.</p><p>My hypothesis was, that due to the semantic similarities between the two languages the tense usage is very similar in Finnish and Swedish. Clear differences were not expected.</p><p>The findings of the study verified my hypothesis. However, the study showed that Finnish past perfect was often translated as imperfect tense in the Swedish text and vice versa. The tenses concerned are a "temporal couple", both of them indicating "the past of the past". It might be due to this that it has been possible to change the tense in the translation without affecting the meaning of the sentence. My conclusion is, that in addition to this altering the tense was in many cases a stylistic choice.</p><p>Keywords: tenses, tense usage, Finnish, Swedish, translation</p>

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The study involves tests on the perception by speakers of Finnish of vowel sounds in natural speech in four important varieties of standard Swedish and as produced by an OVE III synthesizer.The contrastive analysis takes the form of experiments to reveal the divisions of the vowel space in Swedish and Finnish. Perceptually optimal areas and the diffuse zones in the vowel space are contrasted. On the basis of these tests predictions are made concerning second language perceptual problems.The contrastive relations of the vowel sounds in Swedish and Finnish are further illuminated by perceptual tests to study the inherent tendency of speakers of Finnish to confuse certain Swedish vowels. The distribution of the phonemic reactions of speakers of Finnish not knowing Swedish are taken as material for an error analysis relevant to the time of starting to learn Swedish. A number of phonemically long vowel sounds were discovered to cause problems of identification for Finnish listeners. These are / y:/, /in:/, /e:/, / e :/, /#:/, and /o:/. A comparison of the predictions and actual confusions shows a high degree of correlation.Finnish vowel harmony was found to be a factor influencing the responses of Finns to Swedish vowels. The responses to combinations of vowels not complying with the vowel harmony rules contained an increased proportion of confusions leading to harmony-compatible or neutral vowels. Also the vowel qualities which were in an intermediate position in the vowel space in relation to the Finnish vowels tended to be influenced by assimilation or sequential contrast.The perceptual interference properties of the mother tongue in the perception of the vowel qualities as illuminated by the results of the perceptual test are discussed.Certain didactic conclusions are drawn concerning the problems experienced by speakers of Finnish in the identification and also the production of the Swedish vowels. Gestures of lip position and its contrastive perceptual effects are noted to be of especial importance in the learning of the vowel qualities of Swedish by Finns. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this research is to study the practice of networks in the crea- tive industries, which are thought to carry great economic, social and cultural po- tential inherent in them. The creative industries are said to be valuable especially for the development of a small and open economy like Finland. Networks, on the other hand, are identified as important in the business of micro entrepreneurial firms composing the creative industries, but the practice is still less researched. Thus, in order to better understand and support the needs of the creative industries regarding networks this thesis aims to identify best practices of networks in one specific creative industry of the small and open economy of Finland, the Finnish music industry. Seven Finnish music industry professionals including both men and women and representing different roles, music genres, lengths of careers and aspects of the Finnish music industry are face-to-face interviewed according to the method of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) focusing on successes and positive aspects instead of weaknesses and limitations. That is, with AI the Finnish music industry profes- sionals were encouraged to discuss their networks as part of their lives and work as truthfully and naturally as possible without pushing them to list some sort of requirements or expectations. A comprehensive list of best practices of networks is identified. Additional- ly, aspects of a great networking seminar are included in the list. Most important- ly, networks and relationships are said to mean everything to the Finnish music industry professionals interviewed in terms of developing their career and busi- ness as well as adding to their personal well-being. The findings discuss the ap- preciated aspects of and the appreciated elements received through networks. Al- so, the findings show how different practices of networks are needed in different situations in the lives of the Finnish music industry professionals interviewed and how different aspects of networks best serve their needs. To give an example, ap- preciated elements received through networks include information, ideas, advice, support, increase in happiness, facilitation of the work load, identification of new business opportunities, new opportunities through being recommended, progress business-wise, results, increase in the effectiveness of business, increase in the feeling of belonging to a community and new additional network contacts, and whereas the need to recognize new business opportunities, for example, is best satisfied with weak links, the need for support is better satisfied with strong ties.

The Finnish electoral system was introduced in 1906 and elections were held the following year. Since 1906, all women and men have been eligible to vote and to be nominated in elections. The age of eligibility has been successively lowered from 24 in 1906 to 21 in 1944, to 20 in 1969 and to 18 in 1972. The Finnish parliament (Eduskunta) consists of 200 MPs elected from 15 districts. Except the &#x00C5;land Island district elects a single member, the other 14 districts are all multi-member (the district magnitude is determined by the population size). Basically, the Finnish electoral system is a list system of proportional representation with multi-member constituencies. The allocation of seats to parties (including party alliance) is following the d'Hondt method. The Finnish electoral system has undergone some transformations since it was originally introduced in 1906. As it works today, general elections are held every four years (there is a provision for premature dissolutions of parliament¡Va presidential prerogative). There is no predetermined order of the candidates within each list. The names of the candidates are normally printed on large sheets of paper, where each candidate has a number, and the names may be organized within each list for example in alphabetical order. The ballot paper is a small slip of paper, where the voter has to write the number of the candidate for whom he or she is voting. The individual votes thus received by different candidates within each list (normally each list corresponds to one party or a coalition of several smaller parties) will determine their final order. In other words, the voter has the duty to vote for a single candidate, and the electoral campaign is very much oriented accordingly, as a competition between individuals, although the voters presumably are also aware of the party affiliation of the candidates and of the fact that their votes will benefit not only the individual candidate but also the party in question. When the votes have been counted and the order of the candidates within each list thus has been established, the final allocation of seats to the lists is carried out by the election board on the basis of comparison numbers, using the d'Hondt method. At the allocation stage, the individual votes of candidates are no longer relevant, as the order has already been established, and the lists compete with each other on the basis of the total votes received for each list. Therefore, the election is not exclusively a competition between parties; it is also a competition between single candidates on the party list. Because of the deadlock at present on Taiwan's electoral reformation, I personally think that Finland's electoral system will probably be a good solution to the problems of electoral system in Taiwan, and should be included in the discussion of improving our electoral system. Hence, I recommend that Finland's model will probably be suitable to Taiwan and deserve more attention in the current discussion on Taiwan's electoral reformation.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Helsinki, 1984. / Added thesis t.p. inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-144).