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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Characterization of Lung Inflammation Induced by Exposure to Fipronil

2015 April 1900 (has links)
Fipronil is an insecticide that acts at the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels in the central nervous systems of target organisms. The use of fipronil is increasing across the globe. Presently, very little data exist on the potential impact of exposure to fipronil on the lungs. We studied the same by exposing mice to fipronil intranasally (N=8) or orally (N=7) for 7 days followed by collection of blood, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues. Control mice were given corn oil (N=15). The oral and intranasal exposure routes were chosen because these are the most common routes of exposure for humans and animals. Hematoxylin-eosin stained lung sections showed normal histology in the control lungs compared to the thickened alveolar septa, disruption of the airways epithelium and damage to vascular endothelium in the intranasal and the oral groups. Lung sections stained for von Willebrand factor showed that mice exposed to fipronil either orally or intranasally had increased staining in the endothelium and septal capillaries. Compared to the control mice, TLR4 expression in lungs from animals treated orally with fipronil was reduced while animals exposed intranasally had increased TLR4 staining in the airway epithelium. Similarly, TLR9 stained lungs showed that orally treated animals had reduced TLR9 reaction in the airway epithelial cells but intranasally exposed animals had intense TLR9 staining in the alveolar septa and airway epithelium. The slides were also scored blindly to gain a quantitative understanding of the staining; there were a significantly higher number of TLR4 positive stained cells in the intranasal fipronil group (P=0.010) but no significant differences between treatments for TLR9 positive stained cells (P=0.226). The U937 cell line was employed to compliment the in vivo work. Cells were exposed to fipronil in DMSO at concentrations of 0.29 µm to 5.72 µm per 1 ml for various times from 3, 9 and 24 hours. Viability was assessed and western blots on Toll-like receptors 4 and 9 were completed in addition to immunofluorescence. Cell death was determined with trypan blue method. A significant increase in cell death was observed when the cell line was exposed to higher concentrations of fipronil (P<0.0001). Western blots on TLR4 and 9 revealed no significant differences (TLR4 {P=0.49}, TLR9 {P = 0.94}) between cells exposed to fipronil and those exposed to the control (DMSO). The data taken together show that fipronil causes cell dealth in vitro, and induces lung inflammation following oral or intranasal exposure but has different effects on the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in vivo. Because of the central roles of TLR4 and TLR9 in lung inflammation, fipronil-induced changes in the expression of these receptors would alter the pulmonary response to bacterial infections in the host exposed to fipronil. Further studies are needed to examine the mechanisms through which fipronil regulates expression of immune receptors and also the pulmonary response of fipronil-exposed animals to subsequent microbial infections.
2

Identification des mécanismes d'action du fipronil sur la fonction thyroïdienne chez le rat femelle

Camp, Marion Gayrard, Véronique January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine vétérinaire : Toulouse 3 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 93-99.
3

Efeitos neurocomportamentais do fipronil administrado em dose única a ratos / Neurobehavioral effects of acute fipronil administration in rats

Martins, Ana Paula 11 February 2009 (has links)
O fipronil é um inseticida fenilpirazol de amplo espectro, empregado na Medicina Veterinária e na Agricultura para o controle de pragas; é um potente inibidor do canal de cloreto ligado ao ácido gama aminobutírico (GABA), um dos neurotransmissores responsáveis por efeitos inibitórios no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de mamíferos. Embora vários estudos procurem compreender os mecanismos da toxicidade neuronal dos praguicidas em mamíferos, há poucos relacionados aos efeitos neurocomportamentais. Neste trabalho estudou-se os efeitos da exposição aguda a ao fipronil, utilizando-se modelos comportamentais ligados ao sistema GABAérgico: campo-aberto (CA), labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), dose convulsivante mínima (DCM) com picrotoxina e pentilenotetrazol, e avaliação dos níveis cerebrais de alguns neurotransmissores e metabólitos. Ratos Wistar machos receberam, por via intragástrica (gavage), dose única de fipronil (1,0; 10,0; 30,0 ou 100,0 mg/Kg) ou água destilada 1 mL/Kg. No CA, uma hora após o tratamento, houve redução significante da distância percorrida, da velocidade média, do tempo em movimento e do número de levantamentos nos animais tratados. No LCE, observou-se diminuição da distância percorrida e número de entradas nos braços fechados e diminuição do número de movimentos iniciados na arena, nos animais tratados. Quanto às convulsões, foi observada redução significante apenas na DCM de pentilenotetrazol em animais expostos a maior dose de fipronil. Uma hora após o tratamento não foram observadas alterações relevantes nos níveis dos neurotransmissores (noradrenalina; dopamina, serotonina e GABA) e seus metabólitos no córtex, no hipotálamo e no striatum. Finalizando, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que ratos expostos a dose única de fipronil apresentaram alterações comportamentais, caracterizadas por redução da atividade motora no campo aberto, no labirinto em cruz elevado e na dose convulsivante mínima do pentilenotetrazol. Além disso, a maior dose de fipronil (100,0 mg/Kg) causou a morte de 60% dos ratos, num período entre 24 horas a 7 dias após a exposição oral. Esses efeitos comportamentais do fipronil não puderam ser atribuídos a um único sistema de neurotransmissão central. / The Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide with broad spectrum, both in Veterinary Medicine, and in Agriculture it has been used for the control of nuisances, is a potent inhibitor of chloride channel connected to the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the neurotransmitters responsible for inhibitory effects on the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. Although several studies try to understand the mechanism of neuronal toxicity of pesticide in mammalian, there are few studies related to neurobehavioral effects. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of fipronil acute exposure, being observed some behaviors models connected to GABAergic system, as open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), as well as in the seizures induced by picrotoxinin and pentylenotetrazole and determinate the brain levels of some neurotransmitter and metabolic levels. Male Wistar rats received by intragastric (gavage), single dose of fipronil (1.0; 10.0; 30.0 or 100.0 mg/Kg) or distilled water. In open field, one hour after treatment, there was a significant reduction of distance moved, average speed, time moving and the number of surveys in treated animals. In the EPM, it was observed decrease in the distance moved, in the number of entries in the closed arms and decrease the number of started movements in the arena, in treated animals. As for seizures, a significant decrease was observed only in minimum convulsant dose of pentylenotetrazole in animals exposed to higher dose of fipronil. One hour after treatment were not observed any relevant changes in the levels of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA) and its metabolites in the cortex, the hypothalamus and the striatum. Finally, the results of this study showed that rats exposed to single dose of fipronil showed behavioral changes, characterized by reduction of motor activity in the open field, in the elevated plus-maze and the minimum convulsant dose of pentyletetrazole. Moreover, the higher dose of fipronil (100.0 mg/Kg) caused the death of 60% of rats, over a period from 24 hours to 7 days after oral exposure. These behavioral effects of fipronil could not be attributed to a single system of central neurotransmission.
4

Efeitos neurocomportamentais do fipronil administrado em dose única a ratos / Neurobehavioral effects of acute fipronil administration in rats

Ana Paula Martins 11 February 2009 (has links)
O fipronil é um inseticida fenilpirazol de amplo espectro, empregado na Medicina Veterinária e na Agricultura para o controle de pragas; é um potente inibidor do canal de cloreto ligado ao ácido gama aminobutírico (GABA), um dos neurotransmissores responsáveis por efeitos inibitórios no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de mamíferos. Embora vários estudos procurem compreender os mecanismos da toxicidade neuronal dos praguicidas em mamíferos, há poucos relacionados aos efeitos neurocomportamentais. Neste trabalho estudou-se os efeitos da exposição aguda a ao fipronil, utilizando-se modelos comportamentais ligados ao sistema GABAérgico: campo-aberto (CA), labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), dose convulsivante mínima (DCM) com picrotoxina e pentilenotetrazol, e avaliação dos níveis cerebrais de alguns neurotransmissores e metabólitos. Ratos Wistar machos receberam, por via intragástrica (gavage), dose única de fipronil (1,0; 10,0; 30,0 ou 100,0 mg/Kg) ou água destilada 1 mL/Kg. No CA, uma hora após o tratamento, houve redução significante da distância percorrida, da velocidade média, do tempo em movimento e do número de levantamentos nos animais tratados. No LCE, observou-se diminuição da distância percorrida e número de entradas nos braços fechados e diminuição do número de movimentos iniciados na arena, nos animais tratados. Quanto às convulsões, foi observada redução significante apenas na DCM de pentilenotetrazol em animais expostos a maior dose de fipronil. Uma hora após o tratamento não foram observadas alterações relevantes nos níveis dos neurotransmissores (noradrenalina; dopamina, serotonina e GABA) e seus metabólitos no córtex, no hipotálamo e no striatum. Finalizando, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que ratos expostos a dose única de fipronil apresentaram alterações comportamentais, caracterizadas por redução da atividade motora no campo aberto, no labirinto em cruz elevado e na dose convulsivante mínima do pentilenotetrazol. Além disso, a maior dose de fipronil (100,0 mg/Kg) causou a morte de 60% dos ratos, num período entre 24 horas a 7 dias após a exposição oral. Esses efeitos comportamentais do fipronil não puderam ser atribuídos a um único sistema de neurotransmissão central. / The Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide with broad spectrum, both in Veterinary Medicine, and in Agriculture it has been used for the control of nuisances, is a potent inhibitor of chloride channel connected to the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the neurotransmitters responsible for inhibitory effects on the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. Although several studies try to understand the mechanism of neuronal toxicity of pesticide in mammalian, there are few studies related to neurobehavioral effects. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of fipronil acute exposure, being observed some behaviors models connected to GABAergic system, as open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), as well as in the seizures induced by picrotoxinin and pentylenotetrazole and determinate the brain levels of some neurotransmitter and metabolic levels. Male Wistar rats received by intragastric (gavage), single dose of fipronil (1.0; 10.0; 30.0 or 100.0 mg/Kg) or distilled water. In open field, one hour after treatment, there was a significant reduction of distance moved, average speed, time moving and the number of surveys in treated animals. In the EPM, it was observed decrease in the distance moved, in the number of entries in the closed arms and decrease the number of started movements in the arena, in treated animals. As for seizures, a significant decrease was observed only in minimum convulsant dose of pentylenotetrazole in animals exposed to higher dose of fipronil. One hour after treatment were not observed any relevant changes in the levels of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA) and its metabolites in the cortex, the hypothalamus and the striatum. Finally, the results of this study showed that rats exposed to single dose of fipronil showed behavioral changes, characterized by reduction of motor activity in the open field, in the elevated plus-maze and the minimum convulsant dose of pentyletetrazole. Moreover, the higher dose of fipronil (100.0 mg/Kg) caused the death of 60% of rats, over a period from 24 hours to 7 days after oral exposure. These behavioral effects of fipronil could not be attributed to a single system of central neurotransmission.
5

Status, Inheritance Pattern and Mechanism of Field-Evolved Resistance to Gel Bait Insecticides in The German Cockroach

Ashari Zain (5930951) 17 January 2019 (has links)
<p>German cockroach (<i>Blattella germanica</i> L.) is an important urban pest that poses health risks. They carry pathogenic microorganisms, and the allergens present in their feces and cast skins can trigger asthma attacks. Gel bait formulations containing insecticides (indoxacarb and fipronil) have been used for German cockroach control for more than a decade. However, historical data suggests that cockroaches can develop resistance to insecticides that are repeatedly used. Therefore, we investigated the status and inheritance patterns of fipronil and indoxacarb resistance in cockroach strains collected from the state of Indiana and Illinois. In the first objective, topical dose-response bioassays were performed to determine fipronil and indoxacarb resistance levels in adult males of three field strains (D-IL, I-IN, and S-IN) and the laboratory-susceptible Orlando strain. Comparison of LD<sub>50</sub> (median lethal dose) values between the susceptible and field strains revealed that resistance to both insecticides in the D-IL and I-IN strains was <10-fold. However, fipronil and indoxacarb resistance levels in the S-IN strain were 20- and >10,000-fold, respectively. </p> <p> </p> <p>In the second objective, choice feeding bioassays were performed to test the performance of the resistant S-IN strain (adult males) on commercial fipronil and indoxacarb baits. Complete (100%) mortality of the S-IN strain was observed on fipronil baits. However, average mortality on indoxacarb baits was ~20% at 14d. In the third objective, synergist bioassays were done with PBO and DEF to investigate the mechanism of indoxacarb resistance. PBO did not significantly increase mortality in the S-IN strain at LD<sub>50</sub>, but DEF did, suggesting increased hydrolase activity as a potential mechanism of indoxacarb resistance. In the last objective, reciprocal crosses were performed between the resistant S-IN strain and the susceptible Orlando strain to determine patterns of insecticide resistance. Topical bioassays and associated LD<sub>50</sub> values for the F1 generation adult males indicated that fipronil resistance was inherited as an incompletely dominant trait with sex-linkage. In contrast, indoxacarb resistance was inherited as a codominant trait and was not sex-linked. Our results indicate that resistance can evolve independently in different field strains. High-level indoxacarb resistance observed in the S-IN strain warrants additional research on the indoxacarb target-site as a possible resistance mechanism.</p>
6

Estudo voltamétrico e desenvolvimento de metodologia eletroanalítica para determinação do inseticida fipronil utilizando o eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana / Voltammetric investigation and development of electroanalytical procedure for the determination of fipronil using the graphite-polyurethane composite electrode

Okumura, Fabiano 18 September 2009 (has links)
O comportamento eletroquímico do inseticida fipronil, 5-amino-[(2,6-dicloro)-4-trifluormetil-fenil]-4-trifluormetil-sulfinil-1H pirazol-3-carbonitrila, foi investigado pelas técnicas de voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada, eletrólise a potencial controlado e voltametria de redissolução de onda quadrada utilizando o eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana. O fipronil apresentou um comportamento de um sistema irreversível com potencial de pico de 0,95 V. O processo de transferência de carga apresentou um controle misto de difusão e adsorção de espécies na superfície do eletrodo. O pH 8,0 foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eletroanalítica para determinação do composto. Os estudos por eletrólise a potencial controlado mostraram que a oxidação do inseticida envolve a participação de um elétron. Na voltametria de onda quadrada, o melhor sinal de corrente foi obtido com os valores de freqüência de 100 s-1, amplitude de 50 mV e incremento de varredura de 2 mV. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram calculados pelo método da IUPAC e pelo método de extrapolação da curva analítica. A metodologia desenvolvida foi comparada com o método oficial de análise, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de ultravioleta por meio do método de curvas de calibração por meio de adição externa de padrão e foi observada concordância entre os dois métodos no intervalo de concentração estudado. Nos estudos de pré-concentração, as melhores condições encontradas foram um potencial de acumulação de 0,5 V e tempo de acumulação de 120 s. Amostras de águas naturais, formulação veterinária e leite foram analisadas pelos procedimentos propostos. / The electrochemical behavior of the insecticide fipronil, 5-amine-[(2,6-dichloro)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-sulfynil-1H pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, controlled potential electrolysis and square wave stripping voltammetry using the graphite-polyurethane composite electrode. The electrochemical behavior of fipronil is a typical irreversible system and a peak potential at 0.95 V was observed. The charge transference process is controlled by diffusion and adsorption of species at electrode surface. The pH value 8.0 was chosen in order to develop an electroanalytical methodology for the determination the compound. Controlled potential electrolysis studies showed that the fipronil oxidation involves the participation of one electron. Square wave voltammetry investigations showed that the best current intensity was obtained using the values of a frequency of 100 s-1, pulse amplitude of 50 mV and scan increment of 2 mV. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated the IUPAC equations and statistics equations. The developed methodology was compared to the official analysis method, high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using the calibration curves method. Both procedures are in agreement with the concentration-studied range. Stripping analysis studies were done in order to determine fipronil traces in natural water. The best conditions found were the accumulation potential of 0.5 V and accumulation time of 120 s. The electroanalytical methodology, based on the square wave voltammetry, was applied for the analysis of natural water samples, a commercial veterinary formulation and milk samples.
7

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos da exposição pré-natal ao fipronil na prole de ratas Wistar / Evaluation of toxic effects on Wistar rats offspring due to Fipronil prenatal exposition

Udo, Mariana Sayuri Berto 29 August 2012 (has links)
O fipronil, um inseticida e acaricida de amplo espectro de ação, atua como bloqueador dos canais de cloreto acoplados aos receptores GABA (GABA-Cls) e aos receptores glutamatérgicos (GluCls), estes últimos são alvo inseto-específico não presente nos vertebrados. O fipronil é utilizado na agricultura, medicina veterinária e saúde publica no combate a vetores de doenças. Comercialmente conhecido pelas marcas Frontline® (uso veterinário) e Regent 800 WG® (uso agrícola), esse inseticida, além de atuar sobre sistema nervoso central, atua, ainda, em organismos não-alvo como desregulador endócrino, podendo causar prejuízos nos sistemas reprodutor, nervoso e imunológico, por gerações. Assim, o presente estudo buscou investigar os efeitos da exposição pré-natal ao fipronil na geração F1 de ratas Wistar. Quarenta ratas virgens, Wistar, adultas (a partir de 90 dias de vida), foram acasaladas e separadas em quatro grupos: três experimentais, que receberam: 0,1, 1,0 e 10,0 mg/Kg de peso de fipronil; e o grupo controle, que recebeu água (1 mL/Kg de peso), via gavagem, do 6º ao 20º dia de gestação (n = 10 animais por grupo). O estudo foi então dividido em três partes: 1) estudos sobre a toxicidade materna e o comportamento maternal dessas ratas no 5º dia pós-nascimento (DPN5); 2) avaliação do desenvolvimento físico e reflexológico da geração F1, desde o dia de seu nascimento (DPN0) até o DPN35; e 3) avaliações comportamentais e de necropsia dos filhotes na idade adulta. O tratamento pré-natal com fipronil causou leve toxicidade materna na maior dose, apenas na segunda semana de gestação, caracterizada pela redução do consumo de ração (p<0,01), porém, essa redução não causou prejuízos no desempenho reprodutivo dessas ratas quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Além disso, o tratamento do fipronil mostrou leve melhoria do comportamento maternal, onde as ratas que receberam as doses de 1,0 e 10,0 mg/Kg apresentaram aumento do tempo de lambedura em seus filhotes (p<0,05), enquanto a maior dose agrupou toda a ninhada mais rapidamente (p<0,05) quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Na infância, não foram observadas alterações significantes nos parâmetros do desenvolvimento físicos da prole, porém os filhotes que estiveram expostos à menor dose durante o período gestacional, apresentaram retardo para o desenvolvimento do reflexo de geotaxia negativa, tanto machos (p<0,01), quanto fêmeas (p<0,05). A análise do desenvolvimento motor desses filhotes, constatou alterações nos perfis da atividade geral em campo aberto, observados por sete dias consecutivos, nos grupos de 0,1 e 1,0 mg/Kg, tanto na prole feminina, quanto na prole masculina. Na idade adulta, as proles de ratas tratadas com fipronil, tanto masculina, quanto feminina, apresentaram alterações comportamentais, indicando aumento de ansiedade e alterações no tempo de interação social. A prole masculina apresentou ainda, alteração na motivação sexual sem prejudicar a eficiência copulatória e a prole feminina apresentou alterações no ciclo estral, sem prejudicar o desempenho copulatório, ambos na menor dose de exposição pré-natal. Apesar das alterações comportamentais, a necropsia não mostrou alterações anatômicas nos órgãos desses animais. Assim, esses resultados sugerem que a exposição ao fipronil na gestação causou alterações na geração F1, sendo proposto o envolvimento do sistema endócrino regulado pelo sistema GABAérgico. / Fipronil, a broad spectrum action insecticide and acaricide, acts blocking GABA-regulated chloride channels and Glutamate-gated chloride channels, which is a specific insect target not present on vertebrates. It is used in crops, veterinarian medicine and public health against disease vectors. Commercially known as Frontline® (vet) and Regent 800 WG® (crops), it acts on the central nervous system and on non-target organisms as an endocrine disruptor causing impairment on reproductive, nervous and immunological system, through generations. Thus, this study investigated effects of prenatal exposition to fipronil in Wistar rats offspring. Forty adult Wistar rats (90 days old) were matted and separated into four groups: three experimental, that received 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/Kg (bw) of fipronil; and the control group, that received water (1 mL/Kg bw), through gavage from the 6th to 20th pregnancy day (n=10 animals per group). The study was divided into three sections: 1) maternal toxicity and maternal behavior evaluations; 2) physical end reflexological development of F1 generation, since day of birth until the 35th day of life; and 3) behavior and necropsy evaluation of the adult offspring. The fipronil prenatal treatment caused slight maternal toxicity in the highest dose on the second pregnancy week, by the reduction of food intake (p<0,01), although, these reduction did not caused reproductive performance impairment, compared to the control group. Furthermore, the fipronil treatment showed slight increase of maternal behavior in rats treated with 1.0 and 10.0 mg/Kg. Both groups showed increased pup-grooming time (p<0,05), and the highest dose, grouped theirs pups earlier than the control group (p<0,05). No alterations were observed in the offspring physical development, however, the lowest dose exposed offspring showed delay on geotaxis reflex development, in both male (p<0,01) and female offspring (p<0,05). The motor development assessment, of the 0.1 and 1.0 mg/Kg dose offspring, showed variation on motor activity profile on the open field arena, observed for seven consecutive days. In the adulthood, the treated offspring, male and female, showed behavior changes denoting anxiety increase and social behavior alterations. Furthermore, in the lower dose, male offspring showed decrease on sexual motivation without interfering on copulatory efficiency and the female offspring showed estrus cycle deregulation without interfering on lordosis performance. Despite behavior alterations, there were no anatomic alterations in these animals\' organs. Therefore, these results suggest that the prenatal exposition to fipronil caused alterations on F1 generation, being proposed involvement of the endocrine system controlled by GABAeregciystem.
8

Investigação do comportamento eletroquímico do inseticida fipronil e desenvolvimento de metodologia eletroanalítica / Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of the insecticide fipronil and development of electroanalytical methodology

Amaral, Raquel Bonatto do 25 May 2012 (has links)
Essa tese de doutorado apresenta o estudo eletroquímico da oxidação do inseticida fipronil bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para a determinação deste composto em amostras de águas naturais. Os experimentos foram realizados sobre os eletrodos de compósito grafite-poliuretana (GPU) e carbono vítreo modificado com nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (GC-MWCNTs) utilizando a Voltametria de Onda Quadrada (SWV). A Voltametria Cíclica (CV) foi utilizada para diagnosticar o grau de reversibilidade da reação de oxidação do inseticida assim como a natureza do transporte do material eletroativo para a superfície dos eletrodos. Os resultados dos estudos da oxidação eletroquímica do fipronil utilizando o eletrodo de GPU mostraram que a oxidação do fipronil apresenta um em 0,70 V (vs. EAg/AgCl) e ocorre de forma totalmente irreversível e controlada por adsorção das espécies na superfície do eletrodo. Foram obtidas curvas analíticas para o fipronil no intervalo de 2,0 a 14,0 x 10-5 mol L-1, resultando um limite de detecção (LD) de 139 &micro;g L-1 e Limite de Quantificação (LQ) de 480 &micro;g L-1. Para a oxidação do fipronil no eletrodo GC-MWCNTs os resultados mostraram que a oxidação do fipronil apresenta apenas um pico em 0,50 V (vs. EAg/AgCl) e ocorre de forma totalmente irreversível e controlado por difusão a adsorção das espécies na superfície do eletrodo. Os LD e LQ obtidos foram de 26 &micro;g L-1 e 147 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. O estudo por eletrólise a potencial controlado revelou que a oxidação do inseticida fipronil envolve a participação de um elétron. A metodologia desenvolvida para ambos os eletrodos foi aplicada em amostras de águas naturais, testes de recuperação foram realizados mostrando eficiência de recuperação 96,0% para o eletrodo de GPU e de 94,6% para o eletrodo de GC-MWCNTs. / In this thesis a study of the electrochemical oxidation of the insecticide fipronil and the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of this compound in natural water samples is presented. The experiments were performed at graphite-polyurethane composite electrodes (GPU) and a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-GC). The electrodes were caracterized using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to diagnose the degree of reversibility of the oxidation reaction of the insecticide as well as the nature of the transport of the electroactive material to the surface of the electrodes. The electrochemical oxidation of fipronil studies using the GPU electrode showed that fipronil oxidation presents a peak at 0.70 V (vs. EAg/AgCl) which is totally irreversible and controlled by adsorption of species on the electrode surface. Analytical curves were obtained for fipronil in the range 2.0 to 14 x 10-5 mol L-1, with a detection limit (LD) of 139 &micro;g L-1 and a quantification limit (LQ) of 480 &micro;g L-1. For the oxidation of fipronil in the GC-MWCNTs electrode the results showed that fipronil oxidation presents a peak at 0.50 V (vs. EAg/AgCl) which is totally irreversible and diffusion controlled the adsorption of species on the electrode surface. The LD and LQ were obtained 26 &micro;g L-1 and 147 &micro;g L-1, respectively. The study by controlled potential electrolysis showed that oxidation of the insecticide fipronil involves the participation of one electron. The methodology developed for both electrodes was applied to natural water samples, recovery tests were performed showing recovery efficiency of 96.0% for the GPU electrode and 94.6% for MWCNTs-GC electrode.
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Ecotoxicologia do agrotóxico fipronil em pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmerg) e paulistinha (Danio rerio) e resíduos de agrotóxicos na bacia do rio Corumbataí / Ecotoxicology of fipronil pesticides in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmerg) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and residues of pesticides in river basin Corumbataí

Cella, Ana Lucia 14 September 2009 (has links)
A bacia do Corumbataí apesar de seu estado considerável de preservação, no que diz respeito à quantidade e qualidade das águas, merece grande atenção visto que abastece os municípios de Piracicaba, Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro, Corumbataí e Analândia e recebe descargas de esgoto doméstico e industrial de 7 municípios a montante (Analândia, Corumbataí, Ipeúna, Itirapina, Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro e Charqueada). Além do que, é expressivo o uso intensivo dos solos desses municípios para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, na qual são utilizados, entre outros insumos, o agrotóxico fipronil. Apesar da grande importância da bacia para a região não há estudos que demonstrem o impacto causado pela agricultura e uso intensivo de agrotóxicos, na qualidade das águas e mesmo para a vida aquática da mesma. Para tanto este trabalho tem como objetivo o monitoramento ambiental na bacia do Corumbataí, determinando a ocorrência, ou melhor, a distribuição temporal e espacial de resíduos do agrotóxico fipronil e de um grupo de organoclorados, sendo eles: lindano, clordano, endossulfan, alaclor, heptacloro e heptacloro epóxido, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, metalacloro, metoxicloro e dodecacloropentaciclodecano, em águas provenientes de diversos pontos de coleta na bacia do rio Corumbataí, além de validar metodologia de extração e cromatográfica por CG-MS para análise do agrotóxico fipronil e demais organoclorados; correlacionar a contaminação das águas com o uso de agrotóxicos na bacia; Determinar os níveis de toxicidade aguda do agrotóxico fipronil para Danio rerio (Paulistinha) e Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmerg (Pacu) / The basin of the Corumbataí despite their considerable state of preservation, as regards quantity and quality of water, deserves special attention since supplying the municipalities of Piracicaba, Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro, Corumbataí and Analândia and receives discharges of domestic and industrial sewage from 7 cities upstream (Analândia, Corumbataí, Ipeúna, Itirapina, Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro and Charqueadas). Furthermore, its expressive the intensive use of land of those towns for the cane sugar growing, which are used, among other inputs, the pesticide fipronil. Despite the great importance of the basin for the region there are no studies that demonstrate the impact of agriculture and intensive use of pesticides in water quality and even its aquatic life. Thus this work has as objective the environmental monitoring in the basin of the Corumbataí, determining the occurrence, or rather, the temporal and spatial distribution of residues of the pesticide fipronil and a group of organochlorines, which are: lindane, chlordane, endosulfan, alachlor, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, metalachlor, methoxychlor and dodecachlorpentaciclodecano in waters from various collection points in the basin of the river Corumbataí, besides validate methodology for extraction and chromatography by GC-MS for analysis of pesticide fipronil and other Organochlorine; correlate water contamination with the use of pesticides in the basin, determine the levels of acute toxicity of the pesticide fipronil for Danio rerio (Paulistinha) and Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmerg (Pacu)
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Efeitos neurocomportamentais da exposição prolongada de ratos ao fibronil / Neurobehavioral effects of fipronil long term exposure in rats

Silva, Andréa de Souza 13 March 2009 (has links)
Fipronil é um inseticida fenilpirazol de amplo espectro, desenvolvido para inibir seletivamente receptores GABA associados a canais de cloreto de insetos; tanto em Medicina Veterinária, como em Agricultura tem sido utilizado para o controle de pragas. Embora vários estudos procurem compreender os mecanismos da toxicidade neuronal dos praguicidas em mamíferos, há poucos relacionados aos efeitos neurocomportamentais. Assim, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos da exposição prolongada de ratos ao fipronil, observando-se alguns comportamentos ligados ao sistema GABAérgico, como atividade no campo aberto, no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), bem como na convulsão induzida por picrotoxina e pentilenotetrazol; avaliou-se ainda os níveis cerebrais de alguns neurotransmissores, como GABA, dopamina, noradrenalina, serotonina e seus respectivos metabólitos. Além disso, foram realizadas análises anátomo-histopatológicas em fígado, cérebro e rins dos animais. Ratos Wistar receberam, por via intragástrica (gavage), durante 28 dias um dos seguintes tratamentos: fipronil (0,1; 1,0 ou 10,0 mg/Kg/dia) ou água destilada 1 mL/Kg/dia. Após uma hora da última administração do fipronil ou água destilada, os ratos tiveram seu comportamento avaliado no campo aberto e no LCE com auxílio do sistema computadorizado EthoVision®. Observou-se no campo aberto apenas redução significante do n&ordm; de levantamentos nos animais tratados com 10,0 mg/Kg de fipronil, quando comparados com os ratos do grupo controle. No LCE, a exposição prolongada de ratos ao fipronil nas doses de 1,0 e 10,0 mg/Kg provocou redução na distância percorrida pelos animais e o tempo de permanência dos animais nos braços abertos, além de aumentar o tempo de permanência nos braços fechados. Para o cálculo da dose convulsivante mínima, seguiu-se o mesmo protocolo de tratamento, sendo observada diminuição significante na dose de picrotoxina e de pentilenotetrazol necessária para a indução da convulsão em animais tratados com 10,0 mg/Kg fipronil. A determinação dos níveis de neurotransmissores e seus respectivos metabólitos mostrou aumento dos níveis de dopamina no córtex frontal de ratos tratados com 10,0 mg/Kg de fipronil, redução nos níveis de GABA no striatum de ratos tratados com 1,0 mg/Kg de fipronil. Em relação à serotonina houve aumento de seus níveis no córtex frontal de ratos tratados com 1,0 mg/Kg e seu metabólito, ácido 5 (5HIAA), foi observado redução de seus níveis no córtex frontal de ratos tratados com 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg p.c. de fipronil. No striatum também houve redução de seus níveis em ratos tratados com 0,1 e 1,0 mg/Kg de fipronil. O estudo anátomo-histopatológico revelou que a exposição prolongada ao fipronil pode causar hepatotoxicidade, caracterizada por aumento dos pesos absoluto e relativo do fígado e tumefação celular de hepatócitos. Em conclusão, os resultados mostraram que a exposição de ratos por 28 dias, via gavage, ao fipronil pode causar efeitos comportamentais relacionados a alterações em sistemas centrais de neurotransmissão e também hepatotoxicidade. / Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide with broad spectrum, developed to selectively inhibit insect GABA-gated chloride channels; both in Veterinary Medicine, and in Agriculture it has been used for the control of nuisances. Although several studies try to understand the mechanism of neuronal toxicity of pesticide in mammalian, there are few studies related to neurobehavioral effects. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of fipronil long term exposure in rats, being observed some behaviors connected to GABAergic system, as activity in open field, in elevated plus maze (EPM), as well as in the seizures induced by picrotoxinin and pentylenotetrazole. In addition, this study determinated the brain levels of some neurotransmitter as GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and metabolic levels and investigated liver, brain and kidney damage. Wistar rats received by intragastric (gavage) way during 28 days one of this treatment: fipronil (0,1, 1,0 or 10,0 mg/Kg) or distilled water; the rats behavior were evaluated in open field and elevated plus maze apparatus with system computer EthoVision®. There was a significant reduction of rearing in open field in rats treated with 10,0 mg/Kg of fipronil when compared with control rats. In the EPM, there was a decrease of distance moved in open arms and increase of time spent in closed arms to rats treated with 1,0 and 10,0 mg/Kg of fipronil when compared to control. It was still noticed the reduction in the time spent in open arms EPM in rats treated with 1,0 and 10,0 mg/Kg of fipronil when compared to control group. To calculate the minimum convulsant dose, was used the same treatment protocol and it was observed a significant reduction in picrotoxinin and pentylenotetrazole necessary dose to induction of seizure in animals treated with fipronil 10,0 mg/Kg. The level determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites, it was observed the dopamine increasing in forebrain from fipronil treated rats by 10,0 mg/Kg. GABA levels decreased in fipronil treated rats striatum by 1,0 mg/Kg. Serotonin neurotransmitter was increased in fipronil treated rats forebrain by 1,0 mg/Kg to and its metabolite, 5HIAA, it was observed a levels decrease in fipronil forebrain treated rats by 0,1 e 1,0 mg/kg. There was decrease of 5HIAA levels in fipronil treated rats striatum by 0,1 e 1,0 mg/Kg. According to organ analyses, it was observed dose-response liver damage such as swelling liver cells. In conclusion, the data showed that fipronil administered in rats by 28 days caused behavioral effects related to central neurotransmitter alterations and hepatotoxicity.

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