Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-23T13:08:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseZADP.pdf: 1197588 bytes, checksum: 4e1f7602ee6da5dec0dbca0315893fa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:01:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseZADP.pdf: 1197588 bytes, checksum: 4e1f7602ee6da5dec0dbca0315893fa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:01:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseZADP.pdf: 1197588 bytes, checksum: 4e1f7602ee6da5dec0dbca0315893fa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseZADP.pdf: 1197588 bytes, checksum: 4e1f7602ee6da5dec0dbca0315893fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-15 / The actual agricultural production system requires the use of chemicals such as pesticides and antimicrobials. These compounds, when reach aquatic environments, can cause serious environmental problems and affect target and non-target organisms such as microorganisms, that play key ecological functions to the ecosystem functioning. So, the objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the bactericidal action of oxytetracycline (OTC) and fungicide imazalil (IMZ) on bacterial ecological function of pesticide fipronil degradation; (II) evaluate the effect of oxytetracycline on density and aquatic bacterial diversity; (III) to monitor changes in bacterial dynamics in the presence of fipronil. Water was sampled in Beija-Flor Reservoir for mounting the experiments. Microcosms were prepared in triplicates for six different treatments: water; water and OTC; water and IMZ; water and fipronil; water, fipronil and OTC; water, fipronil and IMZ. The microcosms were kept in the dark at 21oC. Samples were collected at 1, 5, 10, 20, 45 and 70 days of incubation. It was determined the water pH, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), OTC and fipronil concentrations. Water samples from the microcosms were also used for bacterial density analysis by epifluorescence microscopy and diversity by DGGE band profiles analysis. The presence of OTC alone and especially mixed with IMZ affects bacterial diversity, but does not cause significant effect on fipronil degradation, suggesting the existence of functional redundancy among the individuals that formed the bacterial community. The oxytetracycline, at certain concentrations, promotes a bacterial density decrease and diversity increase, probably by mediating the coexistence of species as a result of the growth control of the best competitive bacteria. Fipronil may cause bacterial density increase but, concerning its diversity, initially in the experiment, it was reduced, comparing with the control samples. However, after 70 days, the diversity was similar, suggesting that the community was reestablished, leading us to consider that the community was resilient to the impact caused by fipronil. / O atual sistema de produção agropecuário exige a utilização de produtos químicos como os antimicrobianos e agrotóxicos. Estes compostos, ao alcançarem os ambientes aquáticos, podem trazer sérios problemas ambientais e afetar vários organismos, como os microrganismos, que desempenham funções ecológicas fundamentais ao funcionamento ecossistêmico. Desta maneira, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (I) avaliar a ação do bactericida oxitetraciclina (OTC) e fungicida imazalil (IMZ) na função ecológica bacteriana de degradação do agrotóxico fipronil; (II) avaliar o efeito da oxitetraciclina na densidade e diversidade bacteriana aquática; (III) acompanhar alterações na dinâmica bacteriana na presença do fipronil. Foi coletada água da Represa do Beija-Flor para a montagem dos experimentos. Foram preparados microcosmos em tréplica para seis tratamentos distintos: água; água e OTC; água e IMZ; água e fipronil; água, fipronil e OTC; água, fipronil e IMZ. Os microcosmos foram mantidos a 21 oC, no escuro. Foram feitas amostragens nos tempos 1, 5 10, 20, 45 e 70 dias de incubação. Foram determinados o pH da água, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), nitrogênio total (NT) e as concentrações de OTC e fipronil. Amostras de água provenientes dos microcosmos foram utilizadas para análise bacteriana de densidade por microscopia de epifluorescência e análise de diversidade por meio dos perfis de bandas do DGGE. A presença da OTC sozinha e principalmente em mistura com IMZ, afeta a diversidade bacteriana, porém não causa efeito significativo na degradação do fipronil, sugerindo existência de redundância funcional entre os indivíduos que constituíram a comunidade bacteriana. A oxitetraciclina, em determinadas concentrações, causa a diminuição na densidade bacteriana e pode promover o aumento da diversidade, provavelmente por mediar à coexistência de espécies em consequência do controle do crescimento de bactérias mais competitivas. O fipronil pode causar o aumento da densidade bacteriana mas quanto à diversidade, no início do experimento, ela foi menor que nas amostras controle. Porém, após 70 dias, as diversidades ficam semelhantes, sugerindo que a comunidade se reestabeleceu, podendo esta ser considerada resiliente a perturbação causada pelo fipronil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 843146 bytes, checksum: 7b89b9c0374c84a12c9df88c213f038e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The leaf-cutting ants are considered pests in the Brazilian economy because they cause big losses in the agricultural and forestry systems. Annually, large sums are spent seeking their control, which is done primarily through available insecticides. Their use is under heavy pressure of national and international certification due to the need to protect the environment because the current active ingredients available in the commercial insecticide formulations are not considered safe to the environment. The behavioral repertoire displayed by the ants is responsible for the difficulty in achieving ant control. Among the main behaviors performed by worker ants there are the autogrooming , allogrooming , trophallaxis and waste handling, which are responsible for maintaining the colony hygiene keeping it free of parasites and pathogens. The insecticide fipronil cause neural effects leading the individuals to death by hyperactivity, impairing key behavioral traits important for the colony maintenance. In this work, the workers were expose to fipronil by two ways: spraying and toxic baits. In the first, fipronil was sprayed in the soil where six colonies of Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus were placed. In the second, three grams of toxic bait were offered to five colonies to A. subterraneus subterraneus. The frequency of occurrence of the main behaviors was recorded. Under insect sprayed in soil, ant behaviors like autogrooming , disposal of adults and waste handling were reduced in colonies. Under toxic bait exposure, the ant behaviors of autogrooming , allogrooming , waste removal, and activities undertaken within the fungus garden by the minors workers were reduced resulting in the development of parasitc fungus Escovopsis present in the fungus garden of the colonies. Thus the two forms of the insecticide application have effects on workers of A. subterraneus subterraneus, however the baits have a more pronounced effect in the colonies and colony suppressed was achieved by affecting mainly minor workers. Since these workers are responsible for maintaining the symbiotic fungus, its absence culminates in the decay and death of the fungus garden and subsequent death of workers due to lack of food substrate, occurring, finally the complete suppression of colony. / As formigas-cortadeiras são consideradas pragas de grande importância na economia brasileira por causarem grandes perdas nos setores agrícolas e florestais. Anualmente grandes somas são gastas buscando seu controle, que é feito principalmente através de produtos sintéticos disponíveis no mercado. Alguns deles encontram-se sob forte pressão das certificadoras nacionais e internacionais devido à necessidade de proteção dos ecossistemas, pois seus princípios ativos não são considerados adequados ao ambiente. O repertório comportamental apresentado pelas formigas é um dos responsáveis pela dificuldade encontrada em seu controle. Entre os principais comportamentos executados pelas formigas operárias encontra-se o autogrooming , allogrooming , trofalaxia e manipulação do lixo que são responsáveis pela manutenção da higiene da colônia, mantendo-a fora da ação de parasitas e patógenos. O inseticida fipronil é causador de efeitos no sistema nervoso podendo comprometer os indivíduos expostos e suprimir a colônia. Neste trabalho as operárias entraram em contato com o inseticida fipronil por duas vias: pulverização de solução de fipronil e iscas formicidas. No primeiro, aspergiu-se uma concentração subletal do inseticida fipronil no solo onde foram colocadas seis colônias de Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus. No segundo três gramas de iscas formicidas foram oferecidas a cinco colônias de A. subterraneus subterraneus. Os principais comportamentos executados foram medidos através da frequência de acontecimento. Os comportamentos de autogrooming , descarte de adultos e a manipulação do lixo foram menores em colônias tratadas com o inseticida do que nas colônias testemunhas quando o inseticida foi pulverizado. Já com as iscas, os comportamentos de autogrooming , allogrooming , remoção de lixo, e atividades realizadas dentro do jardim de fungo pelas jardineiras foram reduzidos o que propiciou o aumento no desenvolvimento do fungo parasita Escovopsis presente no jardim de fungo das colônias. Assim, as duas formas de aplicação do inseticida possuem efeitos nas operárias de A. subterraneus subterraneus, no entanto, as iscas possuem um efeito mais pronunciado nas colônias e operárias dessa espécie e foram letais às operárias jardineiras. Uma vez que essas operárias são responsáveis pela manutenção do fungo simbionte, sua ausência culmina no decaimento e morte do jardim de fungo e posterior morte das operárias por falta de substrato alimentar, ocorrendo por fim a supressão completa da colônia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA10MA032.pdf: 934515 bytes, checksum: aaff1e02f75a4eaee8f281f36d4eccb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work consists of an analysis of the selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus by fipronil, the cost reduction for such control and the measurement of the efficiency of that acaricide after three years of administration. The experiment was taken from May 2007 to april 2009 in a cattle farm 25 kilometers away from Lages, Santa Catarina state , in two areas of native pasture naturally infested by R. (B) microplus. Forty cattle were divided in two groups of 20 animals each. At each 14 days the female ticks, bigger than 4,5 mm located in the right side of the cattle bodies were counted. The result of that counting was multiplied by two. Fipronil 1% pour on was then administered. In the so-called Conventional Group all the cattle were treated when the average reached more than 40 female ticks per animal. In the so-called Selective Group, on the other hand, only the animals molested by more than 40 ticks received the dose. For both groups the prescription was albendozale sulfoxide )5 mg/kg), under skin administration (when the parasitic infection reached more than 250 eggs per gram EPG). At each 28 days the cattle s weight was checked for the cost/benefit analysis. It was verified a difference of doses of the acaricide on the Conventional group comparing the Selective one six doses of antihelmintics were administered for both groups. It was also verified that the cattle of the Selective Group gained 13.39 kg, on the average, more than the animals of the Conventional Group a significant difference (more than 5%) between the average weight of the two lots was not evidenced. In the experiment selective to verify the efficiency of the Fipronil 1%, 20 cattle, European-bred, were divided: ten animals infested by engorged female larva with selective (SG) and the other ten were infested by engorged female larva with selective (SG) and the other ten were infested by engorged female larva conventional (CG). Later, randomly, five animals were chosen for SG and CG control and five for SG and CG administration, infested according to the Agriculture, Cattle Breeding and Supplying Brazilian Ministry standards. The animals were infested by a minimum of 2.500 larva of an identified cepa of R. (B.) microplus, aged 10 to 21 days old. All ticks emerged from the bodies of the animals were collected from day minus-3 to day plus-23 of the experiment. These ticks were later counted and incubated so the viability of their eggs could be examined. The efficiency of the acaricide on the Fipronil 1% - basis calculated for the group infested by the SG cepa was 77.74%; for the group infested by the CG cepa, that as administered 14 treatments in three years of use, was 79,32%. The repressed-reproduction average was 22.57% for the SG group amd 22.47% for the CG group. On a Student s t test basis, significance 5%, the groups didn t show a statistic difference / A realização deste trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o método de controle Seletivo do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus com fipronil, reduzir os custos com o seu controle e avaliar a eficácia deste carrapaticida após três anos de uso. O experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural a 25 km de Lages/SC, de maio de 2007 a abril de 2009, em duas invernadas de campo nativo, naturalmente infestadas com R. (B.) microplus. Utilizaram-se 40 bovinos que foram divididos em dois grupos de 20 animais. A cada 14 dias foi realizada a contagem das fêmeas maiores ou igual a 4,5mm, no lado direito do corpo dos animais, e o valor obtido, multiplicado por dois. O medicamento utilizado foi o fipronil 1% via pour on. Um grupo, denominado Convencional foi tratado todos os bovinos quando a média do grupo foi igual ou superior a 40 fêmeas, e o outro grupo, denominado Seletivo foi tratado apenas os animais que apresentaram uma infestação igual ou superior a 40. Ambos os grupos foram tratados com sulfóxido de albendazole (5mg/kg), por via subcutânea, (quando a infecção parasitária foi superior a 250 OPG. A cada 28 dias foi realizada a pesagem dos animais para análise da relação custo/benefício. Foram realizadas 20 aplicações a mais do carrapaticida no grupo Convencional em relação ao Seletivo. Ambos os grupos receberam seis tratamentos com anti-helmíntico. Foi calculado um ganho de peso médio de 13,39kg aos animais pertencentes ao Seletivo superior aos bovinos do grupo Convencional não ocorrendo diferença estatística significante entre as médias de peso dos dois lotes (significância de 5%). Um experimento para análise da eficácia do fipronil 1% foram utilizados 20 bovinos de raça européia que foram divididos: dez animais infestados com larvas provenientes das teleóginas do esquema de tratamento Seletivo (GS) e dez animais que foram infestados com larvas provenientes das teleóginas do esquema Convencional (GC), que posteriormente foram randomizados, estabelecendo 5 animais para controles (GCS) e (GCC) e 5 animais para tratados GTS e GTC. Infestados de acordo com a metodologia estabelecida pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento MAPA. Os animais foram infestados com, no mínimo, 2.500 larvas com idade entre 10 a 21 dias de uma cepa de R. (B.) microplus. As coletas totais de carrapatos desprendidos do corpo dos animais a partir do dia 3 até o dia +23 do ensaio, que foram contadas e incubadas para análise da viabilidade dos ovos. A eficácia do tratamento carrapaticida utilizando fipronil 1% calculada para o grupo infestado com a cepa GS foi 77,74% e para o grupo infestado com a cepa GC que recebeu o total de 14 tratamentos durante os três anos de uso, foi de 79,32%. A porcentagem média de inibição de reprodução calculada foi 22,57% para o GS e 22,47% para o GC, aplicando-se o teste t de Student, nível de significância de 5%, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos

Lors du screening de composés du ‘human chemical exposome’, les herbicides triazines et les insecticides pyrazoles, notamment le fipronil, ont révélé leur capacité à induire la production de peptides amyloïde β -42 et -43. Ayant tendance à s’agréger en oligomères puis en plaques, ils sont une caractéristique de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Cette découverte informe sur le danger potentiel de ces produits et apporte des outils pour décrypter les mécanismes menant à l’altération du rapport des différentes formes d’amyloïdes. Par ailleurs, la dérégulation de DYRK1A, impliquée dans la trisomie 21, affecte aussi ces peptides amyloïdes, ainsi que la protéine Tau qui est alors hyperphosphorylée et a tendance à s’agréger en enchevêtrements neurofibillaires, une autre caractéristique de la MA. Ce même effet sur Tau est observé avec CDK5 dans la MA, les AVC et les traumatismes crâniens. Le développement d’inhibiteurs pharmacologiques spécifiques de ces deux kinases est donc un enjeu pour ManRos Therapeutics. / In the screening of ‘human chemical exposome’ compounds, triazine herbicides and pyrazole insecticides, especially fipronil, have shown their ability to induce β-amyloid -42 and -43 peptide production. As they tend to aggregate into oligomers then into plaques, they are a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This discovery informs about the potential danger of these products and provides tools to decipher the mechanisms leading to the alteration of the ratio of the different forms of amyloid.Moreover, dysregulation of DYRK1A, involved in trisomy 21, also affects these amyloid peptides, as well as the Tau protein which is then hyperphosphorylated and tends to aggregate into neurofibillar tangles, another characteristic of AD. This same effect on Tau is observed with CDK5 in AD, stroke and brain injury. The development of specific pharmacological inhibitors of these two kinases is therefore an issue for ManRos Therapeutics.

O Pinguim-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus, é o mais abundante dos pinguins que vivem em regiões temperadas da América do Sul, sendo um bom indicador de poluição ambiental. Poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) foram detectados em fígado de Pinguins-de-Magalhães encontrados debilitados ou mortos nas praias do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul) entre 2008 - 2012 e, do Uruguai e do Chile, em 2011. Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) predominaram em relação aos pesticidas organoclorados (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) e aos éteres difenilos polibromados (PBDEs). O contaminante emergente fipronil não foi detectado apesar de seu uso na América do Sul. Entre os PCBs predominaram os congeneres penta, hexa e heptaclorados. Concentrações de POPs foram similares entre as áreas de migração e reprodução exceto para os PCBs que foram relativamente maiores na área de reprodução. Avaliação temporal (2008 - 2012) de POPs apresentou constância para os pesticidas organoclorados e tendência ao declínio para os PCBs. A glândula uropigiana de Pinguim-de-Magalhães mostrou-se um tecido alternativo adequado para análise de POPs em aves debilitadas. No geral, as regiões de reprodução e migração dos pinguins na América do Sul apresentam baixas concentrações de POPs com tendência constante ou indícios de declínio. / The Magellanic Penguin , Spheniscus magellanicus, is the most abundant penguin that live in temperate regions of South America and a good indicator of environmental pollution in that region. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in the liver of Magellanic penguins found debilitated or dead on the beaches of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) between 2008 - 2012, and in Uruguay and Chile in 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were more prevalent than organochlorine pesticides (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Fipronil, an emerging contaminant, was not detected despite its use in South America. Among PCBs, the congeners penta, hexa and heptaclorados were predominant. Concentrations of POPs are similar between the migration and reproduction areas except for PCBs that are relatively higher in the breeding area. At this time point (2008 - 2012) POPs showed constancy for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs tendency to decline. The Magellanic penguin uropygian gland has proved to be a suitable alternative for POPs tissue analysis in debilitated birds. Overall, southern South America has low concentrations of POPs with constant trend or decline evidence.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Gallo.pdf: 1634093 bytes, checksum: f84f8b79e7d1355234216b134966f01a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-13 / The presence of Diabrotica speciosa larvae causes damage to corn root system and reduction in grain yield, mainly in second season crops. Applying insecticide in the seed furrow can be effective, but this assumes a form of preventive control and implies higher production costs and environmental impact. We evaluated the efficacy of genotypes AG7000RW and DKB330RW (Cry3Bb1) and their isolines to reduce the damage caused by D. speciosa larvae to corn root system, the efficacy of the insecticide fipronil applied in the furrow, and the effect of the interaction of both treatments on the yield of maize hybrids, as well as the planting date when the most severe damage occurs. The efficacy experiment was carried out in Itaberá, SP, in no-till planting system after oat crop. The damage to the roots was evaluated 52 days after emergence, using a visual score according to its intensity. Stalk lodging was determined by counting the plants leaning more than 25º in relation to its own axis at harvest. Genotypes AG7000 and DKB330 with no insecticide application presented damage and the resulting scores were 1.62 and 1.85, whereas the scores of their Bt isolines were 0.25 and 0.24, respectively. Genotypes AG7000 and AG700RW had the highest percentage of matter and amount of dry root in relation to DKB330 and DKB330RW, regardless of insecticide application. Stalk lodging of 46.7% found in non-Bt genotype DKB330 with no insecticide application reflected negatively on the yield of this treatment. In contrast, with insecticide application, stalk lodging ranged from 0.2% to 2.2% between genotypes, not influencing their yield. Cry3Bb1 protein was effective in reducing the damage to the root regardless of the genotype tested. Genotypes with high yield potential and lower root mass may present higher yield response when protected by the toxin or insecticide in the presence of a large larval population. In the 2010/2011 season, we assessed the damage in non-Bt corn root at four planting dates in Itaberá (10/14, 11/3, 11/25, and 12/20) and three in Castro, PR (9/29, 10/21, and 11/11). In the following season, 2011/2012, we evaluated six planting dates in Itaberá (9/21, 10/18, 11/21, 12/28, 1/30, and 2/20) and four in Castro (9/20, 10/10, 10/30, and 11/20). We observed that, from the second planting date on, the root damage reached scores over 3.0 and remained above 4.0 in all other planting dates in Itaberá in both seasons. In Castro, only the seeding performed in 11/20/2011 reached a score above 3.0. The use of protection in corn root, by applying insecticide or toxin, presented a greater response in sowing carried out from October on in the region of Itaberá. / A presença de larva de Diabrotica speciosa danifica o sistema radicular do milho e causa redução na produtividade de grãos, principalmente nas lavouras de segunda safra. A aplicação de inseticida no sulco de semeadura pode ser eficaz, porém, esta forma de controle assume caráter preventivo e implica maior custo de produção e impacto ambiental. Avaliaram-se a eficácia dos genótipos AG7000RW e DKB330RW (Cry3Bb1) e de suas isolíneas na redução do dano da larva de D. speciosa na raiz do milho, a eficácia do inseticida fipronil aplicado no sulco de semeadura e o efeito da interação de ambos os tratamentos sobre a produtividade dos genóti os de milho, bem como a época de semeadura em que ocorre maior dano da larva. O experimento de eficácia foi instalado em Itaberá, SP, na safra 2011/2012, sob sistema de plantio direto na palha após cultura de aveia. Os danos nas raízes foram avaliados aos 52 dias após a emergência, atribuindo-se nota visual de acordo com sua intensidade. O acamamento foi determinado contando-se as plantas com inclinação maior que 25º em relação ao próprio eixo no momento da colheita. Os genótipos AG7000 e DKB330 sem inseticida apresentaram dano, e as notas resultantes foram 1,62 e 1,85, enquanto as notas de suas isolíneas Bt foram 0,25 e 0,24, respectivamente. Os genótipos AG7000 e AG700RW obtiveram os maiores percentuais de matéria e quantidade de massa seca na raiz em relação a DKB330 e DKB330RW, independentemente da aplicação do inseticida. O acamamento de 46,7% encontrado para o genótipo DKB330 sem aplicação de inseticida refletiu negativamente na produtividade deste tratamento. Por outro lado, com a aplicação de inseticida, o acamamento variou de 0,2% a 2,2% entre os genótipos, não influenciando sua produtividade. A proteína Cry3Bb1 foi eficaz na redução dos danos na raiz independentemente do genótipo testado. Genótipos com alto potencial produtivo e com menor massa de raiz podem apresentar maior resposta de produtividade quando protegidos com a toxina ou o inseticida na presença de alta população de larvas. Na safra 2010/2011, avaliaram-se os danos na raiz do milho não Bt em quatro épocas de semeadura em Itaberá (14/10, 3/11, 25/11 e 20/12) e três em Castro, PR (29/9, 21/10 e 11/11). Na safra seguinte, de 2011/2012, avaliaram-se seis épocas em Itaberá (21/9, 18/10, 21/11, 28/12, 30/1 e 20/2) e quatro em Castro (20/9, 10/10, 30/10 e 20/11). Constatou-se que, a partir da segunda época, os danos na raiz atingiram nota superior a 3,0 e permaneceram acima de 4,0 em todas as demais épocas de semeadura em Itaberá, nas duas safras avaliadas. Em Castro, apenas a semeadura de 20/11/2011 atingiu nota superior a 3,0. A utilização da proteção na raiz do milho, pela utilização de inseticida ou toxina, apresentou maior resposta nas semeaduras realizadas a partir do mês de outubro na região de Itaberá.

Every anthropogenic activity causes environmental impact in some extent. Rice paddy fields area are pointed out as an activity with high potential of pollution due to the large amount of water used to maintain the flooding and the intensive use of pesticides and nutrients that can be transported to the environment. Though, there are other irrigation management practices that can reduce the environmental impact caused by the rice farming. Based on that, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the continuous and intermittent flooding on the amount of water applied and the amount of water transported to the environment, on water use efficiency, on weed control, on agronomic parameters of the rice plants and on dissipation of imazethapyr, imazapic and fipronil. The intermittent flooding resulted in crop yield similar to continuous irrigation. In addition, it reduced in 32% the amount of water applied, resulting in a better water use efficiency (1.68 kg m-3) than the continuous flooding (1.14 kg m-3). Water saving is promoted by the higher amount of rainfall stored in the intermittent flooding. The intermittent flooding reduces 40% of the run-off and less environmental contamination, resulting, on the average of the three pesticides a reduction higher than 90% on the mass of pesticide transported to the environment in comparison to the total applied on the rice Field. / Toda a atividade antrópica causa impacto ambiental de algum nível. A lavoura de arroz irrigado é apontada como uma atividade com alto potencial poluidor por usar grande volume de água para manter a lâmina de irrigação e também por ser um cultivo que demanda o intenso uso de agrotóxicos e nutrientes que podem ser transportados para o ambiente. Entretanto existem alternativas de manejar a lâmina de irrigação que podem diminuir esse impacto ocasionado pela orizicultura. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito do manejo de irrigação contínua e intermitente no balanço de água (lâmina de água aplicada e lâmina de água extravasada), na eficiência do uso da água, no controle de plantas daninhas, nos parâmetros agronômicos e na dissipação de imazethapyr, imazapic e fipronil. A irrigação intermitente ocasiona produtividade de grãos semelhante à irrigação contínua. Além disso, proporciona economia de 32% do volume de água aplicado, resultando em uma maior eficiência do uso de água (1,68 kg m-3) do que a irrigação contínua (1,14 kg m-3). Essa economia está relacionada devido ao maior volume de água da chuva armazenada. Dessa forma, a irrigação intermitente também promove redução de 40% no volume de água escoada superficialmente e menor contaminação ambiental, proporcionando uma redução, na média dos três agrotóxicos avaliados, de 90% da massa de ingrediente ativo de agrotóxicos transportados para o ambiente em relação ao total aplicado na lavoura.

O Pinguim-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus, é o mais abundante dos pinguins que vivem em regiões temperadas da América do Sul, sendo um bom indicador de poluição ambiental. Poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) foram detectados em fígado de Pinguins-de-Magalhães encontrados debilitados ou mortos nas praias do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul) entre 2008 - 2012 e, do Uruguai e do Chile, em 2011. Os bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) predominaram em relação aos pesticidas organoclorados (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) e aos éteres difenilos polibromados (PBDEs). O contaminante emergente fipronil não foi detectado apesar de seu uso na América do Sul. Entre os PCBs predominaram os congeneres penta, hexa e heptaclorados. Concentrações de POPs foram similares entre as áreas de migração e reprodução exceto para os PCBs que foram relativamente maiores na área de reprodução. Avaliação temporal (2008 - 2012) de POPs apresentou constância para os pesticidas organoclorados e tendência ao declínio para os PCBs. A glândula uropigiana de Pinguim-de-Magalhães mostrou-se um tecido alternativo adequado para análise de POPs em aves debilitadas. No geral, as regiões de reprodução e migração dos pinguins na América do Sul apresentam baixas concentrações de POPs com tendência constante ou indícios de declínio. / The Magellanic Penguin , Spheniscus magellanicus, is the most abundant penguin that live in temperate regions of South America and a good indicator of environmental pollution in that region. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in the liver of Magellanic penguins found debilitated or dead on the beaches of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) between 2008 - 2012, and in Uruguay and Chile in 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were more prevalent than organochlorine pesticides (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Fipronil, an emerging contaminant, was not detected despite its use in South America. Among PCBs, the congeners penta, hexa and heptaclorados were predominant. Concentrations of POPs are similar between the migration and reproduction areas except for PCBs that are relatively higher in the breeding area. At this time point (2008 - 2012) POPs showed constancy for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs tendency to decline. The Magellanic penguin uropygian gland has proved to be a suitable alternative for POPs tissue analysis in debilitated birds. Overall, southern South America has low concentrations of POPs with constant trend or decline evidence.

De nombreuses études suggèrent que le déclin des colonies d’abeilles domestiques (Apis mellifera) serait dû à l’action combinée de plusieurs facteurs de stress, et notamment des agents pathogènes et des pesticides. Nous avons précédemment démontré qu’une co-exposition des abeilles au parasite intestinal Nosema ceranae et à l'insecticide fipronil, administré chroniquement en doses sublétales, entraînait une forte augmentation de la mortalité des abeilles. De plus, des études suggèrent que l'infection par N. ceranae pourrait augmenter la capacité antioxydante des cellules intestinales de l'abeille. Nous nous sommes demandé si l'élévation du taux de mortalité dans un contexte d'infection, combiné à une intoxication au fipronil, pourrait être le résultat d'une production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO). Nos résultats indiquent une diminution de la quantité des ERO, mais aussi de la quantité de protéines oxydées en présence de N. ceranae. Ceci pourrait être la résultante d’une augmentation des activités enzymatiques antioxydantes. Lorsque les abeilles ont été traitées avec les deux facteurs de stress (N. ceranae et fipronil), nous n’avons cependant pas mesuré d’augmentation des ERO, tandis que l’oxydation des protéines était significativement augmentée. Ainsi, la présence du parasite semble perturber la balance oxydative des cellules intestinales et pourrait augmenter la toxicité du fipronil. Des études complémentaires ont également été menées in vitro sur des cellules humaines HFF, infectées avec une autre espèce microsporidienne, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, et/ou exposées au fipronil. Les résultats ont montré que la présence du parasite limitait l’augmentation des ERO induite par le fipronil. De plus, des résultats préliminaires tendent à montrer une augmentation de l’activité métabolique des mitochondries dans les cellules infectées par le parasite. Enfin, dans le but de mieux comprendre le dialogue N. ceranae/abeille/microbiote intestinal, nous avons analysé par une approche de séquençage d’amplicons d’ADNr et d’ARNr 16S la composition et l’abondance des communautés microbiennes de l’intestin après infection et/ou intoxication chronique avec différents pesticides. N. ceranae semble perturber l’activité de plusieurs groupes bactériens, et la présence de pesticides accroît fortement ces perturbations. Ainsi, l’impact d’une co-exposition N. ceranae/pesticides sur le microbiote intestinal pourrait être l’un des éléments clés du déclin des colonies. / Many studies suggest that the observed decline of Apis mellifera honeybee colonies would be due to the combined action of multiple stressors, including both pathogens and pesticides. We previously demonstrated that the honeybee co-exposure to the gut parasite Nosema ceranae and the fipronil insecticide, administered chronically in sublethal doses, highly increased the bee mortality. Moreover, studies suggest that the infection by N. ceranae may increase the antioxidant capacity of the bee intestinal cells. We wondered whether the increase in mortality rate when infection is combined with fipronil intoxication could be the result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our results indicate that both the ROS amount and the concentration of oxidized proteins decreased upon infection. This could be the result of an increased antioxidant enzymatic activities. When bees were co-exposed to both stressors (N. ceranae and fipronil), we did not measured any increase in ROS level, but the amount of oxidized proteins was significantly increased. Thus, the presence of the parasite seems to disrupt the oxidative balance of the intestinal cells and could increase the toxicity of fipronil. Complementary studies were also conducted in vitro with human cells (HFF), infected with a different microsporidian species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and/or treated with fipronil. The results showed that the presence of the parasite reduced the increase in ROS induced by fipronil. In addition, preliminary results showed an increase in mitochondrial metabolic activity in cells infected with the parasite. Finally, in order to better understand the N. ceranae/honeybee/intestinal microbiota dialogue, we analysed the composition and the abundance of microbial communities in the gut after infection and/or intoxication with different pesticides using a next generation sequencing of both rDNA and rRNA 16S amplicons. N. ceranae seems to upset the activity of different groups of bacteria, and the presence of pesticides greatly increased these disturbances. Thus, the impact of N. ceranae/pesticide co-exposure on the intestinal microbiota may be one of the key elements in the decline of honey bee colonies.

Thirty-two privately owned structures were treated with a 0.06% exterior and interior, 0.06% exterior-only, or 0.125% exterior-only application of fipronil (Termidor SC®) in order to compare their efficacies in the post-construction control of interior populations of Reticulitermes spp. (Holmgren). The concentration of fipronil in the soils from the structures was measured pre-treatment and at 1 week, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months post-treatment. Bioassays conducted with fipronil-treated soils from five locations in Texas determined the minimum effective concentration (minimum concentration necessary to stop termites from breeching a 50 mm column of treated soil) was < 1.0 ppm. Lethal concentration (LC50) values ranged from 0.19 to 0.60 ppm for Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). All structures receiving a 0.06% fipronil exterior and interior or 0.125% exterior-only application showed full control of interior termite populations within 6 months. In contrast, 36% of the structures that received a 0.06% fipronil exterior-only application still had termites 6 months post-treatment. When taking the point of termite entry into account, it was shown that only structures treated with fipronil at the point of entry into the structure by termites showed full control within 6 months. This indicated that the placement of the termiticide at the point of subterranean termite entry, and not the rate at which it was applied, was the most important factor that predicted whether a post-construction application of fipronil provided full control of an interior infestation. Results also indicated that Termidor SC® was effective when used according to the current product label, which calls for a thorough application including exterior and interior applications for post-construction termite control. Soil monitoring data for fipronil indicated that the technical material provided by the manufacturer of Termidor SC® was labeled appropriately in terms of concentration. Tank mix samples, while variable, were between 83 - 96% of the labeled concentrations. Post-treatment soil samples and bioassays with treated soil showed that fipronil concentrations were adequate to effectively control termites through the first 18 months.