Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FACE.pdf: 89333 bytes, checksum: 9fe2d3791aae56820ee8b6646c8b46fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Trata-se de uma abordagem teórica sobre Propriedade Intelectual com ênfase em Trade Secrets como barreira à entrada. Os avanços em criptologia no campo da matemática podem vir a se somar aos esforços teóricos desenvolvidos em Microeconomia em Organização Industrial. Neste contexto, a criptologia é resgatada historicamente e são apresentadas suas principais funções na Propriedade Intelectual, em especial no Trade Secrets. Questiona-se aqui: Por que as empresas criptografam seus processos produtivos? A propriedade intelectual em especial os Trade Secrets tem desempenhado importante papel, enquanto barreira à entrada na economia contemporânea? Como a criptologia e seus respectivos desenvolvimentos na matemática podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do segredo industrial? Percebe-se que apesar da presença marcante da criptografia e dos bens incorpóreos na Economia Contemporânea, ainda são escassas as análises teóricas, os estudos de caso e os bancos de dados sobre Propriedade Intelectual e principalmente, sobre Trade Secrets. Contribui ao explicitar seus conceitos e alertar para a importância de intensificação de pesquisa científica sobre o tema possibilitando, dessa forma, uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica econômica empresarial na atualidade. / This work presents a theoretical approach on intellectual property with emphasis in trade secrets as entry barriers. Progress in cryptology in the field of the mathematics can be added to the theoretical efforts developed in microeconomics in industrial organization. In this context, cryptology is rescued historically and its main functions are presented in the intellectual property, especially in trade secrets. This research questions: Why do the firms cryptograph their productive processes? Has intellectual property, especially trade secrets, been playing an important role as a barrier to entry in the contemporary economy? How can cryptology and its respective developments in mathematics contribute to the strengthening of the industrial secret? It is noticed that in spite of the outstanding presence of cryptography and of the incorporeal goods in the contemporary economy, the theoretical analyses are still scarce, as are case studies and databases on intellectual property and mainly, on trade secrets. This research contributes to explication of its concepts and warns about the importance of intensification of scientific research on this topic, in order to reach a better understanding of managerial economical dynamics at the present time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FACE.pdf: 89333 bytes, checksum: 9fe2d3791aae56820ee8b6646c8b46fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-26 / CAPES / Trata-se de uma abordagem teórica sobre Propriedade Intelectual com ênfase em Trade Secrets como barreira à entrada. Os avanços em criptologia no campo da matemática podem vir a se somar aos esforços teóricos desenvolvidos em Microeconomia em Organização Industrial. Neste contexto, a criptologia é resgatada historicamente e são apresentadas suas principais funções na Propriedade Intelectual, em especial no Trade Secrets. Questiona-se aqui: Por que as empresas criptografam seus processos produtivos? A propriedade intelectual em especial os Trade Secrets tem desempenhado importante papel, enquanto barreira à entrada na economia contemporânea? Como a criptologia e seus respectivos desenvolvimentos na matemática podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do segredo industrial? Percebe-se que apesar da presença marcante da criptografia e dos bens incorpóreos na Economia Contemporânea, ainda são escassas as análises teóricas, os estudos de caso e os bancos de dados sobre Propriedade Intelectual e principalmente, sobre Trade Secrets. Contribui ao explicitar seus conceitos e alertar para a importância de intensificação de pesquisa científica sobre o tema possibilitando, dessa forma, uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica econômica empresarial na atualidade. / This work presents a theoretical approach on intellectual property with emphasis in trade secrets as entry barriers. Progress in cryptology in the field of the mathematics can be added to the theoretical efforts developed in microeconomics in industrial organization. In this context, cryptology is rescued historically and its main functions are presented in the intellectual property, especially in trade secrets. This research questions: Why do the firms cryptograph their productive processes? Has intellectual property, especially trade secrets, been playing an important role as a barrier to entry in the contemporary economy? How can cryptology and its respective developments in mathematics contribute to the strengthening of the industrial secret? It is noticed that in spite of the outstanding presence of cryptography and of the incorporeal goods in the contemporary economy, the theoretical analyses are still scarce, as are case studies and databases on intellectual property and mainly, on trade secrets. This research contributes to explication of its concepts and warns about the importance of intensification of scientific research on this topic, in order to reach a better understanding of managerial economical dynamics at the present time.

Cette thèse de doctorat est composée de trois chapitres indépendants. Dans le premier chapitre, je découvre l'existence, l'étendue, et le mécanisme de déviation des exportations, qui a suivi la destruction des exportations, après l'imposition de sanctions contre les exportations des exportateurs iraniens. En utilisant des données très désagrégées sur les exportations non-pétrolières iraniennes, je conclus que les sanctions sur les exportations peuvent être moins efficaces dans un monde globalisé, les exportateurs peuvent détourner leurs exportations d'une destination à une autre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je montre que (I) les effets de pairs existent à travers les exportateurs aux marges intensives et extensives dans le commerce international et (II) les explorateurs ne sont pas nécessaires des exploiteurs. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle aux décideurs politiques pour inciter les exportateurs à internaliser les externalités créées par l'exploration du marché, de manière à exploiter (non seulement explorer) ces marchés ainsi que survivre plus longtemps et de se développer plus rapidement dans ces marchés. Dans le troisième chapitre, je vérifie si l'effet de la langue sur le commerce provient de l'ethnicité et de la confiance ou de la facilité de communication. Je montre que (I) la facilité de canal de communication est beaucoup plus importante que l'origine ethnique et le canal de confiance au sein de l'effet de la langue sur le commerce; (II) la plupart des exportateurs sont capables de traverser quelques barrières linguistiques seulement, limitant leur capacité à pénétrer de nouveaux marchés; et (III) un effet de langage acquis parlé en commun existe entre les marchés séquentiels à quoi les exportateurs entrent, suggérant que les exportateurs pénètrent de nouveaux marchés de manière systématique. Du point de vue politique à prévoir, comme plusieurs pays sont actuellement en train de remodeler leurs institutions, ces résultats mettent en évidence les avantages économiques - par la voie du commerce potentiel - d'encourager l'apprentissage des langues étrangères. / This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three independent chapters. In the first chapter, I uncover the existence, extent, and mechanism of exports deflection, which followed exports destruction, after the imposition of exports sanctions against Iranian exporters. Using highly disaggregated data about Iranian non-oil exports, I conclude that exports sanctions may be less effective in a globalized world as exporters can deflect their exports from one export destination to another. In the second chapter, I show that (i) peer-effects exist across exporters at the intensive and extensive margins in international trade and (ii) explorers are not necessary exploiters. These findings suggest a role for policy makers to provide incentives for exporters to internalize externalities created by market exploration in a way to exploit (not only explore) these markets as well as survive longer and grow faster in them. In the third chapter, I investigate whether the language effect on trade comes from ethnicity and trust or from ease of communication. I show that (i) the ease of communication channel is much more important than ethnicity and trust channel within the language effect on trade; (ii) most exporters are able to cross few linguistic barriers only, limiting their ability to enter new markets; and (iii) a common spoken acquired language effect exists between sequential markets that exporters enter to, suggesting that exporters enter new markets in a systematic manner. From a policy perspective, given various countries are currently re-shaping their institutions, these results highlight economic benefits - through the potential trade channel - of encouraging foreign language learning.