Most aquaculture tenures in British Columbia (BC) are located in coastal First Nation traditional territories, making the aquaculture industry very important to First Nation communities. Marine aquaculture, in particular salmon farming, has been labeled one of the most controversial industries in BC and various groups with differing opinions have created a wide-spread media debate known as the “aquaculture controversy”. Industry, government, and (E)NGO’s are often the most visible players; First Nations, especially those without aquaculture operations directly in their territories, are often excluded or underrepresented in the conversation. In particular, remote communities from the central and north coast are significantly underrepresented. Aquaculture is predicted to expand in BC, making it crucial to know the opinions of these communities. By drawing on twelve key informant interviews conducted in situ in three central and north coast First Nation communities, as well as other literatures and discourses, this thesis explores the aquaculture controversy and perspectives towards finfish, shellfish, seaweed and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The thesis suggests that there is little interest in salmon aquaculture in the communities of Oweekeno, Skidegate and Massett; however there is significant interest in shellfish farming and to a lesser extent seaweed and IMTA. It also sheds light on the major issues and concerns of the current industry and potential interest areas in-line with First Nation values. In doing so, the current research contributes to the knowledge mobilization of First Nation perspectives towards coastal aquaculture in BC. / Graduate / 0366 / ktebbutt@uvic.ca

The increasing tendency of youth getting involved in crime, globally as well as in South Africa is an indication of the comprehensive problem and the duty that is resting upon professionals dealing with the youth. It is therefore important that in South Africa attention will be given to the young first offender. Various intervention methods such as drama-based intervention can be used as service delivery for the young first offender. Drama based intervention hold various therapeutic values for the young first offender. This program can make use of various methods for intervention such as, dance, movement and theatre. The objectives of the program, the need of the participants as well as the background of each individual participant are determining the choice of the intervention method. A drama-based intervention program was used for the study. The aim of this study was to examine the nature of a drama-based intervention for young first offenders. The aims were to: • Through an intensive literature study the various intervention methods was studied. The finding of the literature study was that the involvement of the first young offender within any creative activity has a lasting effect on the social development of the client resulting in a decrease in anti-social behaviour such as crime. Experimental exercises that is based on social learning-; role- and cognitive-behavioural theory are very effective in working with young people • To develop, implement and evaluate a drama-based intervention program through an intensive literature study and empirical research. This program needs to focus on the decreasing and prevention of recidivism with young first offenders. This goal was achieved as the program was developed according to guidelines of the GEESE theatre, which was adapted for South-African circumstances. The program was implemented and evaluated with a group of seven young first offenders. The research showed that the most effective intervention program for young first offenders should be more experimental and based upon creative arts, rather than a structured goal-oriented program, creating opportunities for in-depth exploration of the inner self. The program would then also help the respondent to develop resiliency by building on protective factors, identifying risk factors and developing skills to manage factors such as low self esteem, family relations, peer pressure and poverty. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This thesis includes two stand-alone articles with the overall purpose of critically exploring experiences related to sport-for-development from the program participants’ perspective on the one hand, and from the practitioners’ perspective on the other. After outlining the research objectives and present a review of literature, theoretical framework, epistemology, methodology, methods, and analysis, the first article focuses on the YLP participants’ experiences with a particular interest on empowerment processes. Specifically, I employed a Critical Youth Empowerment (CYE) framework in relation to youth experiences and larger community involvement with youth programming (Jennings et al., 2006). Photovoice was conducted and supplemented with eleven semi-structured interviews, one focus group and a month-long participant observation. The above-mentioned research was juxtaposed with a second article presenting an autoethnographic account of my own experiences as a practitioner and researcher. My autoethnography mixes theory, methodology, and methods throughout the narrative. My hope was to produce a theoretically rich and reflexive account of the experiences that led me to conceptualize sport-for-development differently. This self-critical piece aims at providing an opportunity for readers to reflect upon and hopefully challenge their own practices, knowledge production, and research orthodoxy.

Self-rated health (SRH) is a commonly used measure in surveys. The associations of SRH in Canadian First Nations populations have not previously been fully studied. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine how participants rated their health and what factors associated with SRH in a Manitoba First Nation. Respondents rated their health substantially worse than the general Canadian population. Men rated their health worse than women, and older adults rated their health worse than younger adults. In multivariate analyses, sex, hypertension, arthritis, the metabolic syndrome, number of chronic conditions, vision and mobility difficulties, perceived stress, perceived control over health and life, and community conditions were independently associated with SRH. These results suggest that asymptomatic conditions may be incorporated into the SRH of community members and suggest a complex interaction of health-related factors, stressors, and psychosocial factors that contribute to community members’ SRH.

The existence of workplace violence in remote and isolated nursing station settings has been an area of limited knowledge to date. This descriptive study explored the phenomena of workplace and occupational aggression (WPOA), an operational definition of workplace violence created to capture all exposures to verbal and physical aggression in the 21 First Nations and Inuit Health (FNIH) managed Nursing Stations in Manitoba. Using the Manitoba Region Occurrence Reports from 2008, it was found that nurses in nursing stations experience a range of WPOA exposures with verbal incidents being more commonly reported than physical incidents. Quantitative findings related to patterns of reported WPOA with respect to timing, type, perpetrators and concurrent substance use. Themes related to the impact of WPOA on nursing staff and responses of managers to reported incidents were generated from the qualitative analysis. Recommendations for policy, administration, education and future research were generated.

Although a plethora of educational initiatives over the past 30 years were developed with the goal of improving the academic success of Aboriginal students in public schools, there continues to be a significant achievement gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students in Canada (Battiste, 2000, 2002; Ireland, 2009; St. Denis, 2007, 2010; White & Beavon, 2009). In 2008, the Manitoba Minister of Education attempted to address this gap in part by mandating that faculties of Education across the province restructure teacher education programs to include a compulsory course on Aboriginal perspectives, histories and pedagogies. This mixed methods research explores the perceived impact of the mandate on the student teachers who completed the course entitled, “Teaching Aboriginal Perspectives” at Brandon University Faculty of Education during the 2008 – 2010 academic terms. Donald (2009), St. Denis (2007), and Williams and Tanaka (2007) report that subtle and overt forms of resistance to mandated courses are displayed when students teachers are compelled to study Aboriginal issues as a requirement for teacher certification. As such, this research is conceptually framed using critical race theory (Bell, 1991; Delgado, 1995; & Dunbar, 2008), Indigenous or Aboriginal feminism (Canella & Manuelito, 2008) and Red Pedagogy (Grande, 2004, 2008). The methodology for this research is primarily phenomenological but articulated using Indigenous storywork (Archibald, 2008) and story (Wilson, 2008). The primary data sources include surveys or questionnaires and semi-structured interviews of students within the course, my personal story as an Aboriginal female professor of the course and the stories of new teachers’ experiences embedded throughout the report. The findings are analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means and percentages) and comparative statistics (chi-squares and t-tests) for quantitative items on the questionnaires, and constant comparative data analysis methods for open-ended questions on the questionnaires and the interview data. Findings show that the student teachers demonstrated growth in FNMI content and knowledge over both years of the study. The findings also indicate an initial resistance to course content which causes angst for both students and the instructor as students engage with contentious issues, the deconstruction of privilege and examples of institutionalized racism within the educational system. Although more positive attitudes regarding FNMI content, worldviews, pedagogies and people developed over the duration of the course, once student teachers move into the school system, their desire to implement their learning are often challenged by racist attitudes and practices, particularly in schools where administrators do not foster FNMI education. The study concludes by suggesting that the mandate and work that has begun in the Aboriginal Perspectives course is important, necessary work, but it must be sustained across the entire educational system and across the career stages of all teachers in order to change the social attitudes that continue to dominate in schools.

This thesis explores contemporary Crown - First Nations relationships in British Columbia through a comparative analysis of the Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement and the court decision in Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia. The comparative analysis considers First Nations’ claims to land, rights and jurisdiction entering the processes of treaty and litigation with respect to how the claims are modified as a result. The reduction of land and limitations placed on claims through treaty and trial are indicative of the quality of the relationships the provincial Crown pursues with First Nations. Given the historic injustices of denying Aboriginal rights and title in BC, the province’s history of colonization requires a new relationship to be just and equitable. The Crown’s pursuit of economic certainty overwhelms the potential for justice to be achieved, which are both fundamental aspects requiring balance for a healthy relationship to be established. The outcome of the analysis reveals the Crown’s ongoing colonization of First Nations in British Columbia. As a result, this thesis attempts to offer a decolonized view of these relationships and some solutions for moving forward by placing the onus of responsibility squarely on the people of British Columbia to demand change from our provincial government. / Graduate

This thesis provides preliminary, qualitative research that explores whether there is a common understanding of Aboriginal public servant leadership within the British Columbia (BC) Public Service. An interpretive, grounded theory approach underpinned by attention to Indigenous methodologies was used in this thesis. Research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 22 self-identified Aboriginal peoples within the BC Public Service. The results identify properties of three analytical perspectives of leadership that interact in the context of Aboriginal public servants in British Columbia: (1) individual; (2) Indigenous, traditional or family setting; and (3) bureaucracy/public service. A linking theme across these analytical perspectives, “it’s personal not individual”, is proposed that influences an approach that interviewed Aboriginal public servants use in their professional positions and in their daily life. This study concludes that although there is not one specific understanding of leadership among Aboriginal public servants, their personal commitment to improving the well-being of their peoples may be the basis for their leadership work to facilitate and build bridges of understanding between communities and government. In addition, there is a call to non-indigenous public servants to consider their own leadership and share responsibility for bridge building alongside their Aboriginal colleagues. / Graduate / 0617 / fionnamain@gmail.com

Most aquaculture tenures in British Columbia (BC) are located in coastal First Nation traditional territories, making the aquaculture industry very important to First Nation communities. Marine aquaculture, in particular salmon farming, has been labeled one of the most controversial industries in BC and various groups with differing opinions have created a wide-spread media debate known as the “aquaculture controversy”. Industry, government, and (E)NGO’s are often the most visible players; First Nations, especially those without aquaculture operations directly in their territories, are often excluded or underrepresented in the conversation. In particular, remote communities from the central and north coast are significantly underrepresented. Aquaculture is predicted to expand in BC, making it crucial to know the opinions of these communities. By drawing on twelve key informant interviews conducted in situ in three central and north coast First Nation communities, as well as other literatures and discourses, this thesis explores the aquaculture controversy and perspectives towards finfish, shellfish, seaweed and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The thesis suggests that there is little interest in salmon aquaculture in the communities of Oweekeno, Skidegate and Massett; however there is significant interest in shellfish farming and to a lesser extent seaweed and IMTA. It also sheds light on the major issues and concerns of the current industry and potential interest areas in-line with First Nation values. In doing so, the current research contributes to the knowledge mobilization of First Nation perspectives towards coastal aquaculture in BC. / Graduate / 0366 / ktebbutt@uvic.ca

Les Chétifs is an episode in the twelfth century Crusade Cycle describing the fictitious adventures of a group of prisoners captured during the First Crusade. The present edition is based on all the known verse manuscripts, one manuscript in prose and a medieval Spanish translation. These versions have been compared in an analysis of the manuscript tradition and in detailed notes on the text. The edition itself has been laid out with the base text on one page, ard the variants on the facing page, whilst the prose version has been edited separately in an appendix. The texts have been provided with paleographic and literary notes, a full Table of Proper Names and a selective glossary. A full description of each manuscript is followed by an examination of a few facts preserved concerning some further manuscripts now lost. In the introduction all the major problems regarding the origins and development of the branch have been re-examined. The extant poem can be divided into three distinct episodes, each dominated by a different "Chétif". In the first, Richard de Chaumont fights a judicial duel on behalf of Corbaran, the captor of the prisoners, thereby securing their release. The second section sees Baudouin de Beauvais ridding the country of a terrible dragon, while in the third, Harpin de Bourges rescues Corbaran's nephew from a series of abductions. We have shown how the second of these episodes was interpolated after the composition of the other two. It has been claimed by many that Les Chétifs was written entirely, or mainly, in the orient. It is the contention of this thesis that this claim is unjustified and that the branch was composed in North Eastern France. Our refutation of the theory of oriental composition begins with a study of the provenance of the heroes, which illustrates how the original tale did indeed recount a real captivity, but that of a party of pilgrims from Fécamp, in Normandy, to Jerusalem, well before the First Crusade, The tale commemorating this event, long since lost, was to be incorporated, along with distant reminisceneas of the "Arrière-croisade" of 1101, into an early Cycle of the Crusade, which was later cast into a new cycle by Graindor de Douai in about 1190. Despite the oriental appearance of these original first and third episodes, it is certain that both were composed in Prance and based on medieval feudal and folk themes. Nevertheless there was no doubt a conscious effort on the part of successive authors and remanieurs to colour their work with genuine details of oriental life. The poem also includes certain topographical features of Syria and the Holy Land, but the overall impression is that they are vague and were probably borrowed from the Chanson d' Antioche and the Chanson de Jérusalem. In the early thirteenth century the cycle was subject to a further revision (probably at the time when the originally independent Swan-knight Cycle was affixed to it), and the episode of Baudouin de Beauvais and the dragon, which is of Armenian origin, was interpolated into it. It is this remaniement (and not that of Graindor de Douai, as has been hitherto supposed) that has survived and which is given in this edition. The general conclusion is that the branch of Les Chétifs was composed in various stages in Northern Prance. The language of the poet and that of most of the scribes localises the extant version to Picardy. The combined Swan-knight and Crusade Cycles, including Les Chétifs, were later abridged into a prose version, translated into Spanish and were recast into a final reworking known as the Second Cycle of the Crusade, in the mid-fourteenth century. The relationship between these three versions and the original verse redaction is the subject of one chapter, whilst another examines the extent to which Les Chétifs has left any influence on other works of the period.