Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 330-363). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

The government plans to redevelop Tai O into a tourist spot. Recently, the government is seeking strategies to maintain the existing community of Tai O and retain the cultural heritage, natural environment and local economy of the place. This will shift Tai O’s major economy from fishing to tourism. The stilt houses are an important element of the history and the fishing village character of Tai O. Under the Government plan, all stilt houses in Tai O will be kept as one main tourism attraction, however the Government does not have intention to help the residents in the ongoing maintenance of the stilt houses. The conditions of the stilt houses for most of the households, especially the elderly need to be improved. If the vulnerable states of the stilt houses are not well-identified, they could soon fall apart and disappear within our generation. This should force us to consider the preservation of the stilt house. Also, with the rebuilding project ahead, some signs of history will disappear if not controlled and conserved. As such the vulnerable factors need to be identified and suggestions are needed for the preservation purpose. In order to thoroughly understand the vulnerable factors of the stilt houses, interviews with residents and members from Tai O Rural Committee, Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), Tai O Alliance Church and Tai O Residents’ Rights Concern Group were carried out in order to seek their views on the vulnerable factors of the stilt house and their opinion towards Tai O stilt house development and cultural & heritage conservation. The dissertation is as attempt to address key queries such as: – Impact on Tai O stilt house resulted from disaster, natural degradation and Government policy – Human impact relating to the stilt house, including depopulation, environmental condition and tourist – Opinions regarding improving Tai O stilt house from residents – Future of Tai O Stilt house. For the development of the Tai O stilt house, the opinion of local residents and actual situation in Tai O should be considered. In view of better development of stilt house in Tai O, cooperation and compromise between Government, Tai O Rural Committee, Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), Tai O Alliance Church, Tai O Residents’ Rights Concern Group and residents would be more constructive for stilt house in Tai O. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Typical depredation behavior by cetaceans involves stealing or damaging prey items already captured by recreational or commercial fishing gear. Depredation among cetaceans has been reported to be increasing in both severity and frequency globally. This behavior is of particular concern for small stocks of cetaceans since any interaction with fishing gear has the potential to injure or kill animals leading to unsustainable losses. In Florida, depredation became evident in 2006 when the number of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) strandings resulting from fishing gear ingestion or entanglement sharply increased. For the resident dolphin community in Sarasota Bay, modeling showed continued mortalities from recreational fishing gear interactions were not sustainable. The major goals of this study were to 1.) characterize depredation and recreational angler interactions involving dolphins in Sarasota Bay, 2.) reduce dolphin-angler interactions through outreach, 3.) examine a case study to investigate the link between dolphin hearing loss and angler interaction behavior, 4.) test the effectiveness of passive acoustics in monitoring dolphin depredation at a fishing pier. Findings from this study provided a better understanding of depredation and angler interactions. Results indicated that dolphin-angler interactions in Sarasota Bay are increasing in frequency and are affecting an increasing number of dolphins, specifically adult males. Some dolphins in Sarasota Bay appear to utilize depredation as a foraging method (not just an opportunistic behavior) and were significantly more likely to be within 50 m of an active fishing line. Depredation and angler interaction behavior appear to increase in times of prey depletion (such as during a red tide) and heightened angler fishing activity. Educational outreach using an informational card proved successful in a case study showing about a 30% reduction in dolphin provisioning rates. The case study of F201 offers preliminary evidence that hearing loss is linked to depredation behavior and death for wild dolphins. Also, by detecting echolocation clicks as a proxy for dolphin presence, passive acoustics showed potential as an inexpensive method for monitoring depredation in problematic areas. Conclusions from this study can be utilized by scientists and managers when assessing depredation rates for a cetacean community and implementing an action plan.

Η αλιεία σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην εξασφάλιση τροφής και κυρίως στην τροφοδότηση του ανθρώπινου πληθυσμού με χαμηλής εμπορικής αξίας πρωτεΐνη. Αρκετά κράτη με αναπτυσσόμενες οικονομίες στηρίζονται στην αλιεία, αλλά και πολλές τοπικές κοινωνίες έχουν υψηλή οικονομική εξάρτηση από αυτήν. Οι λανθασμένες εκτιμήσεις των αποθεμάτων και η ποιότητα των δεδομένων έχει προκαλέσει σε πολλές περιοχές του κόσμου μείωση των αποθεμάτων και/ή την κατάρρευση τους. Ο Κορινθιακός και ο Πατραϊκός κόλπος είναι ιδιαιτέρα οικοσυστήματα με μεγάλη ανθρωπογενή δραστηριότητα, η ανάπτυξη της παραλιακής ζώνης, η βιομηχανική ανάπτυξη, τα μεγάλα έργα υποδομής και η αλιεία επιδρούν στο οικοσύστημα και στους θαλάσσιους οργανισμούς. Όσον αφορά την αλιεία, ο αλιευτικός στόλος της περιοχής βάση του ΚΑΜ (2007) παρουσιάζει μια τάση μείωσης τόσο σε αριθμό όσο και σε τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά. Η αλιευτική παραγωγή φαίνεται τα τελευταία χρόνια να ακολουθεί μία σταθεροποιητική τάση τόσο για τον Κορινθιακό όσο και για τον Πατραϊκό κόλπο πού υποδεικνύει σταθεροποίηση της αλιευτικής εκμετάλλευσης. Όμως τα δεδομένα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση της αλιευτικής παραγωγής παρουσιάζουν έλλειμμα ποιότητας αφού η παραγωγή του Πατραϊκού κόλπου από το 1994 και μετά αυξάνει απότομα και παραμένει σε πολύ υψηλά επίπεδα. Άρα οποιαδήποτε εκτίμηση για υπεραλίευση ή μη των αποθεμάτων των δύο κόλπων δεν μπορεί να γίνει. Για να μπορέσει να γίνει εκτίμηση των πιέσεων που δέχονται οι δύο κόλποι πρέπει να υπάρχουν ακριβή και αξιόπιστα δεδομένα ώστε κάθε διαχειριστικό μέτρο που θα αποφασιστεί, να λειτουργήσει θετικά και να μην μεταθέσει ή οξύνει το πρόβλημα. Ο αλιευτικός στόλος της παράκτιας αλιείας παρουσιάζει ρυθμό μείωσης (25%) μεγαλύτερο από αυτόν του Ελληνικού μέσου όρου (22%), επιπροσθέτως ο μεγάλος μέσος όρος ηλικίας των αλιέων και η μικρή ή ανύπαρκτη είσοδος των παιδίων τους στο επάγγελμα μας οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι η παράκτια αλιεία συρρικνώνεται στην περιοχή μελέτης. Η δραστηριοποίηση των παρακτίων αλιέων γίνεται σχεδόν κατά μήκος όλης της ακτογραμμής και χρησιμοποιούν δίχτυα (απλάδια και μανωμένα) καθώς και παραγάδια βυθού. Το κύριο είδος στόχος είναι ο μπακαλιάρος που συλλαμβάνεται από όλα τα εργαλεία, ενώ δευτερεύοντα είναι ένας μεγάλος αριθμός ειδών που αλλάζουν από περιοχή σε περιοχή δείχνοντας μεγάλη ετερογένεια βιοτόπων. Τους θερινούς μήνες παρατηρείται αύξηση της αλιευτικής προσπάθειας τόσο της παράκτιας όσο και της ερασιτεχνικής αλιείας, δημιουργώντας ανταγωνισμό μεταξύ των δύο κλάδων τόσο για το απόθεμα όσο και για τον χώρο και την αγορά. Η ερασιτεχνική αλιεία αναδεικνύεται 4 τρίτο σημαντικότερο πρόβλημα στην περιοχή, γεγονός που φαίνεται και από την ραγδαία αύξηση των σκαφών της μέσα σε μικρό χρονικό διάστημα. Το 1996 η αναλογία ερασιτεχνικών προς επαγγελματικών σκαφών για την περιοχή του Κορινθιακού και του Πατραϊκού κόλπου ήταν 4:1 ενώ το 2007 για τον Ν. Αχαΐας η αναλογία ήταν 5:1 και για τον Ν. Κορινθίας 10:1. Τα διαχειριστικά μέτρα που έχουν ληφθεί στην περιοχή φαίνεται να αποδίδουν αφού είδη που θεωρούνταν υπερεκμεταλλευμένα φαίνεται να έχουν επανακάμψει, όμως η σύγχρονη τάση είναι η ολιστική αντιμετώπιση των οικοσυστημάτων μέσω των Θαλάσσιων Προστατευόμενων Περιοχών (ΘΠΠ). Έτσι προτείνονται τεχνικού τύπου μέτρα, βάση των διεθνών πρακτικών, ώστε η διαχείριση και η προστασία των δύο κόλπων να τεθεί σε ένα πλαίσιο τόσο οικολογικό όσο και κοινωνικο-οικονομικό. / In a world wide level, fishery plays important role in human nutrition. Fishery supplies human populations with low commercial value protein. Many countries with developing economies depend on fishery, so as local communities are highly depended on this sector. Erroneous estimations about fish stocks and low quality data have caused, in many areas of the world, reduction of fish stocks and in many cases, their collapse. Corinthian and Patraikos gulfs are ecosystems which suffer from intense human activity, reflected in domestic and tourist industry growth in coastal area, industrial growth, big constructions such as the Rio- Antirrio Bridge, the new Patras harbor and fishery. All these factors have a major impact on marine ecosystems and organisms. Concerning fishery, reduction is observed in number and in technical characteristics of the fishery fleet for Corinthiacos and Patraikos gulf. Fishery production seems to be stabilized during the last years for the two areas, a fact that suggests stabilization of the fishing effort. However, we can’t make estimations about overexploitation of the stocks in the study area because the quality of the data seems to be low. We came to this conclusion after analyzing the fishing production of Patraikos gulf. In order to evaluate the impacts of the fishery sector, precise and reliable data are needed. Those help us to adopt measures that actually work and don’t transpose and accentuate problems. Coastal fishery shrinks during last years because of the fact that the age average is high for fishermen and their children do not intend to work to this sector. Coastal fishermen are active almost around the coastline, while the gears used are gill nets, trammel nets and long lines. The target species is Merluccius merluccius for almost all gears. The great number and variety of non target species caught with the same gears in different areas, suggests great heterogeneity of biotopes. Increased fishing effort observed in summer months for the coastal fishery as well as for the recreational fishery, promotes competition between the two sectors. The factors to compete for are the stock, the space and the market. This study shows that recreational fishery becomes third in the list of the problems that the professional fishery has to cope with; a fact confirmed by the great increase of the recreational boats in a very short term. These restrictions that go for the study area, appear to be effective, since stocks that are considered overexploited seem to recover. However, the modern tendency is being reflected in the holistic approach of the ecosystems through Marine Protected Areas (MPA). Thus, technical measures are proposed according to international practices, orientated to an ecological and socioeconomic aspect.

This thesis explored the influence of fish behavior and distribution on the accuracy and precision of quantitative estimates of fish biomass and abundance as assessed by hydroacoustic techniques. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), a pelagic fish known to undertake diel vertical migrations and to exhibit changes in aggregation intensity associated with these movements was used as the model species for this study. The diel vertical migrations of smelt resulted in their potential inaccessibility to the acoustic gear. To obviate this problem a model of the diel migration of smelt based on observations of their behavioral responses to ambient light and water temperatures, was developed and used to time acoustic estimates of fish biomass and abundance to periods when they were unbiased by inaccessibility. Acoustic surveys were then conducted to evaluate the direct influence of fish aggregation on estimates of fish abundance, and to examine the effect of changes in fish distributions on the statistical validity of acoustic analyses. Comparative acoustic surveys, conducted when fish were schooled and dispersed, showed abundance was underestimated by up to 50% when schooling prevailed. The influence of changes in the level of fish patchiness, induced by diel schooling, on the statistical precision of acoustic estimates of abundance and biomass was found to be insignificant. Cluster sampling, a robust approach to the inherent problems of transect sampling created by autocorrelated data series was applied to acoustic data for the first time and its effectiveness was assessed. Cluster sampling yielded estimates of biomass and of abundance that were more precise than were estimates based on the traditional approach of analyzing complete transects.

Conventional fisheries management has appeared to be at odds with the rights of Native people in the Province of British Columbia. At the same time many Native Bands want to focus on the salmon fishery for economic and cultural revival. The combination of these two factors with growing management problems for the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) has, for some Bands resulted in efforts toward cooperative management (co-management) of the resource. This thesis analyzes the outcomes of efforts towards co-management of one Band (Ditidaht, at Nitinaht Lake), and evaluates its effectiveness in the early stages of implementation. The thesis includes both a literature review and a case study that describes the Band's efforts at local control in light of their developing property rights, made stronger by recent court cases. It also describes how the DFO has responded to these developments, and how both groups attempted to keep the process directed toward improved fisheries management. The literature review reveals that while there are a number of advantages to the practice of co-management over conventional systems, there also a number of challenges that face local groups attempting this practice. The case study focuses particular attention on how the Ditidaht Band has responded to these challenges. Strategies used by the Ditidaht Band and the DFO, in response to increasing property;. . rights of the Band, to better manage the salmon fishery and to overcome barriers to the exercise of co-management are documented and analyzed. These strategies have generally evolved from concern for the conservation of salmon on the part of both parties. For the Ditidaht these strategies also involved a search for economic development opportunities. Outcomes of the efforts of the two parties are also analyzed in terms of propositions about co-management set out in the literature. It is concluded that the DFO has been reluctant to grant the Ditidaht control over fisheries management functions and appear to have done so done so reluctantly, and only as a result of recent court cases. Because of this Ditidaht input has been kept to a minimum and basically only involves enforcement. As for the Ditidaht Band, it has not taken full advantage of alliances with other parties as a mechanism for enhancing its control over the resource. The Band has also generally not responded to the importance of internal cohesion by establishing a forum for solving disputes over allocation. They have also failed to see the importance of using public concern for conservation as a strategic tool. The case study highlights the importance of looking beyond short-term interests, in this case economic development, in order to become self-sufficient in the long-term.

Aboriginal rights, and aboriginal fishing rights in particular, are topics which elicit a variety of responses ranging from the positive to hostile. In British Columbia, fish is big business and it is the fourth largest industry in the province. The stakes are high and the positions of the various user groups and stakeholders are clearly demarcated. The fight over fish has pitted aboriginal groups against other aboriginal groups as well as against the federal government and its department of fisheries and oceans - however, the fight becomes vicious, underhanded, and mean spirited when the aboriginal groups are matched against the commercial industry. In an attempt to even the odds the aboriginal peoples have turned to the courts for recognition and protection of what they view as inherent rights - that is a right to fish arising out of the very nature of being an aboriginal person. Up until the Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Sparrow aboriginal rights had been virtually ignored by both the courts and the state. However Sparrow changed all that and significantly altered the fight over fish. And that fight has become a virtual no-holds barred battle. The Sparrow decision remains to this day one of the most important Supreme Court decisions pertaining to aboriginal rights. This thesis is a case study of Sparrow - it will examine the decision from a perspective of whether subordinate or disadvantaged groups are able to use the law to advance their causes of social progress and equality. The thesis examines the status and nature of aboriginal fishing rights before and after the Sparrow decision. The thesis will examine whether the principles of the decision have been upheld or followed by the courts and the government of Canada. Data will consist of interviews with representatives of the key players in the fishing industry, namely, the Musqueam Indian Band, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the commercial industry. In brief, the findings of my research do not bode well for the aboriginal peoples - the principles of the Sparrow decision have not been followed by the government of Canada and aboriginal fishing rights remain subject to arbitrary control. The thesis will examine why and how this happened.

Recent shifts towards ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) around the world have necessitated consideration of effects of fishing on a larger range of species than previously. Non-selective multispecies fisheries are particularly problematic for EBFM, as they can contribute to erosion of ecosystem structure. The trade-off between catch of productive commercial species and abundance of low-productivity species is unavoidable in most multispecies fisheries. A first step in evaluation of this trade-off is estimation of productivity of different species but this is often hampered by poor data. This thesis develops techniques for estimating productivity for data-limited species and aims to help clarify EBFM policy objectives for the fisheries of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It begins with development of an age-structured model parameterised in terms of optimal harvest rate, UMSY. UMSY is a measure of productivity, comparable among species and easily communicated to managers. It also represents a valid threshold for prevention of overfishing. The model is used to derive UMSY for 54 Atlantic fish stocks for which recruitment parameters had previously been estimated. In most cases, UMSY was strongly limited by the age at which fish were first caught. However, for some species, UMSY was more strongly constrained by life history attributes. The model was then applied to twelve species of Australian deepwater dogshark (Order Squaliformes), known to have been severely depleted by fishing. Results showed that the range of possible values of UMSY for these species is very low indeed. These findings enabled a preliminary stock assessment for three dogsharks (Centrophorus spp.) currently being considered for threatened species listing. Preliminary results suggest they have been overfished and that overfishing continues. Finally, an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model, representing the 1976 NSW continental slope, is used to illustrate trade-offs in implementation of fishing policies under alternative policy objectives. Results are compared with those of a biogeochemical ecosystem model (Atlantis) of the same system, built by scientists from CSIRO. While there were large differences in model predictions for individual species, they gave similar results when ranking alternative fishing policies, suggesting that ecosystem models may be useful for exploring broad-scale strategic management options.

This thesis explores the changing meaning of wind dried salmon in contemporary constructions of the culture of the Stó:lō First Nation. Wind drying has been a method of preserving salmon for the Aboriginal peoples of the lower mainland of British Columbia since time immemorial, providing significant winter provisions. However, over the course of the last one hundred years, participation in this fishing activity has been drastically decreased and currently only a handful of Stó:lō families maintain dry racks in the Fraser canyon. As a result, wind dried salmon has gone from being a staple to a delicacy, and is now valued as a cultural tradition, rather than merely as a food product. This change in culturally inscribed meaning is a product of the relationship between Stó:lō fishing activities and fishery regulations imposed by the settler state. Increasing restrictions of Aboriginal fishing rights have resulted in decreased participation and success in the Stó:lō fisheries. Furthermore, regulation has artificially categorized and segregated Stó:lō fishing activities, dislocating the commercialized fresh catch from the "subsistence" dried fish harvest. The response to this regulatory pressure has been the traditionalization of the wind dry fishery, situating the activity as a cultural symbol and a point of resistance to external control. Wind dryers currently refuse to commercialize the wind dry fishery, thus resisting outside control of the management of the fishery and the distribution of the harvest. This situation is discussed in light of anthropological understandings of the construction of traditions, and the issues of Aboriginal rights surrounding contemporary Stó:lōfishing activities.

This is a study of the human conflict over fish in late nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbia, and of how that conflict was shaped by law. Law, understood broadly to include both the legal forms of the Canadian state and those of Native peoples, defined and in part created both Native and state fisheries. When those fisheries clashed, one finds conflict between legal systems. When one fishery sought to replace the other, its laws had to replace the other. Thus, this is a study of law and colonialism, seen through a close analysis of the conflict over fish. Native fisheries and the web of regulation surrounding them preceded non-Native interest in British Columbia's fish. The fishery was not an open-access resource, but rather a commons, defined by entitlements, prohibitions and sanctions that allowed certain activity, proscribed others, permitted one group to catch fish at certain times in particular locations with particular technology, and prohibited others. The Canadian state denied the legitimacy and even the existence of Native fisheries law in imposing its law on the fishery. This study, based largely on government records and a secondary anthropological literature, describes the legal apparatus constructed by the Canadian state to reduce Native control of the fisheries in British Columbia through the creation, in law, of the "Indian food fishery". Law became a means of constructing a particular economic and social order that marginalized Native participation in the fishery and eliminated Native control. It was a "rhetoric of legitimation" that supported state domination, but also local resistance. Native peoples and their supporters used law, both Native and state law, to defend their fisheries. The history of the conflict over fish is the history of competing legal cultures, and the struggle on the Cowichan River and the Babine River over fish weirs reveals those cultures, constructed in opposition to each other. The study concludes by integrating the local conflicts over fish into a wider literature on law and colonialism, reflecting on the role of law in particular colonial settings.