Building out of recent scholarship that examines the way colonialism has altered Aboriginal peoples relationships with the land, this thesis employs the theories of historical anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historical philosopher R.G. Collingwood, and historical consciousness with ethnohistorical methods to explore the ways Native people have worked to protect and regain their connections with certain places. In particular, it examines change and continuity in the ways that the Stó:lõ Coast Salish in South Western British Columbia have understood and continue to understand a place called I:yem, located four kilometres north of Yale in the Fraser Canyon. Following a historiographical chapter, two case studies are used to access past and present Stó:lõ understandings of I:yem. The first case study examines the 1938 erection of a memorial there (which incorporated and blended aspects of Roman Catholicism with an articulation of a distinct Stó:lõ identity and assertion of rights) to see how I:yem was understood at the time. The creation of the I:yem Memorial illuminates those aspects of Stó:lõ relationships with I:yem that were considered non-negotiable in the face of rapid change and conflict, namely the continued importance of fishing and ancestors. The second case study, based on oral interviews that I conducted during the joint University of Victoria/University of Saskatchewan Stó:lõ Ethnohistory Fieldschool in June 2007, focuses on the current significance of I:yem and its memorial. Today the Stó:lõ place a greater emphasis on the importance of re-establishing personal connections with the Fraser Canyon in general, rather than in identifying those specific aspects of the relationships that are collectively and communally non-negotiable and in need of being preserved. Over the past seventy years the Aboriginal people of the Fraser Canyon and Valley have employed innovative means to regain and preserve attachments to their places. This thesis explores these processes, fundamentally demonstrating the importance Stó:lõ people attribute to maintaining relationships with place in the face of change.

Recent shifts towards ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) around the world have necessitated consideration of effects of fishing on a larger range of species than previously. Non-selective multispecies fisheries are particularly problematic for EBFM, as they can contribute to erosion of ecosystem structure. The trade-off between catch of productive commercial species and abundance of low-productivity species is unavoidable in most multispecies fisheries. A first step in evaluation of this trade-off is estimation of productivity of different species but this is often hampered by poor data. This thesis develops techniques for estimating productivity for data-limited species and aims to help clarify EBFM policy objectives for the fisheries of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It begins with development of an age-structured model parameterised in terms of optimal harvest rate, UMSY. UMSY is a measure of productivity, comparable among species and easily communicated to managers. It also represents a valid threshold for prevention of overfishing. The model is used to derive UMSY for 54 Atlantic fish stocks for which recruitment parameters had previously been estimated. In most cases, UMSY was strongly limited by the age at which fish were first caught. However, for some species, UMSY was more strongly constrained by life history attributes. The model was then applied to twelve species of Australian deepwater dogshark (Order Squaliformes), known to have been severely depleted by fishing. Results showed that the range of possible values of UMSY for these species is very low indeed. These findings enabled a preliminary stock assessment for three dogsharks (Centrophorus spp.) currently being considered for threatened species listing. Preliminary results suggest they have been overfished and that overfishing continues. Finally, an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model, representing the 1976 NSW continental slope, is used to illustrate trade-offs in implementation of fishing policies under alternative policy objectives. Results are compared with those of a biogeochemical ecosystem model (Atlantis) of the same system, built by scientists from CSIRO. While there were large differences in model predictions for individual species, they gave similar results when ranking alternative fishing policies, suggesting that ecosystem models may be useful for exploring broad-scale strategic management options.

A great deal of literature exists that documents the nature and development of relations between Native and Newcomer groups in what is today the Eastern and Maritime regions of Canada. By comparison, however, studies which examine interaction between these two groups in Canada's prairie region are considerably lacking. Although a sufficient amount has been written about prairie Indian peoples and their experiences with government officials and policy, relatively little is known about relations between Indian reserve communities and neighbouring immigrant communities, particularly during the early years of settlement. A survey of existing sources suggests that during this time Indian people were simply settled on reserves and immigrant towns grew up around them, each, it seems, operating in complete isolation from the other.<p>This thesis aims to fill this gap in the historical literature by attempting to draw out the essence of the integrated and intertwined elements of the history shared by two prairie communities. The basic aim of this study is to trace the nature and development of relations between Fishing Lake First Nation and Wadena, located in the east central portion of Saskatchewan, from the 1880s to the present. Exploring a Shared History seeks to provide a more thorough understanding of and broader perspective on an important, yet much-neglected, facet of the region's history.

Building out of recent scholarship that examines the way colonialism has altered Aboriginal peoples relationships with the land, this thesis employs the theories of historical anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, historical philosopher R.G. Collingwood, and historical consciousness with ethnohistorical methods to explore the ways Native people have worked to protect and regain their connections with certain places. In particular, it examines change and continuity in the ways that the Stó:lõ Coast Salish in South Western British Columbia have understood and continue to understand a place called I:yem, located four kilometres north of Yale in the Fraser Canyon. Following a historiographical chapter, two case studies are used to access past and present Stó:lõ understandings of I:yem. The first case study examines the 1938 erection of a memorial there (which incorporated and blended aspects of Roman Catholicism with an articulation of a distinct Stó:lõ identity and assertion of rights) to see how I:yem was understood at the time. The creation of the I:yem Memorial illuminates those aspects of Stó:lõ relationships with I:yem that were considered non-negotiable in the face of rapid change and conflict, namely the continued importance of fishing and ancestors. The second case study, based on oral interviews that I conducted during the joint University of Victoria/University of Saskatchewan Stó:lõ Ethnohistory Fieldschool in June 2007, focuses on the current significance of I:yem and its memorial. Today the Stó:lõ place a greater emphasis on the importance of re-establishing personal connections with the Fraser Canyon in general, rather than in identifying those specific aspects of the relationships that are collectively and communally non-negotiable and in need of being preserved. Over the past seventy years the Aboriginal people of the Fraser Canyon and Valley have employed innovative means to regain and preserve attachments to their places. This thesis explores these processes, fundamentally demonstrating the importance Stó:lõ people attribute to maintaining relationships with place in the face of change.

The desert ant Cataglyphis fortis lives in the Sahara desert where it is exposed to extreme temperatures up to 70° C. In other words, the organism is considered as a thermophile. Until now the genome remains unknown but the fact that C. fortis provides heat stable proteins makes it very interesting in the field of protein studies and maybe even therapeutical research later on. This thesis focuses on trying to find genes that are expressed in C. fortis. Different genes were chosen and capable primers designed. After fishing for the enzyme GAPDH a fragment was found and sequenced. The sequence showed 31% homology on amino acid level with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in Apis mellifera (honey bee) and Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly). The received sequence can be used to design new primers that match exactly. Gene fishing can also be continued by using the other primers that were designed during this project.

Abstract In Taiwan, long-line fishing has been the major technique in fishery. With the enhancement of fishing techniques, the fishing zone of Taiwan has spread all over three of World Oceans, and Taiwan has been regarded as one of five largest pelagic fishing countries. Pelagic long-line fishery plays a crucial role in economic development in Taiwan. In recent years, the fishery environments, whether in domestic or foreign fishing zone, have been dramatically changing. Since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has been resulted, all of coastal nations have subsequently set up the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or marine economic development zone, which is stretched out 200 nautical miles from a nation¡¦s coast. However, the establishment of marine economic development zone also brings about the high seas¡¦ largely shrinking. Since the past, the increasing extinction of fish species is mainly resulted from illegal fishing techniques, fishing in the fishing-prohibited zone or during the prohibited period, catching fingerlings and using illegitimate fishing gear. Under such a decreasing fishing circumstance, those Taiwanese long-line fishing vessels under 100 tonnes, mostly fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, are struggling with many changes, such as international fishing limitation, the fishing vessels decreasing policy, the diminishing amount of fish caused by climate changes, the raising oil price and cost. Respecting the situation that most of long-line fishing vessels are managed by ship owners instead of fishery companies, and the fishing-related records are too scarce to provide for reference, this research will explore how the 100-tonne-under long-line fishing vessels owners can manage their business in South Pacific Ocean. All information in this study is acquired from Fisheries Agency in Taiwan and interviews with long-line fishing vessels owners. The questions asked in those interviews mainly target fishing benefit, cost, method of supplies, and the policy on captain and crew management. Based on the analysis of those cases mentioned above, we can figure out the practical operation and management of the 100-tonne-under long-line fishing vessels owners in Taiwan. Furthermore, this study also points out current difficulties in fishery management, providing for those vessels owners as the crucial reference of increasing competitive advantages. Keywords: Long-Line Fishing, South Pacific Ocean, Business Management, Yellowfin Tuna, Cost-Benefit Analysis

The present study investigates in a comprehensive perspective the development and planned design prospect of the proposed yacht marina. As the current yacht docking conditions in Taiwan are generally unsatisfactory, it is necessary in our study to first inspect the inconvenient laws based on review ing the existing docking regulations and their restrictions imposed on yacht docking. The investigation is supplemented with a comparison of foreign examples and brings up the unfavorable conditions restricting the development of yacht cruising, and the respective improving solutions required. The study also discusses the future yacht industry perspective and the leisure habit of our citizen based on a number of datasets. It is anticipated that through the advantage of clustering benefits of the industry (Nanxing Yacht Manufacturing Zone) and the promotion of leisure activities, the yacht docking marina business in Taiwan can be significantly enhanced. The present study, based on yacht industry perspective, has analyzed the necessity of a yacht marina and its benefits on associated industries, and the unfavorable consequences that could probably be generated from the constructionof the marina such as its impacts on natural, ecological and living environments, and discusses the mitigation measures by environmental engineering. The transformation of the fishing marinas in Badouzi, Wushi and Wuqi, on the other hand, is one of the policies under the "Coastal Rehabilitation and Fishery Development Project" actively executed by the government, and the study has carried out various baseline evaluations on all possible scenarios as aresult of this transformation. Chapters on "Assessment of the current conditions of the yacht marinas in Taiwan" and "The design planning of an ideal yacht marina"conclude the study. The former summarizes the opinions and proposed improvement measures provided by related government officials, scholars and businesspersons while the latter proposes various blueprints and substantiated development management concepts of an ideal yacht marina based on consultation of extensive references and foreign examples.

The conceptualization of leisure constraints is dependent on negotiating a hierarchy of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural leisure constraints. It has become a recognizable and distinct subfield within leisure studies. Research has shown that the leisure constraints should not be necessarily viewed as insurmountable obstacles. Individuals can negotiate constraints by applying an array of coping mechanisms. Recently, Iwasaki and Schneider (2003) and Schneider and Stanis (2007) proposed that constraints negotiation and coping with stress share much in common. Leisure constraints are considered elements of stress, whereas constraint negotiation appears to share commonalities with ways of coping with stress. The distinction between negotiation and coping is that negotiation is something people have engaged in prior to participating in the activity, whereas coping involves strategies people more typically engage in during active participation (in response to unwanted or unanticipated situations). Based on past literature, I constructed a constraints-coping model to extend our understanding of constraints negotiation by integrating an understanding of coping mechanisms into leisure constraints-negotiation models. In order to broaden the scope of a constraints-coping framework, I integrated additional social indicators (e.g., commitment, motivation, place attachment, and frequency of participation) into my hypothesized model. First, my testing of the constraints-coping model provided empirical support for Iwasaki and his colleagues' suggestion that coping strategies can be potentially integrated into models of constraints-negotiation processes. Second, I confirmed that the three types of onsite constraints continue to have relevance for active participants. The three types of constraining factors directly influence subsequent aspects of leisure engagement for recreationists already participating. Third, I confirmed that recreationists are more likely to cope with constraints by employing an array of problem-focused coping strategies, rather than to simply adjust cognitively. However, my findings illustrate that recreationists' coping responses vary in response to different types of constraints encountered (e.g., intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural). The experience of constraints did not universally result in the increased use of coping. Fourth, my results confirm that motivation is an immediate antecedent of constraints as well as a potential trigger for encouraging more problem-focused coping strategies. Last, four selected key variables (e.g., place attachment, commitment motivation, and frequency of participation) demonstrated different effects on influencing active participants' perceived constraints and subsequent coping strategies. Future investigations of coping strategies should continue to explore how active participants cope with onsite constraints based on a constraints-coping model in different settings.

Traditionally, it is commonly believe that the marine fish stock is renewable and inexhaustible. However, following a dramatic progress of fishing technology, it is proved that the unregulated fishing activity would cause the resource stock deteriorated. It is a necessary evil to design a management procedure, which implements an annual fishing quota system in order to maintain the sustainability of the fish resource. In the most recent years, sudden implementation quota restrictions in many international commissions for management and conservation of marine mammal and fish had posted a challenge to the fishing company of the Far Sea Fishery in Taiwan, which was not used to the quota regulation before. In the short run, the fishing company would react to get more quotas in any necessary ways to ensure their profitability, even though the quota is not obtained in a regular way. Five conservation commissions in the three oceans for the conservation of Tuna and Tuna-like Species have been established. International Commission for the Conversation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) is the organization of Atlantic. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission¡]WCPFC¡^and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission¡]IATTC¡^is the organization of Pacific. The organization of Indian Ocean is Indian Ocean Tuna Commission¡]IOTC¡^which is a sub-organization of FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna¡]CCSBT¡^is a organization covering three oceans. Three commissions have implemented annual quota among the five. In recent year, the quantity of our fishing vessels have overtaken Japan and become the top rank of the Deep Sea Longline Fishing country in the world. Though there are still 2 commissions do not implement quota restriction, it is believed to be implemented soon. When the quota restriction is implemented by all the commissions, the fishing company can not get additional quota any more, then it will be very difficult to operate by a normal way. In order to avoid the serious influence of insufficient quota, the operating strategy must be made as soon as possibly. First of all, the basic concept of the Ultra Low Temperature Longline Fishery is introduced. Then the background and quota condition of the five tuna fish conservation commissions will be mentioned, especially the Indian Ocean will be discussed with more details. The case of fishing company will be taken as an example for the research. Except the detailed analysis of the case, some related good management will be considered also. A suggestion how to adjust the operation to facing the insufficiency of quota will be proposed as a reference. Keyword¡GTuna, Tuna Conservation, Tuna Long Line Fishing, Tuna Quota, SWOT Analysis, Fishery Management Strategy

The aquaculture is the fastest growing food source globally, 47% of the aquatic food supply in the whole world came from aquaculture, may exceed 60% 20 years later, but aquaculture under the situation of sustainable development and environmental protection with surging consciousness in the coastal wetland inland, developments are also contracted by limit factors, Marine culture become an important way of development in the future, certainly will become the mainstream of future fishery. Taiwan, surround by sea, the area shallower than 30 meters of depth offshore (include the intertidal zone) is up to 300,000 hectares, is possessed of excellent aquatic aquacultural technique backgrounds, with both traditional and prospective aquacultural type at the same time, suitable for developing marine culture very much. Marine aquaculture of the ¡§demarcated fishing right ¡¨in the Fisheries Act currently, facing the complication and diversity of utilizing in the maritime spaces day by day, uncertainty about fishing right of policy from central government, and confused concept of ¡§title right¡¨, cause the perplexing and dispute of management. The integrated use of GPS, RS and GIS technology, has nearly already applied to every industry field in recent years, in addition, action device technology change with each passing day, let the aspect of 3-S technical application wider and diversification. Management and administration also need to come with the correct idea to marine aquaculture, can just develop sustainablly, it¡¦s necessary to utilize 3-S technology which mellower rapidly, as the tool of management of sea area of demarcated fishery and establish the mechanism and model of management, implement of sea farming, planned production, and the best practice of responsible fishery. This research shows, the government should face marine aquaculture industry squarely again, set up the intact mechanism of management and structure, need to combine and implement with the modern scientific and technological tool, start from each link, use the database platform of integrated 3-S technology, even cooperate with the action device, can offer the improved dynamic management model, and believe that provide the breakthrough reform benefit to development and management of marine aquaculture industry. In order to solve the problem that already been existed for a long time in industry, to set up suitable regulations for management and how to promote making the transition of industry in the future, can't solve all problems by the technological tool only, must still amend the policy and system, both improved in chorus, can offer the good development environment for marine aquaculture. The application of 3-S integrated technology to current demarcated fishing right fishery and future marine aquaculture: 1.Offer a reliable and practical tool for traditional demarcated fishing right fishery administration ; 2. An essential dynamic database of marine aquaculture management in the future; 3. Constructed database in existence must be exactly merged effectively. Should comply with the current tendency of the world, establish the marine functional zoning, changing the concept of marine space using: 1. The marine functional zoning system is a world trend; 2. Set up a sustainable mechanism of management to use ocean; 3. Break the confused concept of ¡§title right¡¨; 4. Public wealth and pay for marine use. The integrated regulation of marine aquaculture should include: 1. Application and permission of the license to marine space using right; 2. Arrangement of management fund; 3. The items of marine pollution monitoring and the precaution implement; 4.The essential items of health management of the aquatic species cultured; 5. The establishment of the ¡§Traceability System¡¨ and dynamic database; 6. Advancing marine aquaculture insurance; 7. Aquatic food security.