Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden, die lokalen Tragmechanismen eines Brückenhohlkastens im Bereich der Feldumlenkstellen (Feldlisenen) zu untersuchen und zu optimieren. Beim Entwurf einer Brücke gewinnt die Frage der Dauerhaftigkeit u.a. in Deutschland und der Schweiz eine immer zentralere und grössere Bedeutung. Dadurch können die laufenden Kosten reduziert werden, während ausserhalb dieser beiden Länder im Allgemeinen mehr Gewicht auf die rationelle Fertigung und die Kostenersparnis in der Bauphase gelegt werden. Die Dauerhaftigkeit von extern vorgespannten Brücken mit ihren relativ geringen Wartungs- und Unterhalts- bzw. Instandstellungskosten sind das Hauptargument für diese Bauweise. Bei Vorspannung ohne Verbund sind für externe Spannglieder grössere Verankerungskonstruktionen erforderlich. Dies, weil die Spannglieder nicht im Steg selbst, sondern mit einem Mindestabstand zum Steg in Lisenen vorgespannt werden müssen. Über diese Verankerungsstellen werden in Hohlkastenbrücken grosse Kräfte konzentriert in die Stege, Boden- und Fahrbahnplatten eingeleitet. Im Sinne von Gewichtsreduktion des Brückenbauwerks sollen die Feldlisenen möglichst schlank und Platz sparend ausgeführt werden. Nur durch eine sorgfältige Bemessung und Konstruktion der Verankerungs- und Umlenkstellen kann die Voraussetzung für sichere und dauerhafte Brückenbauwerke gewährleistet werden. Die Bruchsicherheit ist dadurch nicht beeinträchtigt. Von grösstem Interesse ist jedoch die Gebrauchstauglichkeit, das heisst die Rissbreiten mit Rücksicht auf Korrosionsschäden in der Bewehrung. Bei den ersten in Deutschland extern vorgespannten Brücken schlug Prof. Eibl für den Stahl III vor, die Spannungen von 240 N/mm2 auf 220 N/mm2 zu begrenzen. In der Richtlinie für externe Vorspannung von 1998 wurden die Spannungen weiter auf 180 N/mm2 reduziert. Um eine unkontrollierte Rissbildung in den hoch bewehrten Verankerungskonstruktionen zu verhindern, sind genaue Kenntnisse der Kraftflüsse und für die Praxis taugliche Bemessungsmodelle notwendig. Die Geometrie und die statische Berechnung der gewählten Umlenkkonstruktion müssen entsprechend gewichtet werden. In dieser Arbeit werden an zwei Vergleichsmodellen, die lokalen Tragmechanismen einer extern vorgespannten Hohlkastenbrücke im Bereich der Feldumlenkstelle (Feldlisene) untersucht. Mit linear-elastischen und nichtlinearen numerischen Berechnungen wird abgeklärt, ob unter dem Ansatz einer Spannungserhöhung im Bewehrungsstahl auf 285 N/mm2, die Gebrauchstauglichkeit noch gewährleistet werden kann. Den Berechnungen wird eine Krafteinleitung von 2 x 3 MN mit Umlenkkräften von 4 x 0,64 MN zu Grunde gelegt. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass das Ziel, mit einer Bewehrung von As = 3,35 % m2/m unter Gebrauchslasten keine Rissbreiten über 0,2 mm auftreten, erreicht werden kann. Die Berechnungen werden zudem an einem Brückenmodell im Massstab 1:1 in einem Belastungsversuch an der Empa in Dübendorf auf ihre Aussagekraft und Richtigkeit überprüft und bestätigt. / This present work which is aimed at contributing to local carrying mechanisms of a bridging box girder in the field of belt reversals, should be investigated and optimized. In designing a bridge the main concern is that of durability; especially in Germany and Switzerland, this is invariably acquiring a more central meaning. In this way recurring expenses can be reduced, whilst beyond these two countries in general more weight is laid on the rational manufacture and cost saving in the construction phases. The durability of externally pre-stressed bridges with their relatively low maintenance and service as well as repair costs are the main arguments for this method of construction. Larger anchorage construction is necessary for pre-tensioning external tensions. This is because the tensions are themselves not placed on the ligament itself, but must be pre-stressed in pilaster strips with a minimum distance. Over these anchorage locations immense energy is concentrated in the large box girder bridges, and thus induced in the ligament, ground and track supporting layers. As far as weight reduction of the bridging structure is concerned, the field pilaster strips should be designed as thin as possible and also be able to save space. Only through careful measuring and construction of the anchor and turning points can the requirements for safe and lasting bridge construction works be guaranteed. The bridge safety is thus not affected. However, the greatest interest is that of userfriendliness, i.e. the width of the fissure with consideration of corrosion damages in the armouring. At the first external pre-stressed bridge in Germany, Prof. Eibl suggested that for the steel III, stressing of 240/Nmm2 should be limited to 220 N/mm2. In the guideline for external pre-stressing of 1998, the tensions were further reduced to 180 N/mm2. In order to prevent an uncontrolled crack formation in the highly armoured anchorage construction, concrete knowledge of the distribution of forces for the applicable measurement models is necessary. The geometry and the statistical calculation of the selected deflect construction must be weighed accordingly. In this project two comparative models were inspected, which tested the local load mechanism of an external pre-stressed box girder bridge in the field redirecting area. With linear elasticity and numerical calculations it is possible to clarify if the serviceability can be allowed under the accretion of a stress increase in the armouring steel to 285 N/mm2. The calculations are based on a load transmission of 2 x 3 MN with a deviation force of 4 x 0,64 MN. The calculations will have a force transmission of 2 x 3 MN with turning forces of 4 x 0.64 MN forming the basis. The calculations portray that the goal to avoid any fissures over 0,2 mm can be achieved, with an armoring of As = 3,35 % m2/m under the service load. Additionally, the calculations will be assessed of their validity and accuracy on a scale of 1:1 in a loading test at the EMPA (the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research) in Dübendorf and be therefore confirmed.

Le problème du rendement de la distribution des eaux potables a récemment fait l’objet de nombreux travaux de recherche. En effet, les ruptures des canalisations et les fuites sont des phénomènes assez fréquents en milieu urbain. Afin de réduire au maximum les risques de fuite à long terme, près de 60 % des réseaux d’eau potable sont construits ou renouvelés avec des conduites en polyéthylène de troisième génération, PE100. De par ses caractéristiques, c’est un matériau de choix pour les réseaux d’adduction d’eau. Mais la présence d’un défaut superficiel peut générer la rupture de la conduite sous l’effet d’écoulement transitoire. Afin d’étudier ce problème, notre étude est décomposée en deux parties. La première est consacrée à l’étude de l’effet dynamique du comportement viscoélastique du matériau sur l’écoulement transitoire à l’aide d’un modèle mathématique que nous avons développé dans cette thèse. Nous avons démontré que le comportement viscoélastique du PE100 joue un rôle primordial dans l’amortissement du phénomène du coup de bélier et de résonance. En cas de présence de couplage de jonction, l’étude de l’interaction fluide-structure est nécessaire pour définir correctement les fréquences propres d’un système de conduites. Ensuite, dans la seconde partie, nous avons étudié le comportement à la fissuration des conduites en PE100 présentant un défaut. A l’aide d’essais expérimentaux et de modélisations par éléments finis, nous avons démontré que le concept de la mécanique élasto-plastique de rupture, l’intégrale J, peut définir avec une précision acceptable le comportement à la fissuration d’une conduite en PE100. Nous avons cherché à déterminer l’intégrale J à l’aide d’un modèle semi-empirique afin de définir une relation entre la pression d’amorçage de fissure, la taille de défaut (fissure semi-elliptique) et la géométrie de la conduite / The efficiency of potable water distribution systems has been recently the subject of much research. Leakages or a ruptures, occurring in pipes, are quite a frequent phenomenon in urban areas. In order to minimize long-term risks of leakage, about 60% of potable water networks are built or renewed with the third generation of polyethylene pipe, PE100. It is a material with various features, which makes it a widely used material in the water supply networks. However, under transient conditions and with a surficial defect in the pipe, a failure occurs. To investigate this issue, our study is divided into two main parts. The first part is studying the dynamic effect of the viscoelastic material under transient flow conditions using a developed mathematical model. We have demonstrated that the viscoelastic behavior of PE100 plays a primordial role in the damping of water hammer and resonance phenomenon. In case of presence of coupling junction, a study of the fluid structure interaction is mandatory to correctly define the natural frequencies of a piping system. In the second part, we have investigated the crack behavior of PE100 pipes with defects. Using the experimental tests and finite elements results, we have demonstrated that the concept of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the J-Integral, define with reasonable accuracy the behavior of cracked PE100-pipe. At the end, we sought to determine the J-Integral with a semi-empirical model in order to define a relationship between the crack initiation pressure, the dimension of semi-elliptical surface cracks and the geometry of the pipe

L’Inconel 718 est un superalliage base nickel largement utilisé par les motoristes tels Safran Aircraft Engines pour l’élaboration des disques de turbine. Après forgeage des disques, un traitement de vieillissement appelé « Direct Aged » est appliqué. En service, le régime de croisière représente un temps de maintien sous chargement constant pour les disques. Bien que pas complètement compris, il est largement admis qu’un temps de maintien dans un cycle de fatigue a un effet néfaste sur le comportement en fissuration de l’Inconel 718 ainsi que d’autres superalliages. Cette étude porte donc sur la fissuration en fatigue-fluage dans l’Inconel 718 DA à 550°C et 650°C. Des essais sont menés pour des temps de maintien allant jusqu’à 1h. Des développements de la méthode de suivi de fissure par mesure de potentiel (DCPD) ont permis d’identifier la décharge-recharge (contribution de fatigue) d’un cycle de fatigue-fluage comme la partie la plus néfaste du cycle. L’application d’un temps de maintien amplifie cette contribution. Le temps de maintien induit également des fronts de fissure extrêmement courbes et tortueux, contrairement à de la fatigue pure. Une stratégie numérique a été développée, couplant la simulation 3D de la propagation et la méthode dite DCPD, permettant de réaliser des « essais numériques ». La propagation de fronts courbes et tortueux est simulée. Il a été démontré que le comportement en propagation est directement lié à la forme du front de fissure et son évolution. Des essais complexes ont été menés, sous vide, ou impliquant des surcharges. Lorsque l’effet du temps de maintien est annihilé, les morphologies complexes des fronts disparaissent. Elles sont alors associées à une inhibition locale de l’effet endommageant de l’environnement due à la plasticité et aux vitesses de déformation locales. Tous les essais présentés sont analysés en considérant l’effet de la vitesse de déformation locale qui influe largement le comportement en fissuration de l’Inconel 718. / Inconel 718 is a nickel-based superalloy widely used by aeroengines manufacturers like Safran Aircraft Engine to manufacture turbine disks. After forging, disks are given an ageing treatment called “Direct Aged”. In service, during cruise, these critical components handle hold-time periods at constant loading. It is well known, although not fully understood, that hold-time increases crack growth rates (CGR) in Inconel 718 as well as others superalloys. Therefore, this study focuses on crack propagation under hold-time conditions in DA Inconel 718, at 550°C and 650°C. Experiments were carried out for different hold-times, up to 1h. Developments on the crack monitoring technique (DCPD) led to the conclusion that the most damaging part of the cycle is load-reversal (fatigue contribution). This contribution is enhanced by the hold-time period. Holdtime leads to dramatically curved and tortuous crack front, contrary to pure fatigue cycles. A numerical framework was developed, combining crack growth and DCPD simulations, so that “numerical tests” can be carried out. Using this method, crack growth simulations were performed from curved and tortuous, experimentally reproduced, crack front. It was concluded that increased crack CGR under hold-time conditions are closely related to the crack front morphology and its evolution during propagation. More complex tests, with overloads or under vacuum, were carried out. When the hold-time effect is inhibited, complex morphologies vanish. Such morphologies were associated to local inhibition of the environmental damaging effect due to local high plastic strain and strain rates. The large variety of experiments, presented in this study, was then successfully analyzed considering the effect of local strain rates which greatly influence the crack growth behavior of Inconel 718.

Dans le cadre de la prolongation de la vie et de la démonstration de la sécurité des bâtiments des réacteurs nucléaires suite aux accidents graves de Tchernobyl (en Ukraine, 1986) et Fukushima (au Japon, 2011), le projet " Maitrise du confinement d'une enceinte en accident " (MACENA) soutenu par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) a été lancé depuis 2013. Les campagnes expérimentales et les travaux de modélisation dans ce projet sont basés sur une maquette expérimentale de confinement à l'échelle 1/3 nommée VeRCoRs qui est construite et surveillée par Electricité de France (EDF). Les principaux problèmes liés à l'exploitation à long terme des centrales nucléaires de plus de 50 ans sont le vieillissement du béton et la perte de précontrainte puisque l'enceinte de confinement est en béton précontraint. Ces phénomènes conduisent à un risque de fissurations qui pourraient être déterminant si les conditions induites par l'"Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire" (APRP) sont maintenues pendant plusieurs semaines. Les caractéristiques des matériaux de construction de l'enceinte de confinement nucléaire peuvent également avoir été modifiées par les chargements avant l'APRP, conduisant éventuellement à une réduction des propriétés mécaniques (fissuration précoce, test de mises en pression, effet du séchage). Les conditions pendant l'APRP, c'est-à-dire l'augmentation de la température et de la pression relative de la vapeur dans l'enceinte, peuvent ensuite faire propager ces fissures. Ainsi, les capacités de confinement dépendent de l'histoire des sollicitations depuis le coulage du béton. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse présente une stratégie de calcul pour considérer l'accumulation de l'endommagement en utilisant un seul modèle mécanique depuis le jeune âge jusqu'à l'APRP, ce modèle est toutefois inclu dans un contexte global de modélisation faisant appel à d'autres modèles multiphysiques destinées à fournir les facteurs influents les plus importants tels que le degré d'hydratation, la température ou l'humidité. Ainsi, plusieurs modèles sont étudiés, améliorés ou testés dans ce travail de thèse : le premier modèle est consacré à la prédiction du degré d'hydratation, de la température, de la teneur en eau et de la porosité du béton au jeune âge, le second permet de suivre l'évolution de la température et de la saturation en eau en condition thermo hydrique ambiante ou proche des conditions APRP. Le modèle mécanique utilise les résultats des deux précédents pour estimer les déformations différées du béton, la relaxation des fils précontraints, et le risque de fissuration. Cette méthodologie d'analyse a été mise au point pour éviter la perte d'information concernant l'état du matériau tout au long de la vie de la structure. Les principaux avantages de la méthodologie sont la possibilité de considérer automatiquement l'accumulation de l'endommagement depuis le jeune âge jusqu'à l'APRP d'une part et d'autre part les améliorations apportées au modèle matériau pour qu'il soit utilisable en conditions APRP, qui améliore la qualité de modélisation, y compris pour le jeune âge. / In the context of life extension and safety demonstration of nuclear reactor buildings following the severe accidents of Chernobyl (in Ukraine, 1986) and Fukushima (in Japan, 2011), the "Confinement Assessment of a vessel during an Accident" (MACENA) project supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR) has been initiated since 2013. The experimental campaigns and modelling works of this project are based on an experimental containment vessel mock-up at scale 1/3 named VeRCoRs which is constructed and monitored by Electricity of France (EDF). The main issues for long-term operation of nuclear power plants that have more than 50 years old consist of ageing mechanisms in concrete and prestressing losses, as the internal concrete wall is prestressed with steel wires. These phenomena influence the cracking occurrence that can be significant if the "Loss-of-coolant accident" (LOCA) induced conditions are maintained for several weeks. The material characteristics of nuclear containment building can be modified by the loading prior to the LOCA, leading possibly to a reduction of tensile strength (early cracking, pre-operational pressurization test). The loadings during the LOCA i.e. increase of temperature and vapour relative pressure can then propagate the cracks. Thus, the material properties depend on the solicitation history since the concrete pouring In that context, this PhD thesis introduces a computational strategy adopted to consider the damage accumulation using a single mechanical model from the early age until the LOCA. Considering the effect of chemo-physical of the concrete on the response of this mechanical model along the life of the structure requires the preliminary prediction of the evolution of chemical, thermal and hydric state from casting to later ages, including the LOCA. Several multiphysics models are studied, improved or tested in this thesis work: the first model is devoted to predicting the hydration degree, temperature, water content and porosity of concrete at an early age; the second allows to follow the evolution of temperature and water saturation for later ages (ageing period and effects of the LOCA conditions on the thermal and hydric state of concrete). The mechanical model uses the results of the two previous ones to estimate the delayed deformations of concrete, the relaxation of prestressing wires, and the risk of cracking. This methodology was developed to avoid the loss of information relative to material state throughout the life of the structure. The main advantages of the methodology are the possibility to consider automatically the accumulation of damage until the LOCA on the one hand and on the other hand the improvements made to the material model to be used in the LOCA conditions, which improve the modelling quality, especially during the early age.

Les essais de fatigue peuvent être effectués dans une gamme de fréquences similaire, mais les fréquences les plus élevés sont généralement préférables afin de réduire le temps de test et d'obtenir des résultats dans une période raisonnable. La question reste à savoir si un effet de fréquence existe. Cette étude traite de l'effet de la fréquence de chargement sur la résistance à l'amorçage et à la propagation des fissures sur 3 matériaux (M800HY, CP1000 et DP1180) utilisés dans le domaine automobile. Deux rapports de charge (R=-1 et 0.1) et cinq fréquences de chargement (25 Hz, 30 Hz, 150 Hz et 20 kHz) ont été étudiés. Tout d'abord, nous avons réalisé des calculs par élément finis en dynamique pour dimensionner les éprouvettes et calculer l'étendue du facteur d'intensité de contrainte durant la propagation de la fissure de fatigue. Ensuite, nous avons réalisé des essais d'amorçage et de propagation. Indépendamment de la fréquence de chargement,l'amorçage de la fissure de fatigue est toujours surfacique à cause des concentrations de contraintes dues au processus de laminage ou de l'électro-galvanisation. L'observation des faciès de rupture sur éprouvettes testées à 30 Hz et 20 kHz montre que le mode de propagation est transgranulaire avec quelques localisations de rupture intergranulaire ou par clivage sur la nuance DP1180. Les stries de propagations sont présentes sur les faciès d'éprouvettes M800HY et absentes sur les faciès des deux autres nuances. La nuance DP1180 présente une meilleure résistance à l'amorçage et à la propagation de la fissure de fatigue. Concernant l'effet de la fréquence de chargement, globalement l'amorçage de la fissure de fatigue est dépendante de la fréquence de chargement, par contre, la propagation est indépendante de la fréquence. / Fatigue tests can be performed in a similar frequency range, but the higherfrequencies are generally preferable to reduce the test time and obtain results within areasonable time. The question remains whether a frequency effect exists. This study dealswith the effect of the loading frequency on fatigue strength and crack growth of 3 steels(M800HY, CP1000 and DP1180) used in automotive industry. Two load ratios (R = -1 and0.1) and five load frequencies (25 Hz, 30 Hz, 150 Hz and 20 kHz) were studied. First, weperformed dynamics finite element method to calculate the dimensions of the specimens(to vibrate with a resonance at 20 kHz), and, the stress intensity range as a function of the length of crack. Then, we have done some test on fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Whatever the loading frequency, the initiation of the fatigue crack is always on the surfacebecause of the stress concentrations due to the rolling process or the electro-galvanization.The observation with SEM of fracture surface of the specimens tested at 30 Hz and 20 kHzshows that the mode of propagation is transgranular with some locations of intergranularfailure or by cleavage on DP1180 grade. The fatigue striation on fracture surface arepresent on the M800HY and absent on the other two materials. The grade DP1180 has abetter resistance to the initiation and propagation of the crack. Regarding the effect ofloading frequency, overall the initiation of the fatigue crack is dependent on the loadingfrequency, however, the propagation is independent of the loading frequency.

Dans le contexte industriel actuel, l'utilisation du modèle de forces cohésives en milieu solide revêt d'une importance capitale dans des nombreux domaines d'applications dont en particulier le domaine du transport, du nucléaire ou du génie-civil. En conséquence, la présente étude propose une modélisation numérique de la rupture fragile d'une plaque en acier en présence des forces cohésives. Le logiciel Cast3M est utilisé pour la mise en œuvre numérique. Le modèle de type Dugdale est utilisé et permet de calculer dans le cas d'une plaque élasto-plastique la distribution de contraintes à la pointe de fissure. Le modèle suppose, qu'à la pointe de fissure sur une longueur cohésive Lzc, les contraintes cohésives σc (x1), suivant l'axe Ox1 restent constante avec une amplitude égale à σc. Le domaine de rupture élastique et le domaine de ruine plastique a été prisent en compte. L'approche peut être considérée comme une extension de la mécanique linéaire de ruptures dans laquelle est introduite la notion de contrainte critique, ce qui permet en particulier de mieux rendre compte des effets d'échelle. A partir du principe de superposition des contraintes en mode I de rupture, les calcules dans la configuration déformée de la plaque fissurée a été étendue à d'autres géométries plus simples : une plaque avec fissure sans force cohésive, mais avec charge extérieure appliquée, une plaque avec une fissure purement cohésive et une plaque avec une fissure partiellement cohésive et sans charge extérieure. Ces différentes formes géométriques ont été prises en compte dans la modélisation numérique ainsi que la création de la fissure et le démarrage de la propagation. Le paramètre énergétique calculé selon la formule de l'intégrale J de Rice (1968) est également prise en compte et est comparé avec les résultats analytiques de Ferdjani et al. (2007). / In the context of industrial applications, the linear fracture mechanics theory is not sufficient to account for various aspects of the crack propagation and it becomes necessary to use more sophisticated models like cohesive force models. The goal of the present thesis is to develop such a model in order to account for all the process of the crack propagation, from the nucleation in a sound structure to the final failure of that structure. Specifically, we use Dugdale model which contains both the concept of critical stress and of internal length. The presence of a critical stress allows us to account for the nuckleation of a crack even if the body is initially sound, in contrast with Griffith theory which require the existence of preexisting cracks. The presence of an internal length allows us to account for pertinent scale effects, once again in contrast with Griffith theory in which the predicted scale effects are only correct for large specimen, not for small specimen. This approach is used to describe the full process of cracking in several cases, either by purely analytical methods when the geometry is simple enough, or by the finite element method with the code Cast3M in the case of complex geometry.

Tendo em vista o importante papel desempenhado pelos selantes de fossas e fissuras na prevenção da cárie dental, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro propriedades mecânicas, químicas e ntimicrobianas do selante isento de bisfenol A Embrace Wetbond™. Para os testes de resistência ao cisalhamento e microinfiltração foram selecionados 135 terceiros molares hígidos, extraídos de humanos, divididos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos: (I) selante Fluroshield® sem contaminação; (II) selante Embrace Wetbond™ sem contaminação; (III) selante Fluroshield® contaminado com saliva; (IV) selante Embrace Wetbond™ contaminado com saliva; (V) selante Fluroshield® contaminado com água; e (VI) selante Embrace Wetbond™ contaminado com água. No estudo de resistência ao cisalhamento os dentes foram seccionados no sentido vestíbulo-lingual, a porção radicular removida e as superfícies mesiais e distais foram embebidas em resina de poliéster. Após o condicionamento do esmalte, foi aplicado o selante com o auxílio de uma matriz de Teflon®. Os espécimes foram termociclados e submetidos ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento com uma velocidade de 0,5mm/min e célula de carga de 50kgf. Os resultados foram comparados empregando a análise de variância (ANOVA) e pós-teste de Tukey. No estudo de microinfiltração, após o condicionamento do esmalte foi aplicado o selante. Os dentes foram termociclados, selados na região da câmara pulpar com resina composta, isolados, imersos em solução de rodamina B a 0,2%, incluídos em resina acrílica, seccionados, lixados, montados em lâminas, identificados e analisados em microscópio óptico para quantificação da microinfiltração. Os resultados foram comparados empregando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn. No estudo de liberação de fluoreto por meio de água aquecida e saliva artificial foram selecionados dois selantes resinosos contendo fluoreto (Embrace Wetbond™ e Fluroshield®), uma resina composta micro-híbrida (FiltekTM Z-250) e um cimento de ionômero de vidro (Vidrion R). As determinações de fluoreto foram realizadas por potenciometria direta, utilizando o eletrodo seletivo combinado de fluoreto. Para o teste de liberação de fluoreto em saliva artificial foram confeccionados 8 corpos de prova de cada material , os quais foram armazenados em tubos plásticos contendo saliva artificial, substituída diariamente. Após 15 dias, foi avaliada a quantidade de fluoreto liberado nas soluções. Os valores obtidos em mV foram convertidos em ppm (μg/ml). Os resultados foram comparados empregando a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o pós-teste de Tukey. No estudo da atividade antimicrobiana, efetuado por meio do teste de difusão em ágar pelo método do poço, foram selecionados dois selantes resinosos contendo fluoreto (Embrace Wetbond™ e Fluroshield®), um cimento de ionômero de vidro (Vidrion R), solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 1% e soro fisiológico. Foram utilizadas cepas de S. mutans (ATCC 25175 e cepa de campo), na densidade de 1-2 da escala de McFarland. Após o período de incubação, a zona de inibição do crescimento microbiano foi mensurada. Os resultados foram comparados empregando a análise de variância ANOVA e o pós-teste de Bonferroni. O nível de significância em todas as análises estatísticas foi de 5%. No estudo da dosagem de bisfenol A foram selecionados dois selantes resinosos (Embrace Wetbond™ e Fluroshield®), dispensados em recipientes contendo 3ml de metanol. Após homogeneização e filtragem, os extratos foram analisados utilizando um espectrômetro de massas por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados testes com as fórmulas moleculares do bisfenol A (C15H16O2) e do Bis-GMA (C29H36O8). Com base nos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que o selante Embrace Wetbond™ apresentou resistência ao cisalhamento próxima do mínimo aceitável e alta microinfiltração, quando utilizado de acordo com as indicações do fabricante, em condições de contaminação com umidade. Por outro lado, esse selante apresentou elevada liberação de fluoreto, tanto em água aquecida quanto em saliva artificial, apresentou elevada atividade antimicrobiana e não apresentou liberação de bisfenol A e de Bis- GMA. / Considering the important role of pit-and-fissure sealants on the prevention of dental caries, the purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the mechanical, chemical and antimicrobial properties of the bisphenol A-free pit-and-fissure sealant Embrace Wetbond™. For the shear bond strength and microleakage tests, 135 sound human third molars were selected and randomly assigned to 6 groups: (I) Fluroshield® sealant without contamination; (II) sealant Embrace Wetbond™ without contamination; (III) Fluroshield® sealant contaminated with saliva; (IV) Embrace Wetbond™ sealant contaminated with saliva; (V) Fluroshield® sealant contaminated with water; and (VI) Embrace Wetbond™ sealant contaminated with water. For the shear bond strength test, the teeth were sectioned in a buccolingual direction, the root portion was removed and the mesial and distal surfaces were embedded in polyester resin. The sealant was applied to the acid-etched enamel with the aid of Teflon® matrix. The specimens were thermocycled and subjected to a shearing force at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min with a 50kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys post-test. For the microleakage assay, after acid etching of enamel, the teeth were thermocycled, the pulp chamber was sealed with composite resin, and the teeth were rendered waterproof, immersed in 0.2% B rhodamine solution, embedded in acrylic resin, sectioned, ground, mounted on glass slides, identified and analyzed with an optical microscope for quantification of microleakage. The results were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunns post-test. Two fluoride-containing resin sealants (Embrace Wetbond™ and Fluroshield®), a microhybrid composite resin (FiltekTM Z-250) and a glass ionomer cement (Vidrion R) were selected for the fluoride release test in heated water and artificial saliva. Fluoride measurements were performed with a direct potentiometry using a fluoride ion selective electrode. For the test in saliva artificial, 8 specimens of each material were fabricated and stored in plastic tubes containing artificial saliva, which as daily renewed. The amount of fluoride released in the solutions after 15 days was analyzed, and the the values obtained in mV were converted into PPM (μg/mL). The results were compared by ANOVA and Tukeys post-test. Two fluoride-containing resin sealants (Embrace Wetbond™ and Fluroshield®), a glass ionomer cement (Vidrion R), 1% chlorhexidine digluconate solution and saline were selected for the analysis of the antimicrobial activity using the agar-well diffusion assay. Suspensions of S. mutans strains (ATCC 25175 and field strain) with density equivalent to the 1-2 McFarland scale were used. After incubation, the zones of microbial growth inhibition were measured. The results were compared by ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. A significance level of 5% was set for all statistical analyses. For the analysis of bisphenol A dosage, two resin sealants (Embrace Wetbond™ and Fluroshield®) were delivered in receptacles containing 3ml of methanol. After homogenization and filtering, the extracts were analyzed under gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and tests were performed with the molecular formulas of bisphenol A (C15H16O2) and Bis-GMA (C29H36O8). Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that the sealant Embrace Wetbond™ presented shear bond strength near of the minimum acceptable and great microleakage when used according to the manufacturers instructions under moisture contamination conditions. On the other hand, this sealant presented high fluoride release in both heated water and artificial saliva, showed high activity antimicrobial and did not present release of bisphenol A or Bis-GMA.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_l_me_araca.pdf: 1328677 bytes, checksum: e8654f5c6e3eb77d8eb2d430f398667d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Muito tem se avaliado a respeito das propriedades físicas e químicas dos selantes de fóssulas e fissuras, mas pouco sobre seus efeitos no biofilme dentário. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características bioquímicas e microbiológicas do biofilme dentário formado in situ sobre materiais que liberam flúor ou cálcio e fosfato. Dez voluntários utilizaram dispositivo intrabucal palatino contendo corpos-de-prova de materiais (Fuji IX GP, Auralay XF e Aegis) ou blocos de esmalte bovino. A fase experimental consistiu de 4 etapas de 8 dias cada e a utilização de sacarose para formação do biofilme. No 7º dia dos períodos experimentais foi determinado o pH do biofilme e no 8º dia, o biofilme dentário formado foi coletado para determinação de flúor (F), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e polissacarídeos extracelulares insolúveis (PEI) além da microbiota. Verificou-se a liberação de F, Ca e P de cada material e dos blocos de esmalte após ciclagem de pH. Após a verificação da homogeneidade dos dados, testes paramétricos e não-paramétricos foram realizados para análise dos resultados (p<0,05). O biofilme dentário formado sobre os materiais que liberam flúor apresentou maior presença de F, Ca e P e menor número de estreptococos do grupo mutans quando comparado ao bloco de esmalte. Após o uso da sacarose (7º dia), o pH do biofilme foi maior na presença do material ionomérico. O biofilme sobre o material que contém fosfato de cálcio amorfo mostrou similar concentração de Ca e P, quando comparado aos materiais que contém flúor, e uma ação tamponante no meio, sem efeito na microbiota. Concluiu-se que os materiais que liberam flúor aumentaram as concentrações de F, Ca e P e diminuíram a de PEI e a microbiota cariogênica do biofilme dentário; e o que contém fosfato de cálcio amorfo aumentou as concentrações de Ca e P / The chemical and physical properties of the pit and fissures sealants have been widely evaluated but rare researches focus on the effects on dental plaque. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and microbiological characteristics of the in situ dental plaque formed on materials that release fluoride or calcium and phosphate. Ten volunteers wore an intraoral palatal device containing specimens of materials (Fuji IX GP, Auralay XF and Aegis) or bovine enamel blocks. The experimental phase consisted of 4 stages with duration of 8 days each and use of sucrose to form the dental plaque. The dental plaque pH was determined at the 7th day of the experimental periods and the dental plaque was collected at the 8th day to determine the fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and microbiota. It was observed release of F, Ca and P from each material and from the enamel blocks after pH cycling. After verification of data homogeneity, parametric and non-parametric tests were performed (p<0.05). The dental plaque formed on the materials that release fluoride presented more F, Ca and P and reduced number of Streptococcus mutans in comparison to the enamel block. After use of sucrose (7th day), the dental plaque pH was higher with the presence of ionomeric material. The dental plaque on the material containing amorphous calcium phosphate exhibited similar Ca and P concentration compared to the ones on fluoride materials, and buffering action with no effect on the microbiota. It was concluded that the materials that release fluoride increased F, Ca and P concentrations, decreased EPS concentration and the cariogenic microbiota of the dental plaque; the amorphous calcium phosphate material increased concentrations of Ca and P

Este estudo avaliou e comparou, após 6 meses, dois materiais usados como selantes de fossas e fissuras, FluroShield® (Dentsply, Germany) e Clinpro&#x2122; XT Varnish (3M ESPE, Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) quanto à retenção e características superficiais. Além disso, comparou-os, com um grupo controle não selado, com relação à incidência de cárie no período. Participaram deste trabalho, 31 crianças de 6 a 8 anos de idade, com no mínimo dois primeiros molares permanentes hígidos e história de cárie, num total de 114 dentes divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: CLP (Clinpro&#x2122; XT Varnish), FS (FluroShield®) e ctr (Controle). O selamento foi realizado sob isolamento relativo para ambos os materiais testados, após profilaxia prévia com jato de bicarbonato de sódio e água e, condicionamento com gel de ácido fosfórico a 35% por 15 segundos. A avaliação clínica foi realizada por dois examinadores calibrados após 6 meses. Avaliou-se a retenção e a incidência de cárie nas cinco áreas oclusais: OM, OC, OD, OV e OL; e as características superficiais e a retenção considerando a superfície oclusal como um todo. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a prevalência de cárie (teste de Kruskal Wallis, p=0,000 a 0,007), para todas as áreas, entre os grupos selados (CLP e FS) e o controle. Sendo que quanto à incidência, só foi verificada diferença significante para a área OL (p=0,014). O teste do Qui-quadrado identificou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os materiais, com relação à taxa de sucesso de retenção da superfície oclusal como um todo, quando se considerou o somatório das cinco áreas (p=0,079) ou quando se verificou a retenção por superfície (p=0,141). No entanto, a análise do conjunto de critérios de retenção na superfície oclusal toda, mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significante para o FS (teste de Mann-Whitney, p=0,002). Em relação às características superficiais, o FS apresentou superioridade durante o período estudado de forma significativa, indicada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, para a deterioração marginal (p=0,000), descoloração marginal (p=0,008), e descoloração superficial (p=0,001). Ele também foi superior, mas não significante, quanto à textura superficial. A frequência de bolhas nas superfícies seladas não mostrou diferença significativa (teste do Qui-quadrado, p=0,758) entre os materiais. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que ambos os materiais foram efetivos nos primeiros 6 meses de avaliação, embora, tenha havido melhor desempenho clínico do selante FluroShield®. / This study evaluated and compared two dental sealants, for 6 months. The materials, Fluroshield® (Dentsply, Germany) and Clinpro&#x2122; XT Varnish (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) were analyzed with regard their retention and superficial characteristics. They also were compared with a control group, without sealant, regarding the dental caries incidence. The sample was composed by 31 children from 6 to 8 years of age, with at least two sound first permanent molars, but with a dental caries history. A total of 114 teeth were randomly alocated in three groups: CLP (Clinpro&#x2122; XT Varnish), FS (Fluroshield®) and ctr (Control). The sealings were applyed under relative isolation after a previous prophylaxis with a water-air-polishing jet, and an enamel etching with a 35% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds. Clinical evaluation was performed by two calibrated examiners after 6 months considering: the sealant retention and the incidence of occlusal caries in five areas: OM, OC, OD, OV and OL and finally, the surface characteristics and retention considering the occlusal surface as only one area. It was shown a significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test, p=0.000 to 0.007) for the caries prevalence in all areas comparing the sealed group (CLP and FS) versus control. Whereas the incidence, it was only verified a significant diference for the OL area (p=0.014). There was no significant difference (Chi-square test, p=0.079) between the materials regarding the success rate of retention for the occlusal surface when it was considered the sum of the five areas, or for the occlusal surface without divisions (p=0.141). Nevertheless there was a significant difference between the sealants (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.002), with better results for the FS group, when it was analysed the influence of all the retention criteria. Regarding the surface characteristics, the FS group showed a significant superiority (Mann-Whitney test) during the period of the study for the impairment marginal (p=0.000), marginal discoloration (p=0.008), and surface discoloration (p=0.001). Although FS had also been superior for the surface texture, this result was not significant. The frequency of bubbles in the sealed surfaces was not significant (Qui-square test, p=0.758) between the materials. Thus, it can be concluded that both materials were effective during this first 6 months of evaluation, although it is evident that the Fluroshield® sealant had shown a better clinical performance.

Este estudo in situ avaliou em esmalte bovino desmineralizado, submetido ou não a um desafio cariogênico, os efeitos de um cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade (CIVav) e de um selante resinoso, comparativamente a um controle (sem selamento). Doze voluntários usaram dispositivos intrabucais palatinos (DIP) contendo 12 blocos de esmalte bovino desmineralizado, fixados dois a dois para simular uma fissura em V, a qual foi selada com um dos materiais: CIVav (Ketac, Molar Easymix), selante resinoso (Delton) ou controle (sem selamento). Metade dos espécimes foi submetida ao acúmulo de biofilme, recebendo oito aplicações diárias de sacarose a 20% para provocar um desafio cariogênico, além de outras três, de solução de dentifrício fluoretado (1 g : 3 mL), enquanto a outra metade não sofreu acúmulo de biofilme, mas também recebeu o dentifrício. Após 14 dias, foram avaliadas as concentrações de flúor no biofilme e no esmalte, bem como o conteúdo mineral (microdureza em secção longitudinal). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente ('alfa'= 5%). O teste Friedman ANOVA revelou que a concentração de flúor no biofilme foi estatisticamente maior com o uso do CIVav, em comparação ao selante resinoso e ao controle. A ANOVA e o teste de Tukey constataram que houve maior concentração de flúor no esmalte associado ao CIVav, sobretudo na ausência de desafio cariogênico, enquanto o selante resinoso e controle foram semelhantes. Em relação ao conteúdo mineral, a ANOVA e o teste de Tukey detectaram diferenças entre os grupos na camada mais superficial do esmalte. Com desafio cariogênico, o conteúdo mineral foi sempre maior no esmalte associado ao CIVav do que naquele associado ao selante resinoso, sendo que o controle apresentou resultados intermediários. Sem o desafio cariogênico, houve uma tendência de um maior conteúdo mineral no grupo controle. Os resultados sugerem que o CIVav, aplicado sobre uma superfície desmineralizada e sob desafio cariogênico, demonstrou um potencial cariostático pela sua capacidade de doar flúor à estrutura e ao biofilme dentários, minimizando os efeitos da desmineralização, mas não melhorou a remineralização. / This in situ study evaluated on demineralized bovine enamel, submitted or not to a cariogenic challenge (dental biofilm), the effects of a high viscosity glass ionomer cement (HV-GIC) and a resin sealant in comparison with a control group (without sealing). Twelve volunteers wore a palatal appliance containing 12 blocks of demineralized bovine enamel mounted (2 by 2) to simulate a fissure in a V shape and sealed with: HV-GIC (Ketac? Molar Easymix), resin sealant (Delton) or maintained with no sealing material (control). Half of specimens was submitted to a cariogenic challenge by dripping a 20% sucrose solution 8 times/day besides a fluoride dentifrice solution (1 g : 3 mL) 3 times/day. The others specimens only received a dentifrice solution. After 14 days, the concentration of fluoride in dental biofilm and enamel was evaluated as well as the mineral content (cross-sectional microhardness) of the enamel. The concentration of fluoride in dental biofilm was higher with HV-GIC (Friedman ANOVA, p<0.05) in comparison with resin sealant and control group. The concentration of loosely-bound fluoride on enamel was significant (ANOVA and Tukey test, p< 0.05) specially without a cariogenic challenge for HVGIC, while it was similar for the resin sealant and control group. Concerning the mineral content, ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05) detected differences among the groups on the superficial layers of the enamel. Under the dental biofilm influence the mineral content was always higher on the enamel associated with HV-GIC than with resin sealant and the control group presented intermediary results. Without dental biofilm the control group presented a tendency of a higher mineral content. The results suggest that HV-GIC applied on a demineralized surface and under the dental biofilm influence has shown a cariostatic potential by its ability to give fluoride to the dental structure and biofilm reducing the demineralization effects.