No description available.

The search for mineral deposits is a time consuming, risky and very expensive process. Applying new models and methods provides a competitive advantage in the search for mineral deposits because an explorationist can quickly evaluate potential targets and eliminate areas without good potential for mineralization. This dissertation presents a practical technique for prediction to finding precious metal mineralization at Guanajauato mining district (GMD) base on theoretical and experimental studies of fluids properties, mineral phase equilibrium, physical and chemical mechanisms. Making the technique highly transportable so that it can be applied in the field during an exploration program base on petrographic characteristics of mineral textures produced during boiling events in quartz, calcite and adularia, and fluid inclusions contained in these phases. While this work was conducted in GMD, the results should be applicable in exploration for epithermal deposits worldwide. The GMD is one of the largest silver producing districts in the world. Ore shoots are localized along three major northwest trending vein systems, the La Luz, Veta Madre and Vetas de la Sierra. More than 1200 samples were collected from surface outcrops, underground mine and historical and recent drill core. Traverses perpendicular to veins in all system were also conducted. Most of the samples (approximately 90%) were also assayed for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Sb. Samples from the GMD show a wide range in silica textures are indicative of rapid precipitation, such as occurs when fluids boil. Other mineral phases, including illite, rhombic adularia and bladed calcite are also indicative of rapid growth in a hydrothermal system and are characteristic of boiling systems. Because boiling is an effective mechanism for precipitating gold and silver from hydrothermal fluids, the presence of mineral textures indicative of boiling is a desirable feature in exploration. In many samples, textural evidence for boiling is supported by coexisting liquid-rich and vapor-rich fluid inclusions, or Fluid Inclusion Assemblages consisting of only vapor-rich inclusions, suggesting "flashing" of the hydrothermal fluids. Textural and fluid inclusion evidence for boiling has been observed in the deepest levels of the GMD, suggesting that additional precious metal resources may occur beneath these levels. / Ph. D.

Foi construído um arranjo experimental para estudar o comportamento dos jatos evaporativos. Um injetor foi projetado para controlar e manter constantes a pressão e temperatura de reservatório durante a injeção. Um bocal cônico convergente de seção reta com diâmetro de saída de 0,30 mm e ângulo entre sua geratriz e seu eixo simetria igual à 10º forma o elemento principal do injetor. O jato é descarregado em uma câmara de baixa pressão de dimensões suficientemente grandes para manter a pressão constante durante o curto período de ensaio, igual à 1 s. Quando injetado, o líquido sofre uma repentina queda de pressão ocasionando sua evaporação. Os fluidos utilizados são os combustíveis querosene e óleo diesel, e a substância n-dodecano, os quais se caracterizam pela possibilidade de uma evaporação completa, de forma adiabática. Utilizou-se o método \"schlieren\" para a visualização do escoamento. A análise dos jatos é feita de forma qualitativa através dos registros fotográficos. Foram observados os seguintes tipos de jato: (1) contínuo, (2) pulverizante e (3) evaporação na superfície. O primeiro jato não implica em imediata mudança de fase tornando o jato de líquido emergente intacto. Com o aumento da temperatura de injeção, existe o espalhamento e a evaporação do jato, formando o segundo tipo de jato, onde é possível visualizar o campo do gradiente de densidade do escoamento e a formação de ondas de evaporação e de choque que pode ocorrer a uma distância proporcional a vários diâmetros à jusante. Em jatos com evaporação completa, foram constadas a formação de ondas de choque tanto de formas elipsóide como de esferóide para elevadas temperaturas. As fotografias digitais são submetidas à filtragem e processamento matemático para melhor destacar tais fenômenos do escoamento. / An experimental apparatus has been built to study the behaviour of flashing jets. An injector was designed to control and maintain the jet pressure and temperature at constant values during the injection process. A conical convergent nozzle whose main dimensions are 0,30 mm of exit diameter, 8 mm long, and a convergence half-angle of 10º is the central component of the injection system. The jet is discharged into a low-pressure chamber large enough to keep the reservoir pressure constant during the short test period of about 1 s. As the testing liquid expands in the nozzle it undergoes a sudden pressure drop causing its evaporation. The fluids are usual fuels, such as kerosene and diesel oil, and the substance ndodecane, which are distinguishable by the possibility of a complete evaporation in an isoentropic expansion process. The photographic method \"schlieren\" is used for flow visualisation. A qualitative analysis is made of the photographic documentation of the images obtained using a CCD camera. The images can be grouped into three categories of jets: (1) continuous, (2) shattering, and (3) with surface evaporation. The first regime has an undisturbed a liquid column, which remains more or less intact during the injection process. In the second type, the existing liquid jet is shattered by vapour nucleation and, in some cases, shock waves are clearly visible. It happens at higher temperature than the preceding evaporation mode. Finally, in special situations, the jet undergoes an evaporation at its surface and the two-phase mixture expands at a high speed followed by a shock wave before the mixture attains the pressure reservoir.

Foi construído um arranjo experimental para estudar o comportamento dos jatos evaporativos. Um injetor foi projetado para controlar e manter constantes a pressão e temperatura de reservatório durante a injeção. Um bocal cônico convergente de seção reta com diâmetro de saída de 0,30 mm e ângulo entre sua geratriz e seu eixo simetria igual à 10º forma o elemento principal do injetor. O jato é descarregado em uma câmara de baixa pressão de dimensões suficientemente grandes para manter a pressão constante durante o curto período de ensaio, igual à 1 s. Quando injetado, o líquido sofre uma repentina queda de pressão ocasionando sua evaporação. Os fluidos utilizados são os combustíveis querosene e óleo diesel, e a substância n-dodecano, os quais se caracterizam pela possibilidade de uma evaporação completa, de forma adiabática. Utilizou-se o método \"schlieren\" para a visualização do escoamento. A análise dos jatos é feita de forma qualitativa através dos registros fotográficos. Foram observados os seguintes tipos de jato: (1) contínuo, (2) pulverizante e (3) evaporação na superfície. O primeiro jato não implica em imediata mudança de fase tornando o jato de líquido emergente intacto. Com o aumento da temperatura de injeção, existe o espalhamento e a evaporação do jato, formando o segundo tipo de jato, onde é possível visualizar o campo do gradiente de densidade do escoamento e a formação de ondas de evaporação e de choque que pode ocorrer a uma distância proporcional a vários diâmetros à jusante. Em jatos com evaporação completa, foram constadas a formação de ondas de choque tanto de formas elipsóide como de esferóide para elevadas temperaturas. As fotografias digitais são submetidas à filtragem e processamento matemático para melhor destacar tais fenômenos do escoamento. / An experimental apparatus has been built to study the behaviour of flashing jets. An injector was designed to control and maintain the jet pressure and temperature at constant values during the injection process. A conical convergent nozzle whose main dimensions are 0,30 mm of exit diameter, 8 mm long, and a convergence half-angle of 10º is the central component of the injection system. The jet is discharged into a low-pressure chamber large enough to keep the reservoir pressure constant during the short test period of about 1 s. As the testing liquid expands in the nozzle it undergoes a sudden pressure drop causing its evaporation. The fluids are usual fuels, such as kerosene and diesel oil, and the substance ndodecane, which are distinguishable by the possibility of a complete evaporation in an isoentropic expansion process. The photographic method \"schlieren\" is used for flow visualisation. A qualitative analysis is made of the photographic documentation of the images obtained using a CCD camera. The images can be grouped into three categories of jets: (1) continuous, (2) shattering, and (3) with surface evaporation. The first regime has an undisturbed a liquid column, which remains more or less intact during the injection process. In the second type, the existing liquid jet is shattered by vapour nucleation and, in some cases, shock waves are clearly visible. It happens at higher temperature than the preceding evaporation mode. Finally, in special situations, the jet undergoes an evaporation at its surface and the two-phase mixture expands at a high speed followed by a shock wave before the mixture attains the pressure reservoir.

This thesis presents an analysis of the characteristics of malfunction flash incidents based on the Georgia Department of Transportation crash reporting database. Malfunction flash is an unintentional state of flash mode in intersection signal hardware. The flash mode is a signal indication of yellow/red or red/red flash. The flash mode can be due to many issues, such as hardware failure, damage, or storms. Crash reports are completed by police officers at the scene. After processing by the local jurisdiction reports are sent to GDOT for archiving and analysis. GDOT archives the reports in a PDF image format without editable text. This research will develop a procedure to convert the archived PDF reports to text files using optical character recognition (OCR) software. The developed procedure will extract the description paragraph of the incident from the PDF. The extracted descriptions may then be searched for useful information about the incident. The text files will be run through a filter for keywords, such as; "malfunction flash," "red/red flash," "yellow/red flash," and others. Incidents flagged by the keywords will be reexamined to determine if they are malfunction flash incidents. The 2006 GDOT incident data base will be used for this effort. From an original possible candidate list of 70,000 signalized intersection incidents malfunction incidents will be identified using this method. A statistical analysis will be completed seeking trends and important characteristics of malfunction incidents.

No description available.

[EN] In the regulation of a refrigeration system the expansion device have a fundamental role. The precise understanding of the way in which it works with different refrigerants is of crucial relevance in order to perform a precise design of these systems, as well as, to assist to its proper selection as a function of its capacity and the employed refrigerant. This thesis presents on the one hand the experimental characterization of the mass flow rate through an expansion valve with three different refrigerants: R22 (HCFC) as reference; R290 (propane) as a natural refrigerant, and R410A (HFC), currently one of the most common refrigerants, in a wide range of operating conditions and for different valve lifts. On the other hand, the work also includes the study of the modeling of the refrigerant flow through the expansion valve, and the development of a model based on the flashing process, with sufficient predictive ability to determine the mass flow rate circulating through the expansion valve according to the upstream fluid conditions and the opening valve. In order to determine accurately and precisely the minimum geometric area and the effective single-phase area of the expansion valve, it has been measured in the metrological center of UPV. In addition detailed hydraulic and pneumatic studies of the vale in two different test benches have been carried out. The analysis of experimental results obtained for the three refrigerants has shown that the mass flow rate through the expansion valve is strongly dependent on the upstream pressure and the degree of subcooling, but also slightly dependent on the downstream pressure. For the range of typical operation of heat pump and refrigeration systems, unlike some studies in literature have observed, the first-stage choking phenomena was not observed in our case. Instead, all the obtained results seem to be in the second-stage choking non-ideal flow. Obviously, the effect of the flow area on the mass flow is very important. The developed model of mass flow rate through expansion valves is basically derived from the Bernoulli equation for incompressible single-phase flow through orifices from assuming that the flow at vena contracta section is almost entirely liquid. The pressure at the vena contracta section is determined from the correlations obtained by Alamgir et al. [1981] and Abuaf et al. [1983] for water depressurization in "flashing" type expansions, in which a sudden depressurization occurs and subcooled liquid passes to metastable liquid and finally to two-phase flow. An adjustment coefficient, Ctwo-phase, was added to the model in order to take into account the effect of bubbles formation in the flow restriction, depending on the opening of the valve. This coefficient depends only on the flow area and it is close to the unit at high values of the flow area. The obtained results were found to be in good agreement with the measured data with approximately 95% of the measured data falling within a relative deviation of ±7%. / [ES] En la regulación del sistema de refrigeración como conjunto, el ajuste y estado del dispositivo de expansión tiene un papel fundamental, y el mejor conocimiento de su funcionamiento resulta de sumo interés para el correcto diseño del equipo, así como para asistir su correcta selección en función de la capacidad del mismo y del refrigerante empleado. Este trabajo de tesis doctoral presenta por un lado la caracterización experimental del flujo másico circulante a través de una válvula de expansión con distintos refrigerantes: el R22 (HCFC) como referencia, el R290 (propano) como refrigerante natural, y el R410A (HFC) como uno de los refrigerantes más habituales en la actualidad, en un amplio rango de condiciones de funcionamiento, para diferentes levantamientos de la válvula a estudio. Por otro lado, el trabajo incluye también el estudio del modelado del proceso de expansión a través de la válvula, y el desarrollo de un modelo basado en el proceso físico que se produce: "flashing", con capacidad predictiva suficiente para poder determinar el gasto másico circulante a través de la válvula de expansión en función de las condiciones del fluido aguas arriba y el área de paso de la misma. Para determinar con precisión y exactitud el área mínima geométrica y el área efectiva monofásica de la válvula de expansión se ha realizado medidas en el centro metrológico de la UPV, y también un estudio hidráulico y neumático detallado de la misma en sendos bancos de ensayo. El análisis de los resultados experimentales para los tres refrigerantes empleados ha mostrado que el gasto másico a través de la válvula de expansión es fuertemente dependiente de la presión aguas arriba y el grado de subenfriamiento, pero también ligeramente dependiente de la presión aguas abajo. Para el rango de funcionamiento típico de equipos de bomba de calor y sistemas de refrigeración, no se ha observado la primera etapa de flujo bloqueado que se mencionó en algunos estudios de la literatura, estando la totalidad de los resultados obtenidos claramente en la segunda etapa de flujo bloqueado no ideal. Obviamente, el efecto del área de paso sobre el gasto másico es muy determinante. El modelo de gasto másico a través de válvulas de expansión desarrollado se deriva básicamente de la ecuación de Bernoulli para flujo monofásico incompresible a través de orificios asumiendo que el flujo hasta la sección de vena contracta se encuentra prácticamente en su totalidad en estado líquido. La presión en la sección de vena contracta se ha determinado a partir de las correlaciones que obtuvieron Alamgir et al. [1981] y Abuaf et al. [1983] para la despresurización del agua en expansiones tipo "flashing", en los que se produce una despresurización súbita y el líquido subenfriado pasa a líquido metaestable y finalmente a flujo bifásico. Se ha añadido un coeficiente de ajuste, Cbifásico, en el modelo para tener en cuenta el efecto que puede tener la formación de burbujas en la restricción del flujo, en función del área de paso de flujo circulante a través de las válvulas. Este coeficiente sólo depende del área de paso y se acerca a la unidad a partir de un cierto tamaño del área de paso. Los resultados del modelo presentado en esta tesis doctoral son muy satisfactorios, llegando a predecir el 95% de los resultados con una desviación máxima del 7 %. / [CA] En la regulació del sistema de refrigeració com a conjunt, l'ajust i estat del dispositiu d'expansió té un paper fonamental i el millor coneixement del seu funcionament amb distints refrigerants resulta del màxim interés per al correcte disseny d'estos, així com per a assistir la seua correcta selecció en funció de la capacitat i del refrigerant empleat. Este treball de tesi doctoral presenta per un costat la caracterització experimental del flux màssic circulant a través d'una vàlvula d'expansió amb distints refrigerants: el R22 (HCFC) com a referència; el R290 (propà) com refrigerant natural, i el R410A (HFC) com un dels refrigerants més habituals en l'actualitat, en un ampli rang de condicions de funcionament, per a diferents alçaments de la vàlvula a estudi. D'altra banda, el treball inclou també l'estudi del modelatge del procés d'expansió a través de la vàlvula, i el desenrotllament d'un model basat en el procés físic que es produïx "flashing", amb capacitat predictiva suficient per a poder determinar el gasto màssic circulant a través de la vàlvula d'expansió en funció de les condicions del fluid aigües dalt i l'àrea de pas de la mateixa. Per a determinar amb precisió i exactitud l'àrea mínima geomètrica i l'àrea efectiva monofàsica de la vàlvula d'expansió s'han realitzat mesures en el centre metrológico de la UPV, i també un estudi hidràulic i pneumàtic detallat de la mateixa en sengles bancs d'assaig. L'anàlisi dels resultats experimentals per als tres refrigerants empleats ha mostrat que el fluxe màssic a través de la vàlvula d'expansió és fortament dependent de la pressió aigües dalt i el grau de subrefredament, però també lleugerament dependent de la pressió aigües aball. Per al rang de funcionament típic d'equips de bomba de calor i sistemes de refrigeració, no s'ha observat la primera etapa de flux bloquejat que es va mencionar en alguns estudis de la literatura, estant la totalitat dels resultats obtinguts clarament en la segona etapa de flux bloquejat no ideal. Òbviament, l'efecte de l'àrea de pas sobre el gasto màssic és molt determinant. El model de fluxe màssic a través de vàlvules d'expansió desenvolupat es deriva bàsicament de l'equació de Bernoulli per a flux monofàsic incompressible a través d'orificis a partir d'assumir que el flux fins a la secció de vena contracta es troba pràcticament en la seua totalitat en estat líquid. La pressió en la secció de vena contracta s'ha determinat a partir de les correlacions que van obtindre Alamgir t'al. [1981] i Abuaf t'al. [1983] per a la despresurització del aigua en expansions del típus "flashing", en eles que es produeix una despresurització súbita i el líquid subrefredad passa a líquid metaestable i finalment a fluxe bifásic. S'ha afegit un coeficient d'ajust, Cbifásico, en el model per a tindre en compte l'efecte que pot tindre la formació de bambolles en la restricció del flux, en funció de l'àrea de pas de flux circulant a través de les vàlvules. Este coeficient només depén de l'àrea de pas i s'acosta a la unitat a partir d'una certa grandària de l'àrea de pas. Els resultats del model presentat en aquesta tesi doctoral reprodueixen el 95% dels resultats en una desviacio máxima del 7%. / Ait Bahajji, M. (2016). Estudio teórico experimental del proceso de "flashing" de refrigerantes en válvulas de expansión [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61980

The present research is an experimental investigation of the atomization of a superheated pressurized liquid jet that is exposed to the ambient pressure due to a sudden depressurization. This phenomena is called flashing and occurs in several industrial environments. Liquid flashing phenomena holds an interest in many areas of science and engineering. Typical examples one can mention: a) the accidental release of flammable and toxic pressure-liquefied gases in chemical and nuclear industry; the failure of a vessel or pipe in the form of a small hole results in the formation of a two-phase jet containing a mixture of liquid droplets and vapor, b) atomisation improvement in the fuel injector technology, c) flashing mechanism occurrence in expansion devices of refrigerator cycles etc... The interest in flashing events is especially true in the safety field where any unexpected event is undesirable. In case of an accident, flammable or toxic gas clouds are anticipated in close regions of the release because of the sudden phase change . Due to the non-equilibrium nature of the flow in these near field regions, conducting accurate data measurements for droplet size and velocity is a challenging task resulting in scarce data in the very close area. This research has been carried out at the von Karman Institute (VKI) within the 5th framework of European Commission to fulfill the goal of understanding of source processes in flashing liquids in accidental releases. The program is carried out under name of FLIE (Flashing Liquids in Industrial Environments)(Contract no: EVG1-CT-2000-00025). The specific issues that are presented in this thesis study are the following:a) a comprehensive state of art of the jet break up patterns, spray characteristics and studies related to flashing phenomena; b)flashing jet breakup patterns and accurate characterization of the atomized jet such as droplet diameter size, velocity and temperature evolution through carefully designed laboratory-scale experiments; c) the influence of the initial storage conditions on the final atomized jet; d) a physical model on the droplet transformation and rapid evaporation in aerosol jets. In order to characterize the atomization of the superheated liquid jet, laser-based optical techniques like Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) are used to obtain information for particle diameter and velocity evolution at various axial and radial distances. Moreover, a high-speed video photography presents the possibility to understand the break-up pattern changes of the simulating liquid namely R-134A jet in function of driving pressure, superheat and discharge nozzle characteristics. Global temperature measurements with an intrusive technique such as thermocouples, non-intrusive measurements with Infrared Thermography are performed. Cases for different initial pressures, temperatures, orifice diameters and length-to-diameter ratios are studied. The break-up patterns, the evolution of the mean droplet size, velocity, RMS, turbulence intensity and temperature along the radial and axial directions are presented in function of initial parameters. Highly populated drop size and velocity count distributions are provided. Among the initial storage conditions, superheat effect is found to be very important in providing small droplets. A 1-D analytical rapid evaporation model is developed in order to explain the strong temperature decrease during the measurements. A sensitivity analysis of this model is provided.

Since their introduction to the 2009 Edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, flashing yellow arrows (FYA) have had significant success in communicating the permissive turn message. While widely used for the permissive left turn maneuver, agencies recently have been utilizing flashing yellow arrows for the use with right turn applications as drivers interact with crossing pedestrians. As pedestrian conflicts are a concern during the permissive green phase, there is additional worry for the potential interaction between a pedestrian and vehicle turning right on red. This research explores the existing driver comprehension of permissive right turns during both green and red phases through static evaluation and microsimulation. Proposed traffic devices including the FYA and the Dynamic No Turn on Red sign were evaluated in relation to the existing signal and sign conditions implemented in the field. In comparing the proposed FYA to the existing circular green signal, the survey evaluation determined a statistically significant increase in drivers’ yielding responses when interacting with the FYA as opposed to the circular green. Through application of the VISSIM program, it was determined that right turning speeds with the FYA present were significantly lower than when interacting with solely the circular green. Both the static evaluation and microsimulation determined a strong similarity between the existing circular red and R10-11 sign and the proposed dynamic no turn on red sign which verifies the strong understanding drivers have of the message and the sign itself.

Flash is the unwanted or excessrubber material that presents on the outersurface of themolded rubber product. This will affect the surface finish; it is a cosmetic defect andit can be removed. It forms because of the leak or the excess molded rubber materialbetween the surface of the mold, typically on the parting line, (Jordan Anderson,2014). The presence of flash will reduce customer satisfaction. There are manymethods to remove the flash. The method is selected according to the degree of flashextension and the location where it occurs.The project aims to design a semi/full automated machine, which helps for having asmooth and fine surface finish of the weight plates. These plates are made up of rubberfor the ELEIKO group. The weight plates have different weights from 10 to 20 kg,but the diameter of each plate stays the same, but the thickness will be different foreach plate. The machine should be designed that removes all the excess rubber andshould smoothen the outer surface of the weight. The purpose of this work is to gainknowledge about different product development methods, respective tools, andtechniques that are used. The machine should be user- friendly, should not becomplicated, should not damage the workpiece (marks or trace of the blade), shouldnot put the employer in danger, and economically feasible.This report presents the progress of designing of the product, product development,methods, and literature study. The designed model can construct in the industry fortheir problem they are faced by the flash. The model is very simple and unique so thateveryone can perform the task without any previous experience. Material alternativeswere evaluated as well as manufacturing possibilities. The designed machine was theoffered for free as means for further research and development. Keywords: flashing, additive manufacturing, Ullman method, Pugh matrix, rubberweight plates, lever arm, smoothening tool.