Cette thèse a pour but l'analyse d'un système photovoltaïque connecté au réseau électrique en prenant en compte le contrôle, l'étude de la stabilité et la fiabilité. Un onduleur de type 2-Niveau a été comparé avec un onduleur multi-niveaux appelé Neutral Point Clamped. Les avantages et désavantage de chaque topologie ont été analysé en considérant l'efficacité énergétique, l'optimisation de l'injection de l'énergie sur le réseau électrique et la fiabilité du système. Pour le contrôle du courant de sortie de l'onduleur, ont été proposées deux solutions : un contrôle basé sur la théorie de la platitude et un contrôle par passivité. Ces deux différents contrôles sont comparés par rapport à la robustesse, la complexité et le nombre de capteurs utilisés. Il a été montré que les deux contrôles sont capables de gérer la problématique de la résonance du filtre LCL. Pour augmenter l'efficacité de l'algorithme MPPT dans une configuration Distributed-MPPT avec la connexion en série des deux sorties des convertisseurs boost, une nouvelle technique a été proposé pour l'équilibrage des tension d'entrée d'un onduleur NPC. En utilisant un outil appelé TPtool, un étude de la stabilité large signal par "Higher-Order-Singular-Value-Decomposition" a été présenté et comparé avec une méthode basée sur les modèles Takagi-Sugeno pour des systèmes non-linéaires. Finalement, l'onduleur 2-Niveaux est comparé avec deux multi-niveaux différents (NPP et NPC) en termes de disponibilité, en prenant en compte les niveaux de redondance des convertisseurs. Pour analyser la disponibilité, a été considérée la théorie des chaines de Markov et pour l'implémentation, le logiciel GRIF a été utilisé / The aim of this PhD thesis is to analyze a PV-grid connected system in terms of control, stability and reliability. A comparison between a classical 2-Level inverter and a multilevel NPC is presented. The advantages and weakness of both the converters are analyzed with respect to the power efficiency, optimization of the energy injection to the grid and reliability of the system. In order to control the inverter output current, two different solutions are proposed: flatness-based control and passivity-based control. These controls are compared in terms of robustness, complexity and number of sensors used. It is shown that both the controls may manage the resonance problems due to a LCL filter. For increasing the efficiency of the MPPT in a configuration Distributed-MPPT with connections in series of the boost converters outputs, a novel technique for the dc voltages balancing of a NPC inverter is proposed. A large stability analysis using "Higher-Order-Singular-Value-Decomposition" is presented and compared with Takagi-Sugeno approach for nonlinear systems. Finally, 2-Level inverter is compared with two multilevel inverters (NPC and NPP) in terms of availability, considering the redundancy levels of the converters. To analyze the systems availability, the Markov chains theory is considered and it is implemented on GRIF

<p>Koordinatne merne mašine (KMM) su dominantni merni instrumenti u<br />dimenzionalnoj metrologiji. NJihovom upotrebom se može izmeriti<br />bilo koja makro tolerancija označena na tehničkoj dokumentaciji.<br />Tolerancija ravnosti je često prisutna u cilju izvršenja zahtevanih<br />funkcionalnih zahteva radnog predmeta. Istraživanja sprovedena u<br />ovom radu se bave problemom procene greške ravnosti merene na KMM<br />zasnovane na metodi minimalne zone i procene merne nesigurnosti za<br />ovaj merni zadakat. Aksenat je stavljen na primeni Monte Karlo<br />metode kao simulacionog alata za procenu merne nesigurnosti.<br />Razvijena je nova metodologija za procenu greške ravnosti kao i<br />simulacioni model za procenu merne nesigurnosti za ovaj merni<br />zadatak.</p> / <p>Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are dominant measuring<br />instruments in dimensional metrology. These machines can measure any<br />macro-tolerance indicated in the technical documentation. Flatness tolerance<br />is often present with the aim of completing the needed functional<br />requirements of a workpiece. The investigation conducted in this paper<br />considers the problem of assessing the flatness error measured on a CMM<br />based on the minimum zone method and on the method of evaluating<br />measurement uncertainty for this measuring task. The emphasis is on the<br />use of Monte Carlo method as a simulation tool for evaluating measurement<br />uncertainty. A new methodology for assessing the flatness error has been<br />developed, as well as a simulation model for evaluating measurement<br />uncertainty for this measuring task.</p>

<p>The aim of this essay is to examine the relationship between picture and room, between wallpainting and architecture. The basis for such exploration is the mural painting in Sweden at the turn of the 20th century, and the artist in focus is Prince Eugen (1865-1947).</p><p>His works "Sommar"(1904), "Rimfrosr"(1909) & "Staden vid vattnet"(1922) and the rooms in which they are in make for an anlysis concerning how the totality of the space is experienced by the viewer.</p><p>The main issue in mentioned expeience is how the mural is perceived with regard to the other elements in the room. And here, the walls' "flatness" enhancing its decorative qualities plays in. The problem with a mural built on the principles of perspective becomes evident when a wall is seen to vanish through the painting of an illusion on it.</p>

The aim of this essay is to examine the relationship between picture and room, between wallpainting and architecture. The basis for such exploration is the mural painting in Sweden at the turn of the 20th century, and the artist in focus is Prince Eugen (1865-1947). His works "Sommar"(1904), "Rimfrosr"(1909) &amp; "Staden vid vattnet"(1922) and the rooms in which they are in make for an anlysis concerning how the totality of the space is experienced by the viewer. The main issue in mentioned expeience is how the mural is perceived with regard to the other elements in the room. And here, the walls' "flatness" enhancing its decorative qualities plays in. The problem with a mural built on the principles of perspective becomes evident when a wall is seen to vanish through the painting of an illusion on it.

Mελετάμε το πρόβλημα της διατήρησης κάποιας κλάσης πεπερασμένων ορίων από την αριστερή επέκταση Kan ενός συναρτητή. Παρουσιάζουμε αρχικά την περίπτωση για συναρτητές που λαμβάνουν τιμές στην κατηγορία των συνόλων. Η περίπτωση αυτή έχει μελετηθεί στην βιβλιογραφια, και ο χαρακτηρισμός τέτοιων επεκτάσεων Kan έχει να κάνει με την έννοια της επιπεδότητας του συναρτητή. Παρατηρώντας ότι η έννοια της επιπεδότητας μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί (με όρους εσωτερικής λογικής) σε μία κατηγορία η οποία είναι εφοδιασμένη με μία τοπολογία Grothendieck, μελετάμε το πρόβλημα στην γενικότητά του. Καθοριστικό ρόλο στην μελέτη μας, παίζει η έννοια του καθορισμένου συνορίου. Με αυτά τα εργαλεία καταλήγουμε σε ικανές και αναγκαίες συνθήκες για την διατήρηση πεπερασμένων γινομένων, πεπερασμένων συνεκτικών ορίων και όλων των πεπερασμένων ορίων από την αριστερή επέκταση Kan ενός συναρτητή που λαμβάνει τιμές σε μια κατηγορία η οποία είναι εφοδιασμένη με μία υποκανονική τοπολογία Grothendieck. Τέλος μελετάμε και την περίπτωση διατήρησης μονομορφισμών από αριστερές επεκτάσεις Kan μεταξύ αλγεβρικών κατηγοριών. / We study the problem of preservation of some classes of finite limits from the left Kan extension of a functor. Initially we present the case where the functor takes values in the category of sets. This case has been studied in the literature, and the characterization of such Kan extensions is related with the notion of flatness. Observing that the notion o flatness can be interpreted (with terms of internal logic) in a category which is equipped with a Grothendieck topology, we study the problem in its generality. Crucial role plays the notion of postulated colimit. With those tools, we conclude necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of finite products, of finite connected limits and all the finite limits from the left Kan extension of a functor which takes values into a category which is equipped with a subcanonical Grothendieck topology. Finally we study the case of preservation of monomorphisms from certain Kan extensions between algebraic categories.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T12:14:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3048567 bytes, checksum: 90279484ba802361ba0d5d0da55c46d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T12:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3048567 bytes, checksum: 90279484ba802361ba0d5d0da55c46d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Surface tables are extremely important in engineering due to the fact that they serve as a primary reference in both the measurement and inspection of workpieces. Such surfaces must be properly calibrated to provide high quality level in the measurement and inspection tests. Flatness is the metrological characteristic used to evaluate the accuracy level of the surface tables. There are several norms that deals with surface tables flatness and establish tolerance limit or accuracy degrees regarding to the surface tables dimensions. This study aims to measure and analyze the surface table flatness by using electronic level along with Moody and rectangular grid methods according to the ISO 8512 standard. An electronic level was used to measure the inclining level of the surface tables, using the well-known Moody and rectangular grid methods. The Optical Analysis Software calculated all flatness deviations, showing them in isometric and numeric charts. The calculated closure errors show the high quality in the measurement data acquisition because the values showed in all tests satisfy the electronic level manufacturer’s recommendation, which means that the closure errors did not exceed 90% of the maximum peak. Therefore, the results of evaluated surface tables are validated as regards metrological quality. The results point out that the surface tables belongs to the “0” accuracy degree according to the ISO 8512 norms. This classification is extremely important in the determination and analysis of uncertainty and of traceability since surface tables are primary reference to obtain tolerance measures and analysis of engineering workpieces. Additionally, a computer system developed for determining the flatness was used to assess its capacity as a system alternative for data analysis and determination of flatness. Their results were satisfactory, with reliable values. / As mesas metrológicas são extremamente importantes na engenharia, pois elas servem de referência primária na medição e na inspeção de peças. Tais superfícies devem estar devidamente calibradas para que se garanta alto grau de qualidade nas medições e testes de inspeção. A planeza é a característica metrológica utilizada para avaliar o grau de exatidão das mesas desempeno. Há diversas normas que tratam sobre planeza de superfícies metrológicas e estabelecem limites de tolerância ou graus de exatidão em função das dimensões das mesas desempeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a planeza e consequentemente o grau de exatidão de duas mesas metrológicas utilizadas como mesas de referência em pesquisas realizadas no Laboratório de Engenharia de Precisão (LEP) da UFPB, em acordo com a norma ISO 8512. Um nível eletrônico de precisão foi utilizado para medir as inclinações das mesas metrológicas, utilizando os já conhecidos e difundidos métodos de Moody e de grade retangular. O Optical Analysis Software calculou todos os desvios de planeza, exibindo-os em forma de gráfico isométrico e em quadro de valores numéricos. Os erros de fechamento calculados mostram alta qualidade na aquisição de dados de medição, pois os valores apresentados em todos os testes satisfazem a recomendação do fabricante do nível eletrônico, ou seja, os erros de fechamento não excederam 90% do pico máximo (maximum peak). Portanto, os resultados de planeza obtidos estão validados do ponto de vista da qualidade metrológica. Os resultados apontaram que a mesas metrológicas avaliadas pertencem ao grau de exatidão “0”, segundo a norma ISO 8512. Esta classificação é muito importante na análise e determinação de incerteza e rastreabilidade, uma vez que as mesas metrológicas servem de referência primária na obtenção de medidas e análise de tolerâncias de peças de engenharia. Adicionalmente, um sistema computacional desenvolvido para a determinação da planeza foi utilizado a fim de avaliar sua capacidade como uma alternativa de sistema para análise de dados e determinação da planeza. Seus resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios, apresentando valores confiáveis.

O modo de produção vigente exige cada vez mais rapidez, precisão e eficiência nos processos. Em resposta a essas tendências, constituem-se desafios à área de Metrologia a obtenção de sistemas de medição e algoritmos de avaliação de erros mais precisos; a avaliação de incertezas com precisão; e a execução de medições com rapidez. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um Sistema Automatizado de medição para avaliação dos desvios de forma e orientação de componentes. O sistema é baseado na utilização de um robô industrial com seis graus de liberdade e sensores de deslocamento do tipo LVDT. O emprego de sistemas como o proposto para a avaliação de desvios geométricos está condicionado à utilização de um modelo matemático de separação de erros, uma vez que a acurácia de posicionamento e a repetibilidade dos robôs disponíveis atualmente não são adequadas à medição de grandezas micrométricas. Além da aplicação do modelo de separação de erros, este trabalho inclui a elaboração modelos e rotinas de processamento de dados para a avaliação de desvios geométricos. Sistemas similares desenvolvidos foram aplicados principalmente à medição de desvios de retilineidade, e em alguns casos, circularidade. Neste trabalho, buscou-se ampliar o escopo de aplicações deste tipo de sistema, de forma a abranger não só a avaliação dos desvios de retilineidade, mas também a avaliação dos desvios de planicidade e perpendicularismo. Além disso, o enfoque da pesquisa foi dirigido à avaliação do desempenho do sistema e do modelo de separação de erros, por meio da realização de testes experimentais com três peças distintas e por meio de análise comparativa com sistemas convencionais de medição. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a eficiência do sistema proposto, que destacou-se também por apresentar boa repetibilidade. / The current production system demands fast, efficient and precise processes. In order to address these issues, most of the research efforts in the Metrology area have been focused into the development of faster and more accurate measuring systems as well as into the definition of methods to better evaluate uncertainties in measurement. This work presents an automated system for the evaluation of form and orientation deviations of mechanical components. A six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot and LVDT sensors are used to take the measurements. The implementation of the proposed system depends on the application of a mathematical model for error separation since the accuracy of positioning and repeatability presented by the currently available industrial robots are not suitable for measuring micrometric deviations. Besides the application of the error separation model, this work also includes the development of data processing algorithms for the evaluation of geometrical deviations. Few similar systems to the proposed one were developed and applied mainly for straightness and, in some cases, roundness measurements. This work aimed at broadening the range of applications of this kind of measuring systems, making them suitable for the evaluation of flatness and orthogonality deviations. Additionally, the focus of the research was set to the performance evaluation of the system and the error separation model. In order to do that, experimental tests with three different parts were carried out. The values found were compared to the values of the deviations measured with conventional GD&T practice. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the proposed system, which also presented good repeatability.

Les systèmes de régulation des turbomoteurs actuels sont basés sur des architectures complexes que les constructeurs tendent à rendre plus modulaires avec des technologies plus économiques tout en garantissant un niveau de fiabilité supérieur ou égal. Dans ce contexte, la surveillance du circuit carburant, qui a pour but de déceler les dysfonctionnements des composants hydrauliques critiques, permet de réduire le coût de maintenance, d'améliorer le niveau de maintenabilité et d'assurer la disponibilité des turbomoteurs. La présente étude porte sur l'élaboration de méthodes de diagnostic performantes et robustes permettant la détection et la localisation des défauts impactant les fonctions hydrauliques primaires du circuit carburant. Des méthodes existantes de génération de résidus à base de modèles non linéaires sont présentées et appliquées au cas du circuit carburant. L'approche analytique pour le découplage, combinée avec des filtres de Kalman étendus, permet la structuration des résidus pour assurer la localisation des défauts. Une nouvelle approche basée sur la théorie de platitude différentielle est proposée pour le diagnostic de défauts des systèmes non linéaires avec une application au cas du circuit carburant. Les différentiateurs à modes glissants sont utilisés pour l'estimation des dérivées de signaux nécessaires à l'application de certaines méthodes de génération de résidus. Des simulations numériques illustrent la pertinence des résultats obtenus. Une application expérimentale est présentée en utilisant un jeu de données réelles issues d'un banc d'essais partiel et fournies par la société Turbomeca du groupe SAFRAN. / The current gas turbine regulation systems are based on complex architectures that manufacturers tend to make more modular with more cost effective technologies while ensuring a greater or equal level of reliability. In this context, the fuel system health monitoring, which aims to identify critical hydraulic components dysfunction, allows to reduce maintenance costs, to improve maintainability level and to ensure gas turbine availability. The present study focuses on the development of performant and robust diagnosis methods for the detection and isolation of faults affecting primary fuel system hydraulic functions. Existing nonlinear model based residual generation methods are presented and applied to the fuel system. The analytical approach for decoupling, combined with extended Kalman filters, helps fault isolation by generating residual structures. A new approach based on differential flatness theory is proposed for nonlinear systems fault diagnosis with an application to the fuel system. Sliding mode differentiators are used to estimate derived signals that are necessary for the application of some residual generation methods. Numerical simulations illustrate the efficiency of obtained results. An experimental application is presented using a real data set from a partial test bench provided by Turbomeca company of the SAFRAN group.

Ce travail concerne l'identification, l'estimation et la commande sans capteur mécanique de MSAP. Dans un premier temps, la modélisation du MSAP est réalisée dans le repère fixe a-b. Ce modèle est ensuite réécrit dans le repère d-q, couramment utilisé pour les machines tournantes et un nouveau repère f-g, avantageux dans le cadre d'applications sans capteur. Afin de valider le modèle expérimentalement, une identification par moindres carrés hors ligne avec capteurs, a été réalisée. Une approche similaire a été appliquée au moteur en enlevant la dépendance des capteurs mécaniques dans le repère f-g. Sachant que les lois de commande sans capteur dépendent fortement des paramètres, il a été est important de tous les identifier sans la présence de capteurs mécaniques. La synthèse de la commande a été réalisée à l’aide des modes glissants d'ordre deux et garantit la stabilité malgré des perturbations interne ou externe. Un observateur permettant d'estimer l'accélération, nécessaire pour calculer la variable de glissement, a été réalisé. Les expérimentations ont donné de très bons résultats. Basée sur les tensions et les courants, la réalisation d’observateurs par mode glissant, permet de supprimer les capteurs mécaniques. Les estimations de la position et de la vitesse sont alors utilisables dans la commande. Bien que la vitesse atteinte sans capteur soit inférieure à la vitesse atteinte avec capteurs, le suivi de trajectoire a une bonne précision.Finalement, des algorithmes d'identification des paramètres en ligne avec capteurs ont été développés. L'identification à l'aide de la méthode algébrique comparée à celle effectuée par modes glissants / This work deals with sensorless identification, estimation and control for PMSM.In a first phase, the PMSM modelling is realized in the fix a-b frame. This model is then rewritten in the d-q frame, commonly used for rotating machine and a new frame called f-g, advantageous in sensorless applications. It presents similar properties than the d-q frame, without the use of mechanical sensor. In order to experimentally validate the model, an identification using off-line least squares algorithm in the presence of sensors, is performed. This approach provides a set of nominal parameters. A similar procedure is applied to the motor without mechanical sensors in the f-g frame. Since the sensorless control laws are highly dependent on the parameters, it is important to be able to identify the parameters without mechanical sensor. The control design is realized based on second order sliding mode, it ensures the stability despite parametric uncertainties or external perturbations. A sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the acceleration, necessary to compute the sliding variable. Based on voltages and currents, the design of observers allows removing the mechanical sensors. The position and velocity estimation are then used for the control. The experimental results are very promising. Although the reached velocity is lower than the velocity reached using sensors, the trajectory tracking provides a good accuracy of the trajectory tracking. Finally, on-line parameters identification algorithms have been developed. The identification using algebraic method compared to the one realized with sliding modes

Les avancées technologiques, dues à l’avènement des nouvelles technologies d’information etde communication, ont donné naissance au concept des Systèmes de Transport Intelligents (STI).Les objectifs de telles applications consistent à apporter des solutions efficaces pour faire face auxproblèmes quotidiens des phénomènes de congestion. L’importance ainsi que les enjeux socioéconomiquesposés par les congestions imposent d’introduire des solutions innovantes utilisantles avancées récentes dans le domaine de la commande. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sesituent dans le cadre des STI et traitent des problèmes de la commande du trafic autoroutier et surles Voies Rapides Urbaines (VRU). Parmi les techniques de commande utilisée, nos travaux se focalisentprincipalement sur le contrôle d’accès isolé. L’objectif d’une telle action de régulation estd’agir sur le débit des rampes d’entrée, via des feux de signalisation, afin de maintenir la densitésur la voie principale aux alentours d’un seuil critique permettant ainsi, une utilisation optimale del’infrastructure autoroutière ou des VRU. L’algorithme proposé repose sur l’utilisation conjointede la platitude différentielle et le concept de la commande par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur. Laprincipale caractéristique de la platitude réside dans sa capacité à assurer une génération de trajectoiressans intégration d’aucune équation différentielle du modèle étudié. L’intérêt de la commandepar mode glissant d’ordre supérieur est de permettre le suivi de trajectoires d’une manière robustemême en présence d’incertitudes et de perturbations typiques aux systèmes de trafic. La pertinencede l’approche proposée est validée via un ensemble de simulations avec des données réelles d’uneportion de l’autoroute A6 du périphérique de Paris. De plus, la validation a été enrichie par l’évaluationde performances basée sur des critères couramment utilisés par les exploitants. L’ensembledes résultats ouvre la voie à plusieurs perspectives d’amélioration et de généralisation de cettecommande à des réseaux routiers plus complexes. / The technological advances, due to the advent of the new information and communication technologieshave given rise to the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) concept. The objectivesof such applications are to provide effective solutions to deal with the daily problems of congestion.The importance as well as the socio-economic challenges raised by congestion requires theintroduction of innovative solutions based on the latest advances in the automatic control field. Theworks presented in this thesis lie in the frame of ITS and treat the problems of the freeway andUrban Express Routes (UER) control. Among the used control techniques, our works focus mainlyon the isolated ramp metering. The objective of this control measurement is to act on the on-rampflow, through traffic lights, in order to keep the traffic density on the mainstream section around acritical threshold allowing then an optimal use of the freeway or UER infrastructures. The proposedalgorithm rests on the jointly use of differential flatness and high order sliding mode control(HOSMC) concept. The main characteristic of the differential flatness lies in its ability to providea trajectory generation, without integration of any differential equation of the studied model. Onthe other hand, the advantage of HOSMC is to allow a robust trajectory tracking even in the case ofthe presence of uncertainties and disturbances which are typical to traffic systems. The relevanceof the proposed approach is validated through a set of numerical simulations using real-data froma part of the A6 freeway from Paris ring. In addition, the validation step has been enriched by theperformance evaluation based on a set of criteria commonly used by the freeway practitioners. Theobtained results paves the way to several perspectives in order to improve the proposed controlapproach and its generalization for more complex freeway networks.