No description available.

An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to model nonlinear, large deformation plastic behavior of a material. This ANN model establishes a relationship between flow stress and dislocation structure content. The density of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) was calculated based on analysis of local lattice curvature evolution. The model includes essential statistical measures extracted from the distributions of dislocation microstructures, including substructure cell size, wall thickness, and GND density as the input variables to the ANN model. The model was able to successfully predict the flow stress of aluminum alloy 6022 as a function of its dislocation structure content. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the significance of individual dislocation parameters on the flow stress. The results show that an ANN model can be used to calibrate and predict inelastic material properties that are often cumbersome to model with rigorous dislocation-based plasticity models.

No description available.

This thesis deals with peritectic reactions and transformations that occur during the solidification of many alloys. Peritectics are believed to be a major cause of crack-formation in many steels, thus, good knowledge of the mechanisms by which these phenomena occur is essential for preventing such defects. The thesis also handles the behaviour of metals, in particular cast structures, during hot forming. Grain size and microstructure are of most importance in determining the strength, toughness and performance of a steel. For achieving enhanced mechanical and microstructural properties, good understanding of the phenomena occurring during hot forming is required. Peritectic reactions and transformations were studied in Fe-base and steel alloys through differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments and micrographic investigation of quenched DTA samples. The effect of the ferrite/austenite interface strain during the peritectic reaction on equilibrium conditions was thermodynamically analysed, and the results were related to temperature observations from DTA experiments conducted on Fe-base alloys and low-alloy steels. Massive transformations from ferrite to austenite were observed in the micrographs of a number of quenched low-alloy steel samples and it was proposed that these transformations are uncontrolled by diffusion, and occur in the solid state as a visco-plastic stress relief process. DTA study of an austenitic stainless steel indicated that the alloy can exhibit primary precipitations to either ferrite or austenite. A continuously-cast breakout shell of the steel was analyzed and it was suggested that the observed irregularities in growth were due to alternating precipitations of ferrite and austenite; parts of the shell with higher ratios of primary-precipitated ferrite shrink in volume at the peritectic temperature and experience reduced growths. An experimental method for studying the behaviour of metals during hot forming developed, and hot compression tests were conducted on cast copper and ball-bearing steel samples. Flow stress curves were obtained at varying temperatures and strain rates, and the results showed good agreement with earlier observations reported in literature. Micrographic analysis of quenched samples revealed variations in grain size and a model was fitted to describe the grain size as a function of deformation temperature and strain. Solidification growth during continuous casting of stainless steel and copper was numerically modelled. A varying heat transfer coefficient was proposed to approximate the experimentally measured growth irregularities in the continuously-cast stainless steel breakout shell. Solidification growth of pure copper was also modelled in the Southwire continuous casting process. Temperature measurements from the chill mould were used to approximate the temperature gradient and the heat extraction from the solidifying strand, and the results were used in a two-dimensional model of solidification. / QC 20100803

Esta tese apresenta o estudo sobre microconformação, no caso microextrusão de quatro materiais diferentes, um aço SAE 1020, um aço inoxidável AISI 304, um alumínio AA6531 e um latão ASTM C34000. Para avaliar o efeito do tamanho da peça sobre o processo de microextrusão, dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram utilizados, um com ∅ 4 mm e outro com ∅ 1 mm. Para cada tamanho de corpo de prova, três ângulos de extrusão foram utilizados, 30°, 45° e 60°. A primeira parte do trabalho se resume a caracterização dos materiais, com analise química e metalográfica. Após a caracterização dos materiais, as curvas de escoamento através do ensaio de compressão utilizando dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram feitos em todos os materiais. O atrito foi determinado utilizando o ensaio de anel de atrito com três tamanhos diferentes de corpos de prova. As curvas de calibração foram feitas utilizando o software SIMUFACT. Os ensaios de extrusão foram feitos em uma máquina de ensaio universal com capacidade de captura de dados como força e deslocamento. Um modelo matemático foi utilizado para comparar a força de extrusão calculada com o medido no processo. Os resultados indicam que as curvas de escoamento de tamanho macro podem ser aplicadas a peças de tamanho meso. O atrito medido pelo ensaio de anel de atrito mostrou que os valores de atrito de tamanho micro tem um pequeno valor maior que para tamanho macro. Os valores de força de extrusão calculada e medido no ensaio para peças de tamanho meso tem boa aproximação com diferença de 3,2% para o aço inoxidável. Para peça de tamanho micro, a diferença entre o valor medido e o calculado aumenta chegando a diferença de 995% para o corpos de prova de aço comum. / This thesis presents the study about microforming, in this case microextrusion of the four different materials, an SAE 1020 steel, an AISI 304 stainless steel, an AA6531 aluminum and a C34000 brass. To evaluate the size effect about microextrusion process, two sizes of specimens were used, with a ∅ 4 mm and another with ∅ 1 mm. For each size of specimen, three extrusion angles were used, 30 °, 45 ° and 60 °. The first part of the work was to materials characterizations with chemical and metallographic analysis. Following the materials characterization, the flow stress curves was made using the compression test with two sizes of specimens. The friction was determined using the friction ring test with the three different size. Calibration curves were performed using the software SIMUFACT . The extrusion tests were performed in a universal testing machine capable of capturing such as force and displacement data. A mathematical model was used to compare the extrusion force it was calculated and the force measured in microextrusion. The results indicate that the flow stress curves of macro size can be applied to meso sizes. The ring friction test indicate that the friction values of the micro size has a small value greater than macro size. The extrusion force calculated and measured in the test to meso size has good approximation with a difference of 3.2% in the stainless steel. To pieces of the micro size, the difference between the measured and calculated force increases 995% for the samples of SAE 1020 steel.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo sobre microconformação, no caso microextrusão de quatro materiais diferentes, um aço SAE 1020, um aço inoxidável AISI 304, um alumínio AA6531 e um latão ASTM C34000. Para avaliar o efeito do tamanho da peça sobre o processo de microextrusão, dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram utilizados, um com ∅ 4 mm e outro com ∅ 1 mm. Para cada tamanho de corpo de prova, três ângulos de extrusão foram utilizados, 30°, 45° e 60°. A primeira parte do trabalho se resume a caracterização dos materiais, com analise química e metalográfica. Após a caracterização dos materiais, as curvas de escoamento através do ensaio de compressão utilizando dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram feitos em todos os materiais. O atrito foi determinado utilizando o ensaio de anel de atrito com três tamanhos diferentes de corpos de prova. As curvas de calibração foram feitas utilizando o software SIMUFACT. Os ensaios de extrusão foram feitos em uma máquina de ensaio universal com capacidade de captura de dados como força e deslocamento. Um modelo matemático foi utilizado para comparar a força de extrusão calculada com o medido no processo. Os resultados indicam que as curvas de escoamento de tamanho macro podem ser aplicadas a peças de tamanho meso. O atrito medido pelo ensaio de anel de atrito mostrou que os valores de atrito de tamanho micro tem um pequeno valor maior que para tamanho macro. Os valores de força de extrusão calculada e medido no ensaio para peças de tamanho meso tem boa aproximação com diferença de 3,2% para o aço inoxidável. Para peça de tamanho micro, a diferença entre o valor medido e o calculado aumenta chegando a diferença de 995% para o corpos de prova de aço comum. / This thesis presents the study about microforming, in this case microextrusion of the four different materials, an SAE 1020 steel, an AISI 304 stainless steel, an AA6531 aluminum and a C34000 brass. To evaluate the size effect about microextrusion process, two sizes of specimens were used, with a ∅ 4 mm and another with ∅ 1 mm. For each size of specimen, three extrusion angles were used, 30 °, 45 ° and 60 °. The first part of the work was to materials characterizations with chemical and metallographic analysis. Following the materials characterization, the flow stress curves was made using the compression test with two sizes of specimens. The friction was determined using the friction ring test with the three different size. Calibration curves were performed using the software SIMUFACT . The extrusion tests were performed in a universal testing machine capable of capturing such as force and displacement data. A mathematical model was used to compare the extrusion force it was calculated and the force measured in microextrusion. The results indicate that the flow stress curves of macro size can be applied to meso sizes. The ring friction test indicate that the friction values of the micro size has a small value greater than macro size. The extrusion force calculated and measured in the test to meso size has good approximation with a difference of 3.2% in the stainless steel. To pieces of the micro size, the difference between the measured and calculated force increases 995% for the samples of SAE 1020 steel.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo sobre microconformação, no caso microextrusão de quatro materiais diferentes, um aço SAE 1020, um aço inoxidável AISI 304, um alumínio AA6531 e um latão ASTM C34000. Para avaliar o efeito do tamanho da peça sobre o processo de microextrusão, dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram utilizados, um com ∅ 4 mm e outro com ∅ 1 mm. Para cada tamanho de corpo de prova, três ângulos de extrusão foram utilizados, 30°, 45° e 60°. A primeira parte do trabalho se resume a caracterização dos materiais, com analise química e metalográfica. Após a caracterização dos materiais, as curvas de escoamento através do ensaio de compressão utilizando dois tamanhos de corpos de prova foram feitos em todos os materiais. O atrito foi determinado utilizando o ensaio de anel de atrito com três tamanhos diferentes de corpos de prova. As curvas de calibração foram feitas utilizando o software SIMUFACT. Os ensaios de extrusão foram feitos em uma máquina de ensaio universal com capacidade de captura de dados como força e deslocamento. Um modelo matemático foi utilizado para comparar a força de extrusão calculada com o medido no processo. Os resultados indicam que as curvas de escoamento de tamanho macro podem ser aplicadas a peças de tamanho meso. O atrito medido pelo ensaio de anel de atrito mostrou que os valores de atrito de tamanho micro tem um pequeno valor maior que para tamanho macro. Os valores de força de extrusão calculada e medido no ensaio para peças de tamanho meso tem boa aproximação com diferença de 3,2% para o aço inoxidável. Para peça de tamanho micro, a diferença entre o valor medido e o calculado aumenta chegando a diferença de 995% para o corpos de prova de aço comum. / This thesis presents the study about microforming, in this case microextrusion of the four different materials, an SAE 1020 steel, an AISI 304 stainless steel, an AA6531 aluminum and a C34000 brass. To evaluate the size effect about microextrusion process, two sizes of specimens were used, with a ∅ 4 mm and another with ∅ 1 mm. For each size of specimen, three extrusion angles were used, 30 °, 45 ° and 60 °. The first part of the work was to materials characterizations with chemical and metallographic analysis. Following the materials characterization, the flow stress curves was made using the compression test with two sizes of specimens. The friction was determined using the friction ring test with the three different size. Calibration curves were performed using the software SIMUFACT . The extrusion tests were performed in a universal testing machine capable of capturing such as force and displacement data. A mathematical model was used to compare the extrusion force it was calculated and the force measured in microextrusion. The results indicate that the flow stress curves of macro size can be applied to meso sizes. The ring friction test indicate that the friction values of the micro size has a small value greater than macro size. The extrusion force calculated and measured in the test to meso size has good approximation with a difference of 3.2% in the stainless steel. To pieces of the micro size, the difference between the measured and calculated force increases 995% for the samples of SAE 1020 steel.

In automotive body-in-white production, presshardened 22MnB5 steel is the most widely used ultra-high-strength steel grade. Welding is the most important faying technique for this steel type, as other faying technologies often cannot deliver the same strength-to-cost ratio. In order to conduct precise numerical simulations of the welding process, flow stress curves and thermophysical properties from room temperature up to the melting point are required. Sheet metal parts made out of 22MnB5 are welded in a presshardened, that is, martensitic state. On the contrary, only flow stress curves for soft annealed or austenitized 22MnB5 are available in the literature. Available physical material data does not cover the required temperature range or is not available at all. This work provides experimentally determined hot-flow stress curves for rapid heating of 22MnB5 from the martensitic state. The data is complemented by a comprehensive set of thermophysical data of 22MnB5 between room temperature and melting. Materials simulation methods as well as a critical literature review were employed to obtain sound thermophysical data. A comparison of the numerically computed nugget growth curve in spot welding with experimental welding results ensures the validity of the hot-flow stress curves and thermophysical data presented.

No description available.

In the present work, deformation behavior, texture and microstructure evolution of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) are investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) after compression tests at elevated temperatures. By analysing work hardening rate vs. flow stress, the deformation behaviour can be divided into three groups, viz. three-stage work hardening, two-stage work hardening and flow softening. A new deformation condition map is presented, dividing the deformation behavior of CP Ti into three distinct zones which can be separated by two distinct values of the Zener-Hollomon parameter. The deformed microstructures reveal that dynamic recovery is the dominant deformation mechanism for CP Ti during hot working. It is the first time that the Schmid factor and pole figures are used to analyse how the individual slip systems activate and how their activities evolve under various deformation conditions. Two constitutive equations are proposed in this work, one is for single peak dynamic recrystallization (DRX), the other is specially for CP Ti deformed during hot working. After the hot compression tests, some stress-strain curves show a single peak, leading to the motivation of setting up a DRX model. However, the examinations of EBSD maps and metallography evidently show that the deformation mechanism is dynamic recovery rather than DRX. Then, the second model is set up. The influence of the deformation conditions on grain size, texture and deformation twinning is systematically investigated. The results show that {10-12} twinning only occurs at the early stage of deformation. As the strain increases, the {10-12} twinning is suppressed while {10- 11} twinning appears. Three peaks are found in the misorientation frequency-distribution corresponding to basal fiber texture, {10-11} and {10-12} twinning, respectively. A logZ-value of 13 is found to be critical for both the onset of {10-11} compressive twinning and the break point for the subgrain size. The presence of {10-11} twinning is the key factor for effectively reducing the deformed grain size. The percentage of low angle grain boundaries decreases with increasing Z-parameter, falling into a region separated by two parallel lines with a common slope and 10% displacement. After deformation, three texture components can be found, one close to the compression direction, CD, one 10~30° to CD and another 45° to CD. / QC 20100819